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Mastering
Arabic 1
Fourth edition

Jane Wightwick &

Mahmoud Gaafar
 BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK
1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

First published in Great Britain by Palgrave Macmillan 1990

Second Edition published 2007
Third Edition published 2015
This edition published 2024

Copyright © Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar 1990, 2007, 2015, 2024

Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar have asserted their rights under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors
of this work.

Cover image © Наталья Бабок/Alamy Stock Photo

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the
publishers.

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any
third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet
addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press.
The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed
or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no
responsibility for any such changes.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wightwick, Jane, author. | Gaafar, Mahmoud, author.
Title: Mastering Arabic 1 / Jane Wightwick & Mahmoud Gaafar.
Other titles: Mastering Arabic one
Description: Fourth edition. | London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic,
2024. | Series: Bloomsbury master series (languages) | Includes index. | Summary:
“Learn to understand, speak and read Modern Standard Arabic confidently with this
lively and accessible text. Mastering Arabic 1 is aimed at beginners with little or no
previous knowledge of the language. It gradually builds knowledge, introducing the
Arabic script from the very first page. Mastering Arabic 1 is in full colour and features
an abundance of cartoons, photos and engaging exercises. It also offers a wealth of
audio and video resources, free-to-access online! Easily the bestselling Arabic course
on the market, it is widely used in universities, schools, community colleges, adult
evening classes and for self-study”– Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023022851 | ISBN 9781350367265 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781350367289 (e-pub) | ISBN 9781350367272 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Arabic language–Textbooks for foreign speakers–English.
| Arabic language–Study and teaching. | Arabic
language–Self-instruction. | LCGFT: Textbooks.
Classification: LCC PJ6307 .W53 2024 | DDC 492.7/82421–dc23/eng/20230908
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023022851

ISBN PB: 978-1-3503-6726-5

ePDF: 978-1-3503-6727-2
eBook: 978-1-3503-6728-9

Series: Bloomsbury Master Series (Languages)

To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up
for our newsletters.
To Leila
Contents

Preface x
Introduction xi
Online resources xiv

Language units 1
Getting started 2
1 Letters of the alphabet: group 1 ( ‫)بتثني‬ 2
Vowels 5
Joining letters: group 1 6
Adding vowels to words 8
Conversation sections 10
Conversation: Greetings and leave-taking 10
Video: Greetings 11
Vocabulary in Unit 1 11
Vocabulary learning 12

Putting words together 13

2 Letters of the alphabet: group 2 ( ‫)ادذرزو‬ 13
Joining letters: group 2 15
Long vowels 16
The letter alif 19
Putting words together 19
Simple sentences 21
Conversation: Introducing yourself 22
Video: Introductions 22
Male and female 23
Conversation: Meeting someone for the first time 24
Vocabulary in Unit 2 24

The family 25
3 Letters of the alphabet: group 3 ( ‫)جحخهم‬ 25
Handwriting letters: group 3 26
Joining letters: jım, ˛’, kh’ and mım 27
Joining h’ 29
Feminine words 30

iv
Contents v

What’s this? 31
The family 32
Conversation: Talking about where you live and who you live with 34
Conversation: Introducing your family 35
Video: My family 36
Vocabulary in Unit 3 36

4 Jobs 37
Letters of the alphabet: group 4 ( ‫)سشصض‬ 37
Handwriting letters: group 4 38
Joining letters: group 4 39
Jobs 42
Family occupations 43
Conversation: Talking about what you do 44
Making words plural 45
Conversation: Talking about where you work or study 48
Video: Amani talks about her family 48
Structure notes: Case endings; the nominative case 49
Vocabulary in Unit 4 50

5 Describing things 51
Letters of the alphabet: group 5 ( ‫)فقكل‬ 51
Pronunciation of qf 52
Handwriting letters: group 5 52
Joining letters: group 5 53
Everyday objects 55
Signs and crosswords 56
Describing things 57
Using ‫( الـ‬al, the) 58
Possessive endings (attached pronouns) 60
Conversation: Asking about names 60
Whose is it? 61
Conversation: Polite requests 63
Video: Karima talks about possessions 63
Structure notes: Definite and indefinite 64
Vocabulary in Unit 5 64

