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New Directions in Wireless
Communications Systems
From Mobile to 5G
New Directions in Wireless
Communications Systems
From Mobile to 5G

Edited by
Athanasios G. Kanatas
Konstantina S. Nikita
Panagiotis Mathiopoulos
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Contents

Preface ...............................................................................................................vii
About the Editors .............................................................................................xiii
Contributors ....................................................................................................xvii

1 Propagation Measurement-Based Wireless Channel

Characterization and Modeling .............................................................1
ROBERT BULTITUDE

2 RF Channel Modeling for 5G Systems .................................................47

THEOFILOS CHRYSIKOS AND STAVROS KOTSOPOULOS

3 Advances in Millimeter Wave Propagation for 5G Mobile

Communication Systems ......................................................................69
NEKTARIOS MORAITIS

4 Basics on the Theory of Fading Channels and Diversity .................... 117

VASILEIOS M. KAPINAS, GEORGIA D. NTOUNI, AND
GEORGE K. KARAGIANNIDIS

5 Multicarrier Modulation Schemes—Candidate Waveforms for 5G.........167

KONSTANTINOS MALIATSOS AND ATHANASIOS G. KANATAS

6 RF Planning for Next-Generation Systems ........................................207

GEORGE V. TSOULOS, GEORGIA E. ATHANASIADOU,
DIMITRA ZARBOUTI, AND IOANNIS VALAVANIS

7 MIMO Techniques for 5G Systems ....................................................235

ATHANASIOS G. KANATAS AND KONSTANTINOS MALIATSOS

8 Channel-Dependent Precoding for Multiuser Access with

Load-Controlled Parasitic Antenna Arrays ........................................279
KONSTANTINOS NTOUGIAS, DIMITRIOS NTAIKOS,
AND CONSTANTINOS B. PAPADIAS

v
vi ◾ Contents

9 Spatial Modulation for 5G Systems ....................................................315

KONSTANTINOS PEPPAS AND PANAGIOTIS MATHIOPOULOS

10 Device-to-Device Communication Aspects for 5G Cellular Networks ......343

PETROS S. BITHAS AND GEORGE P. EFTHYMOGLOU

11 Management of Resources in Virtual Radio Networks ......................373

LUIS M. CORREIA, LUISA CAEIRO, AND FILIPE CARDOSO

12 Relays and Cooperative Techniques for 5G Systems ..........................403

NIKOLAOS NOMIKOS AND DEMOSTHENES VOUYIOUKAS

13 Radio Resources Management Optimization in Cognitive Radio

Networks ............................................................................................433
ANARGYROS J. ROUMELIOTIS, MARIOS I. POULAKIS,
STAVROULA VASSAKI, AND ATHANASIOS D. PANAGOPOULOS

14 Emerging Technologies for Mobile Health ........................................469

KONSTANTINOS KARATHANASIS AND KONSTANTINA S. NIKITA

Index ........................................................................................................... 519

Preface

We are experiencing the dawn of what is called the digital age. The Internet and
digital technologies are transforming our world. Wireless communication systems
constitute a basic component of the current and the future information society. The
fifth generation of communication systems, or 5G, will be, in the years to come, the
most critical building block of what is referred to as a digital society. It is expected
that 5G will be a truly converged network environment, because not only mobile
communications systems but also other wireless systems and wired networks will
coexist and use the same infrastructure.
The vision ahead is that 5G will provide virtually ubiquitous, ultra-fastbroadband,
connectivity not only to millions of individual users but also to billions of connected
objects. Therefore, 5G systems should have the capabilities to (a) serve the data-
hungry devices, for example, smartphones and tablets, providing rates of Gbps;
(b) enable machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, for example, vehicle-to-
vehicle (V2V) networks; (c) allow for interconnectivity of massive devices, for example,
sensors and e-health equipment; and (d) support a wide range of applications and
sectors. All these expectations set a wide variety of technical requirements for the
design of 5G systems, including higher peak and user data rates, extremely low
latency and response times, enhanced indoor and outdoor coverage, significantly
increased number of devices, reaching the astronomical number of 100 billion,
seamless mobility, security and privacy, increased battery lifetime, and improved
quality of service (QoS) while maintaining low operational costs.
All the predictions available in the literature lead to the conclusion that beyond
2020, wireless communication systems will be able to support more than 1000
times the traffic volume served today by the current telecommunication systems.
This extremely high traffic load is one of the major issues faced by the 5G design-
ers, manufacturers, and researchers, alike. It appears that this challenge will be
addressed by a combination of parallel techniques that will use more spectrum
more flexibly, realize higher spectral efficiency, and densify cells. Therefore, novel
techniques and paradigms should be developed to support such challenges.
In this context, this book addresses diverse key-point issues of the next-
generation wireless communication systems and attempts to identify promising
solutions. The core of the book deals with the techniques and methods belonging