6 Where is it? 66
Letters of the alphabet: group 6 ( ‫)طظعغ‬ 66
Emphatic letters 66
‫ع‬ayn and ghayn 68
Joining letters: group 6 70
vi Contents

Sun letters 73
Asking questions 75
Hamza 77
Where? 77
My room 79
Video: Zayd describes his room 79
Arabic and computers 80
Anwar’s blog 80
Conversation: Dialects 81
Structure notes: The genitive case 82
Vocabulary in Unit 6 82

7 Describing places 83
Describing your city or town 83
What’s the town like? 84
I∂fa constructions 85
Conversation: Asking for directions 87
More about plurals 88
More about adjectives 88
Conversation: Describing your town or your room 90
Video: Mahmoud describes his apartment 91
Structure notes: Genitive with i∂fa 92
Vocabulary in Unit 7 92

8 Review 93
Conversation: Review 98

9 Countries and people 104

The Middle East 104
Capital city 105
Geographical position 106
Other countries of the world 108
Nationalities 109
Nisba adjectives 110
Conversation: Talking about where you come from 113
Plural nationalities 113
Personal pronouns 114
Video: Zayd talks about himself 116
Vocabulary in Unit 9 117

10 Counting things 118

Arabic numbers 1–10 118
Contents vii

Direction of Arabic numbers 119

Handwritten numbers 120
Conversation: Giving your telephone number and address 121
Counting things 121
The dual 122
Plurals with numbers 122
How many? 123
How much? 125
In the market 127
Describing what you have 128
Conversation: Buying a plate in the market 130
Video: Karima’s purchases 130
Structure notes: Sound masculine plural case endings 131
Vocabulary in Unit 10 131

11 Plurals and colours 133

Word roots 133
External and internal plurals 135
Plural patterns 1 and 2 136
Vocabulary learning 139
What are these? 139
The party 142
Conversation: Going shopping 143
Colours 144
Back to school 146
Video: Zayd gets ready for going to university 148
Structure notes: The accusative case 148
Vocabulary in Unit 11 149

12 Eating and drinking 151

At the grocer’s 151
Describing packaging 152
My favourite dish 155
Group words 156
Waiter! 158
Conversation: At the restaurant 159
Using a dictionary 160
Words for places 162
Video: Mahmoud talks about his favourite food 164
Vocabulary in Unit 12 164
viii Contents

13 What happened yesterday? 167

What happened yesterday? 167
Asking questions about the past 171
Questions with ‘What?’ 174
Past verbs 176
Joining sentences together 178
Video: Karima talks about a visit to a restaurant 180
Structure notes: Plural and dual case endings 182
Vocabulary in Unit 13 182

14 Trips and journeys 184

Plural patterns 3 and 4 184
Numbers 11–100 188
Numbers 11 upwards with a singular noun 190
What’s the weather like? 191
It was an enjoyable trip 194
Writing emails and messages 196
Past verbs in the plural 197
Conversation: Talking about a vacation 198
Video: Amani talks about her trip 199
Vocabulary in Unit 14 199
Structure notes: Higher numbers 201

15 Review 202
Conversation: Review 210

16 Every day 211

What’s the time? 211
More about time 213
‘At’ plus time 214
Every day 216
He and she 218
Negative statements 220
Asking questions about every day 221
Present tense 222
What do you do every day? 223
Vocabulary learning 225
Video: Abdou describes his daily routine 225
Structure notes: The present tense 226
Vocabulary in Unit 16 226

17 Comparing things 228

The biggest in the world 228
Comparatives and superlatives 230
Contents ix

Days of the week 232

At the car rental office 234
Comparing past and present 236
Was/were (kn) 238
Weak verbs 240
Video: Mahmoud talks about the Egypt of his youth 242
Vocabulary in Unit 17 243

18 Education and business 245

Education: at school 245
Education: at university 248
Video: Cyrine talks about her studies 248
Arabic words in English 249
Plural pattern 5 249
Talking about business and politics 252
A new life 253
Word order and verbs 254
Past negative 257
Structure notes: Adjective versus i∂fa 259
Vocabulary in Unit 18 259

19 Future plans 262

Months of the year 262
In the future 263
Talking about your plans 266
Forms of the verb: an introduction 268
Zeinah’s plans 270
Video: Abdou talks about his future plans 272
Vocabulary in Unit 19 272

20 Review and further study 274

Conversation: Review 277
Further study 278

Reference material 281

Quick reference 282
The Arabic alphabet 282
The Arabic verb 284
Broken plurals 287
Months of the year  288
Answers to exercises 289
English–Arabic glossary 341
Index 367
Preface

In developing the Mastering Arabic series we have always been concerned

with making the course as approachable and enjoyable as possible. In
preparing this fourth edition of Mastering Arabic 1 we have again looked
closely at how we might improve the experience of learning Arabic and
hope that our innovations in this edition will build on the success of earlier
editions. For example, increasing the number of videos and reading
passages has allowed us to challenge learners in their listening and
reading skills from the very start.
At the same time we have enhanced the accompanying website, in
particular by adding new video material which is integrated into the
text with questions and photos. Also on the website are the audio tracks,
interactive flashcards, further activities and additional references both for
the individual learner and for the classroom teacher.
We have added more references to the Mastering Arabic 1 course, both to
the website and to the companion books. We believe these will prove useful
to the learner.
We now have a very long list of teachers, learners and academics
who have kindly contributed to and reviewed Mastering Arabic 1 since
its inception. There is no longer room to name them all, but special
mention for this edition goes to (in alphabetical order) Dr Khaled
Bashir of the University of Aberdeen, Dr Hekmat Dirbas of Ohio State
University, Dr Liljana Elverskog of the Southern Methodist University and
Dr Salwa Mohamed of Manchester Metropolitan University. The course is
immeasurably better for the input from all of our contributors.
We are grateful to everyone at Bloomsbury Publishing for their inherited
enthusiasm for Mastering Arabic, and specifically to Aléta Bezuidenhout
Lauren Zimmerman, Emily Plater, Ed Balls and Elizabeth Holmes. It is not
an easy language to deal with but their stoicism has been admirable. For
this edition, we would also like to thank Linda Fisher, Linsey Hague and
Dr Mohamed Amin for their impeccable copyediting, proofreading and
helpful suggestions. They, together with an extraordinary number of other
staff busying away in the background, have supported us all the way and
helped to mould Mastering Arabic into what has proved to be a gratifyingly
successful language-learning programme.

Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar

x
Introduction

Overview of the Arabic language

Arabic is spoken in over twenty countries, from North-West Africa to the
Arabian Gulf. This makes it one of the most widely used languages in the
world, and yet it is frequently regarded as obscure and mysterious. This
perception is more often based on an over-emphasis on the difficulty of the
Arabic script and the traditional nature of some of the learning material
than it is on the complexity of the language itself. There is certainly no
reason why the non-specialist should not be able to acquire a general, all-
round knowledge of Arabic, and enjoy doing so.
Mastering Arabic 1 will provide anyone working alone or within a
group with a lively, clear and enjoyable introduction to Arabic. When you
have mastered the basics of the language, then you can go on to study a
particular area in more detail if you want.
Before we go on to explain how to use this book, you should be introduced
to the different kinds of Arabic that are written and spoken. These fall into
three main categories:

Modern Standard Arabic

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the universal language of the Arab world,
understood by all Arabic speakers. Almost all written material is in Modern
Standard, as are formal and pan-Arab TV programmes, talks, etc.

Classical Arabic
This is the language of the Qur’an and classical literature. Its structure
is similar to Modern Standard Arabic, but the style and much of the
vocabulary are archaic. It is easier to begin by studying Modern Standard
and then progress to classical texts, if that is what you wish to do.

Spoken dialects
These are the spoken languages of the different regions of the Arab world.
They are all more or less similar to the Modern Standard language. The
colloquial dialects vary the most in everyday words and expressions, such as
‘bread’ or ‘How are you?’.
We have chosen to teach the Modern Standard in Mastering Arabic 1 as
it is a good starting point for beginners. Modern Standard is universally
understood and is the best medium through which to master the Arabic
script. However, whenever there are dialogues or situations where the
colloquial language would naturally be used, we have tried to choose

xi
xii Introduction

vocabulary and structures that are as close as possible to the spoken form.
In this way, you will find that Mastering Arabic 1 enables you to understand
Arabic in a variety of different situations and provides an excellent base
from which to expand your knowledge of the written and spoken language.

How to use Mastering Arabic 1

This course has over two hours of accompanying audio. You can access the
audio online at www.bloomsburyonlineresources.com/mastering-arabic-series.
The audio element is an integral part of the course. Those parts of the book
which are on the recording are marked with this symbol: . The unit and
track number is referenced under the audio symbol for easy access.
The Mastering Arabic series also includes a free companion website offering
a wealth of support for both learners and teachers (see page xiv). Links to the
web web web
website are marked with symbols similar to this: PPT .
➞
We are assuming that when you start this course you know absolutely no
Arabic at all and may be working by yourself. The individual units vary in
how they present the material, but the most important thing to remember
is to try not to skip anything (except perhaps the ‘Structure notes’ – see
below). There are over two hundred exercises in the book, carefully designed
to help you practise what you have learnt and to prepare you for what is
coming. Work your way through these as they appear in the course, with
the optional support of the companion website, and you will find that the
language starts to fall into place and that words and phrases are revised.
Above all, be patient and do not be tempted to cut corners.

Videos
These now appear in every unit except the reviews. Go to the free website to
play the videos at the appropriate points, and have a go at the additional
activities.

Conversation sections
These sections are designed to introduce you to basic conversational Arabic
in social and everyday situations so that you can get talking right from the
start. They appear in all the units in the first half of the course, and then as
appropriate in the later units.

Structure notes
These occur at the end of some units and contain useful additional
information about Arabic grammar. They are not essential to your
understanding of basic Arabic but will help you to recognize some of the
finer points when you read or hear them.

Review units
These occur at three points in the course. They will be very useful to you
in assessing how well you remember what you have learnt. If you find you
have problems with a particular exercise, go back and review the section or
sections of the book that cover that area.
 Introduction xiii

Reference material
This section is found at the end of the book and includes alphabet and verb
tables, lists of plurals and months of the year, a vocabulary glossary and an
index for easy reference, plus answers to all the exercises in Mastering Arabic 1.

You’ll find a brief audio introduction on the first track.

00:01

Companion books
Alongside Mastering Arabic 1 there are four companion books: Mastering
Arabic 1: Activity Book; Mastering Arabic Grammar; Mastering Arabic Script;
and Mastering Arabic Pronunciation and Vocabulary. These complement the
main course, providing extra practice and additional information. They are
referenced in places where you may wish to consult them like this:
You can practise your new skills in the accompanying Activity Book: Unit 3 (Activities 1–3).

So now you’re ready to start learning with Mastering Arabic 1. We hope

you enjoy the journey.

Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly
given permission for the use of copyright material: Oxford University Press
for material from the Oxford Arabic Dictionary, 2014; Otto Harrassowitz
Verlag for material from Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic,
ed. J. Milton Cowan, 1979, reprint 2008.
The authors and publishers wish also to thank Lina Sawan, Murad Bushnaq,
Amani Zitouni, Cyrine El Oued and Mahmoud Abdou for the use of their
images and recorded video material.
Music for the audio was composed by Leila Gaafar.
Online resources

Visit https://www.bloomsburyonlineresources.com/mastering-arabic-series to
access a wealth of free resources for both teachers and students. Take a look
at some of the materials.

Audio tracks to develop your listening Videos of mother-tongue speakers from

skills. different parts of the Arabic world with
accompanying worksheets to extend your
learning.

Audio flashcards to test yourself on

Handwriting practice worksheets to the spelling and pronunciation of key
help you master Arabic script. vocabulary.

Activities and games, which have been Colourful and engaging PowerPoint©
designed to enhance your skills in listening, presentations, supporting each of the
speaking, reading and writing. main units in the book.

xiv
Language
units
 1 Getting started

‫أبت‬ Letters of the alphabet: group 1

Many Arabic letters can be grouped together according to their shapes.
Some letters share exactly the same shape but have a different number
of dots above or below; other shapes vary slightly.
Look at this group of letters and listen to the recording:
01:01

‫ب‬
Name of letter Pronounced

b’ ‘b’ as in ‘bat’

‫ت‬ t’ ‘t’ as in ‘tap’

‫ث‬ th’ ‘th’ as in ‘thin’

‫ن‬ nün ‘n’ as in ‘nab’

‫ي‬ y’ ‘y’ as in ‘yet’

You can see that b’, t’ and th’ share the same shape, but the position and
the number of dots are different, whereas nün has a slightly different shape,
more circular and falling below the line, and y’ has a much curlier shape
with its tail also written below the line. However, y’ is connected with the
other letters, as you will see later in Unit 1.
When writers become more skilled at the Arabic script, they start taking
shortcuts when handwriting – such as the joining of dots. However, as you
are just starting out it, is important that you understand fundamentally
how the Arabic script is formed before you progress to these shortcuts. The
only difference you will currently see is that the dots are a round mark when
handwritten and not diamond-shaped as they often are in printed material.
2
 Getting started 3

!ً‫ أهالً وسهال‬ahlan wa sahlan!

Hello and welcome! (Arab culture
is famous for its hospitality.)
©JOAT/shutterstock

Printed letter Handwritten letter

‫ب‬ ‫ب‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ث‬ ‫ث‬
‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬
Exercise 1
Look at the letters below and decide which each is. Follow the exercise
numbers right to left to accustom your eyes to moving in that direction.

‫ت ث ن ت‬ 4 3 2 1

‫ي ب ي ب ن‬
9
8 7 6
5
 4 Unit 1

Handwriting practice

(When practising handwriting, first trace the letters following the direction
of the arrows, and then try writing them on lined paper.)
The Arabic script is written from right to left, so the letters should be

‫ب‬
formed starting from the right:

b’, t’, th’

nün ‫ن‬
y’ ‫ي‬
Finish the main shape of the letter first and then add the dots:

b’ ‫ب‬
t’ ‫ت‬
th’ ‫ث‬
nün
‫ن‬
y’
‫ي‬
Tip: There are no capital letters in Arabic.

web On the companion website (www.bloomsburyonlineresources.com/

➞ mastering-arabic-series) you can find videos and printable worksheets that
will show you how to form the letters.
 Getting started 5

Vowels
Arabic script is a form of shorthand. Not all the vowel sounds are included.
The short vowels in Arabic (a, i, u) are written above and below the main
script. If you read an Arabic newspaper, novel or website you will rarely see
these vowels, as they are not usually written. The Arabic reader is expected
to deduce the meaning of words from experience and context. Imagine the
English sentence ‘They can find the key’ as ‘thy cn fnd th ky’.
Mastering Arabic 1 will begin by showing all the short vowels and will
gradually drop them as you become more proficient.
Look at these letters and listen to the recording:
01:02
‫َب‬ (ba) ‫ِب‬ (bi) ‫ُب‬ (bu)

From this you can see:

َ
• A dash above the letter ( ) is pronounced as a short ‘a’ following the letter,

ِ
as in ‘bat’. This vowel is called fat˛a.
• A dash below the letter ( ) is pronounced as a short ‘i’ following the letter,
as in ‘hit’. This vowel is called kasra.
ُ
• A comma shape above the letter ( ) is pronounced as a short ‘u’ following
the letter, as in ‘book’. This vowel is called ∂amma.

Exercise 2
Listen to the recording and write the correct vowels on these letters:
01:03
‫ب‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ 7 4 1

‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ 8 5 2

‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ 6 3

Exercise 3
Now practise saying these letters with their vowels; then check your
pronunciation in the answer section at the back of the book.

‫ُن‬ 7 ‫ُت‬ 4 ‫ب‬

ِ 1

‫ُث‬ 8 ‫َب‬ 5 ‫َن‬ 2

‫ت‬
ِ 6 ‫َي‬ 3

You can learn more about the alphabet in the Introduction of the accompanying Grammar Book.
 6 Unit 1

‫أ بت‬ Joining letters: group 1

Written Arabic is ‘joined up’. When letters come at the end of a word they
look very much as they do when standing alone. However, when they come
at the beginning or in the middle of a word they get ‘shortened’.
Look at how these letters combine:

(read from right to left)

‫ ث = بث‬+ ‫ب‬
‫ ب = تب‬+ ‫ت‬
‫ ت = ثبت‬+ ‫ ب‬+ ‫ث‬
Notice how the letter gets ‘chopped’ and loses its final flourish, or ‘tail’,
when at the beginning or in the middle of a word, but still keeps its dots for
recognition.
The letters nün and y’ have exactly the same shape as the other letters in
this group when they come at the beginning or in the middle of a word, but
they retain their differences when at the end:

‫ ن = بن‬+ ‫ب‬
‫ ي = ني‬+ ‫ن‬
‫ ت = بيت‬+ ‫ ي‬+ ‫ب‬
‫ ي = بني‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ب‬
‫ ث = يبث‬+ ‫ ب‬+ ‫ي‬
web
On the Mastering Arabic website you can find a teaching grid with a unit-by-
unit overview of how the Mastering Arabic companion books can support
your learning, including handwriting practice and additional activities to
reinforce your learning.
 Getting started 7

Handwriting practice

‫ببب‬
Notice how these letters are joined when written by hand:

‫ ث = بث‬+ ‫ب‬
‫ ب = تب‬+ ‫ت‬
‫ ن = تبن‬+ ‫ ب‬+ ‫ث‬
‫ ي = ني‬+ ‫ن‬
‫ ت = بيت‬+ ‫ ي‬+ ‫ب‬
It’s easiest if you complete the main shape of the word and then go back
to the right-hand side and add all the dots from right to left.

web On the Mastering Arabic website you can find videos and a printable worksheet
➞ that will help you practise handwriting these combinations.

Exercise 4
Look at the newspaper headline below. Two examples of the letters in
group 1 are circled. How many others can you find?

Tip: When y’ is by itself or at the end of a word, you may see it without the
two dots.

‫اتصاالت ناجحة أعادت األمور إلى‬

‫طـبيعتها بين السعوديـة ولبـنان‬
8 Unit 1

Exercise 5
Handwrite these combinations of letters.
The first is an example:

‫ ن = تين‬+ ‫ ي‬+ ‫ت‬ 1

=‫ي‬+‫ن‬ 2

©kasha_malasha/shutterstock
=‫ن‬+‫ب‬+‫ت‬ 3

=‫ت‬+‫ب‬+‫ن‬ 4

=‫ي‬+‫ن‬+‫ب‬+‫ي‬ 5

=‫ي‬+‫ت‬+‫ي‬+‫ب‬ 6 ‫ تين‬tın Figs

Adding vowels to words

We can now add vowels to the combinations of letters to make words:

‫= تُب‬
)tub( )b( ‫ ب‬+ ‫ُت‬ )tu(

‫= بِن‬
)bin( )n( ‫ ن‬+ ‫ِب‬ )bi(

)bint( ‫ ت = ِب ْنت‬+ )t( )n( ‫ ن‬+ ‫ِب‬ )bi(

)bayna( ‫ نَ = َب ْي َن‬+
)na( )y( ‫ ي‬+ ‫َب‬ )ba(

You can practise your new skills in the accompanying Activity Book: Unit 1 (Activities 1–4).

Sukün
ْ
A small circle (sukün) above a letter ( ) indicates that there is no vowel sound
after that letter – see bint and bayna above. Notice that the sukün is not
usually put above the last letter of a word.
 Getting started 9

Exercise 6
Listen to the recording and write the vowels on these words. Each word will
be given twice.

‫ثبت‬ ‫بيت‬
01:04
4 1

‫يثب‬ 5 ‫ثبتت‬ 2

‫ثبن‬ 6 ‫تبن‬ 3

Shadda
In addition to the three short vowels and the sukün, there is another symbol:
ّ
the shadda. This is a small w shape ( ) written above the letter to indicate
that the sound is doubled. For example:

)bathth( ‫ ث = بَ ّث‬+ ‫ ث‬+ )th( )th( )ba( ‫َب‬

)bunn( ‫ ن = بُ ّن‬+ ‫ ن‬+ )n( )n( )bu( ‫ُب‬
The sound of a letter is doubled when there is a shadda. Take care to
pronounce this by lingering on the doubled sound, otherwise you may
change the meaning of the word.
Listen to these examples and repeat them with the recording. Each
example is given twice. Notice that kasra is often written below the shadda
01:05 rather than below the letter itself – see example 5:

‫بُ ّن‬ 4 ‫بَ َّث‬ 1

‫َب ِّين‬ 5 ‫ثَ َّب َت‬ 2*

‫يَ ُب ُّث‬ 6 ‫ثَ َب َت‬ 3*

* To hear the shadda compare the pronunciation of examples 2 and 3.

Exercise 7
Write these letter combinations and then try to pronounce them. Check your
pronunciation with the recording or answer section.
= ‫ ن‬+ ‫ ن‬+ ‫ُت‬ = ‫ ت‬+ ‫ ت‬+ ‫َب‬
01:06
3 1

= ‫ ي‬+ ‫ ي‬+ َ‫ن‬ 4 = ‫ ن‬+ ‫ ِي‬+ ‫ ي‬+ ‫َب‬ 2

 10 Unit 1

Exercise 8
Look at these words and try to remember the meanings:

‫َب ْي َن‬ E ‫ُب ّن‬ D ‫َب ْيت ِب ْنت‬

C B ‫تِ ْبن‬ A

Handwrite the Arabic words on a separate piece of paper and cover the
pictures. Then match the Arabic words you have written with this English:
1 girl/daughter 2 coffee beans 3 house 4 hay 5 between

Conversation sections
The Conversation panels are designed to introduce you to basic conversational
Arabic in social and everyday situations. They appear in all the units in the
first half of the course, and then as appropriate in the later units. You’ll often
be given the opportunity to take part in short dialogues with native speakers.
Concentrate on speaking and listening in these sections. At first you may not
be able to read all the Arabic script, but you will be able to recognize some of
the letters and words.
01:07
( Conversation
Greetings and leave-taking
One of the most important conversational skills initially in any language
is to know how to greet people. Arabic greetings can be elaborate and
prolonged, but some all-purpose expressions will get you by:
‫أه ًال‬ (ahlan) Hello, and also

ً‫َمر َحبا‬ (mar˛aban) Hello

ً‫أهالً وسهال‬ (ahlan wa sahlan) Hello and welcome

ِ ‫أهالً ب‬
‫بك‬/‫ِك‬ (ahlan bik/biki) Hello to you (talking to a male/female)

‫َصباح الخَير‬ (ßab˛ al-khayr) Good morning

‫َصباح ال ُّنور‬ (ßab˛ an-nür) Good morning (reply)

‫َمساء الخَير‬ (mas’ al-khayr) Good evening

‫َمساء ال ُّنور‬ (mas’ an-nür) Good evening (reply)

‫السالمة‬ َّ ‫َم َع‬ (ma‫ع‬a s-salma) Goodbye

Tip: The reply to a greeting often varies from the original, although it is
also acceptable simply to repeat the original phrase in reply.

You can practise your new skills in the accompanying Activity Book: Unit 1 (Activities 5–8).
 Getting started 11

web

➞ Video: Greetings A B
To play the videos, go to www.
bloomsburyonlineresources.com/
mastering-arabic-series. You’ll also
find a wealth of useful additional
material online.
There is a video for every unit C D
(except for the review units). In this
first unit you will hear six people
greet you in different ways. Try to
match the photo with the correct
greeting.
Don’t worry if you don’t E F
understand everything. Just listen
for the key information. You’ll find
a transcript, a translation and an
extension activity on the website.

! Vocabulary in Unit 1
‫( ِب ْنت‬bint) girl/daughter ‫( بُ ّن‬bunn) coffee beans
‫( بَ ْيت‬bayt) house ‫( بَ ْي َن‬bayna) between
‫( تِ ْبن‬tibn) hay ‫( ِتين‬tın) figs
ً‫ َمر َحبا‬/ً‫( أهال‬ahlan/mar˛aban) Hello
ً‫( أهالً وسهال‬ahlan wa sahlan) Hello and welcome
ِ ‫( أهالً ب‬ahlan bik/biki) Hello to you
‫بك‬/‫ِك‬
‫( َصباح ال َخير‬ßab˛ al-khayr) Good morning
‫( َصباح ال ُّنور‬ßab˛ an-nür) Good morning (reply)
‫( َمساء ال َخير‬mas’ al-khayr) Good evening/afternoon
‫( َمساء ال ُّنور‬mas’ an-nür) Good evening/afternoon (reply)
‫السالمة‬ َّ ‫( َم َع‬ma‫ع‬a s-salma) Goodbye
web
You’ll find a PowerPoint presentation on the companion website to help you
PPT
remember the key words in every unit.
 12 Unit 1

Vocabulary learning
Arabic presents some challenges to the beginner trying to learn
vocabulary, as both the words and the script are unfamiliar. However, you
can use strategies to help yourself. One method recommended for learning
vocabulary in new scripts is the use of flashcards, similar to the method
used to teach young children how to read.
Try the following method to learn your vocabulary:
• Make a set of small cards, blank on both sides.
• Get five envelopes and mark them ‘Day 1’, ‘Day 2’, etc.
• Write each Arabic word, with vowels in pencil, on one side of a card
and the English on the other:

‫ِب ْنت‬ girl

This is good handwriting practice and will help you remember the word.
• Put each card Arabic side up and say the Arabic aloud. Try to
remember what it means. When you’ve finished, shuffle the cards and
put them English side up, this time trying to remember the Arabic.
• If you remember a word, move that card to the ‘Day 2’ envelope; if you
forget, put it in the ‘Day 1’ envelope.
• Each day, take the cards out of each envelope in turn starting with the
highest-numbered envelope and working down to ‘Day 1’. (After you
have completed five days you’ll have cards in each envelope.)
• If you forget a card at any point it returns to the ‘Day 1’ envelope.
FORGET
‫ِب ْنت‬

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

‫ِب ْنت‬ ‫ِب ْنت‬ ‫ِب ْنت‬

REMEMBER

• If you can remember a word five days running you can throw the card
away. (Or you could erase the pencil vowel marks and put it back in
the ‘Day 1’ envelope.)
• You can add up to 15 words a day to the ‘Day 1’ envelope. How
many you add will depend on the progress of the other cards up the
sequence of envelopes.

web You can adapt the method above for electronic flashcards. The Mastering
Arabic companion website has some ready-made online flashcards. In
addition, there are various flashcard websites and downloadable apps that
will allow you to make and sort your own Arabic flashcards.
 2 Putting words
together

‫أبت‬
Letters of the alphabet: group 2
Look at the next group of letters and listen to the recording:
02:01

‫ا‬
Name of letter Pronounced

alif (see page 19)

‫د‬ dl ‘d’ as in ‘dad’

‫ذ‬ dhl ‘th’ as in ‘that’

‫ر‬ r’ rolled ‘r’ as in Spanish ‘arriva’

‫ز‬ zy ‘z’ as in ‘zone’

‫و‬ ww ‘w’ as in ‘wet’

©Dream79/shutterstock

‫ بيتزا وزيتون‬bıtz wa zaytün

Pizza and olives

13
 14 Unit 2

You can see that the dl and dhl have the same basic shape, as do r’
and zy. The only difference is that dhl and zy have the dot over the basic
shape. Pay special attention to the position and shape of these four letters –
dl and dhl sit on the line while r’ and zy fall under the line.
Ww and alif have very distinctive shapes, but their connection with the
other letters in this group will become clear later in this unit.

Exercise 1
Draw a line between the printed letters and the names of the letters, as in
the example:

‫و ا ز ر ذ د‬
alif dl zy r’ ww dhl

Handwriting practice

alif ‫ا‬
dl, dhl ‫د‬
r’, zy ‫ر‬
ww ‫و‬
Remember, finish the shape first and then add any dots:

‫ا د ذ ر ز و‬
web On the Mastering Arabic website you can find videos and a printable worksheet
➞ that will help you practise forming and handwriting these letters.
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