vii
viii ◾ Preface

to what is generally referred to as radio access network. The increased needs and the
users’ expectations from the next-generation systems have been based for long on
enabling technologies provided by the physical layer. These technologies are mainly
developed to combat signal degradations imposed by the wireless channel and to
support increased user data rates and improved QoS.
Chapter 1 presents an overview of the wave propagation and modelling of radio
channels with characteristics that vary in time and space. Then, the influence of
multipath propagation on the signal-distorting characteristics of wireless channels
and the resulting effects on digital communications are outlined. Both narrowband
and wideband channel modeling is discussed with suggestions for assessing whether
a wide-sense stationary (WSS) model is appropriate and for modeling channel pro-
cesses with nonstationary characteristics and correlated scattering. Spatial channel
characterization and MIMO channel models are reviewed and the measurement
equipment and techniques are presented. Moreover, in Chapter 2, various channel
models are compared, modeling techniques involved (stochastic, ray-tracing, etc.)
are analyzed, and the applications of the involved theory in optimizing the cell
planning procedures are demonstrated.
The millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) band has been foreseen for the development
of 5G networks. A large amount of spectral space, from 28 to 95 GHz, is available
to establish such systems providing increased data rates. Hence, the design issues
of such networks necessitate the thorough knowledge of mm-Wave propagation
characteristics. In Chapter 3, the state-of-the art channel models, derived from
the latest measurement campaigns in various propagation scenarios (indoor, out-
door, etc.) are presented. In addition, models that describe the spatial–temporal
variations of the mm-Wave channel are explained. Recent advances of MIMO
and massive MIMO technology exploitation in mm-Wave propagation are also
examined.
Chapter 4 presents the fundamental concepts and basic theoretical tools for
the qualitative analysis of fading channels. This section helps the reader to under-
stand the nature and types of fading, the basic characteristics of a wireless channel,
and the impact of fading on signal transmission. Fading mitigation techniques are
presented, and a complete classification of the existing transmit/receive diversity
techniques that exploit the spatial, frequency, time, and the polarization domains,
is also provided.
OFDM modulation and OFDM-based transmission schemes (e.g., OFDMA)
have dominated the current modern wireless standards. However, despite OFDM’s
implementation simplicity, some key weaknesses such as the need for extended
guard bands leading to reduced spectral efficiency, the increased peak-to-average
power ratio, and its inherent sensitivity to frequency offset impairments have moti-
vated in the research of alternative multicarrier or single-carrier modulation tech-
niques based on filter banks. Therefore, Chapter 5 reviews the most important
modulation and multicarrier schemes, including OFDM that have become strong
candidates for the future generations of wireless standards.
 Preface ◾ ix

The 5G radio access will be built on both new radio access technologies (RATs)
and the evolved existing wireless technologies (LTE, HSPA, GSM, and WiFi).
Chapter 6 provides an overview of radio network planning techniques from 2G
to 4G. Then it describes the energy-efficient green radio network planning concept
for heterogeneous 4G wireless networks and presents a cellular layout adaptation
method.
The incorporation of MIMO transmission in the modern wireless standards has
provided a significant improvement in the achieved spectral efficiency and system
capacity. As technology moves toward 5G, the concept of MIMO has been evolved
with the definition of complex centralized schemes, such as massive MIMO, or
decentralized schemes, that is, network MIMO and coordinated multipoint trans-
mission. Moreover, alternative advanced MIMO schemes reducing the number of
required RF chains, enabling full duplex communications, and allowing the use
of compact antennas have been considered. Chapter 7 reviews the most important
trends and challenges in MIMO transmission with emphasis on their application
to 5G systems.
Alternative enabling technologies are also presented. As an example, Chapter 8
introduces the load-controlled parasitic antenna arrays (LC-PAA) that resemble
the operation of conventional antenna arrays with many elements, thus boosting
the performance of multiantenna wireless communication systems, whereas at the
same time providing cost and energy consumption savings and size reduction.
Therefore, a novel method is presented that enables one to perform arbitrary chan-
nel-dependent precoding with LC-PAAs. The possible application of this technique
in point-to-point MIMO, multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO), coordinated MIMO,
and massive MIMO setups is investigated. The design and implementation of
various types of LC-PAAs for these frequency bands are also shown.
Spatial modulation (SM) has been recently proposed as a promising transmis-
sion concept that reduces the complexity and the cost of multiple-antenna schemes.
At the same time, it guarantees high data rates, improved system performance,
and energy efficiency. Working principles of SM are presented in Chapter 9 and
the advantages and disadvantages of SM-MIMO as compared to the state-of-the-
art MIMO communications are also discussed. Various transmission techniques
for SM-MIMO, namely space shift keying (SSK), generalized space shift keying
(GSSK) and generalized spatial modulation (GSM) are also further discussed. An
analytical framework for the performance evaluation of SM-MIMO over fading
channels in terms of the average bit error probability (ABEP) is also presented.
Some MIMO transmission schemes closely related to the SM-MIMO paradigm,
that is, single RF MIMO schemes, the incremental MIMO, and the antenna subset
modulation (ASM) schemes, are briefly discussed. Moreover, several applications
of SM-MIMO for future 5G wireless communications are presented, including
MIMO implementations that exploit the massive MIMO paradigm as well as the
combination of both orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and
single carrier with SM-MIMO.
x ◾ Preface

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is recognized as one of the technol-

ogy components of the evolving 5G architecture. The reuse of cellular resources
by D2D links that are located randomly inside a macro-cell imposes a cochannel
interference to the base station (BS), cellular users and to other D2D receivers.
Several aspects of D2D communications are investigated in Chapter 10, such as
interference statistics of interferers scattered according to a homogeneous Poisson
point process, D2D neighbor discovery based on signal-to-interference-and-noise
ratio association metric, D2D link performance in the presence of interference and
power control imposed by the BS, and the impact of mobility on the D2D link
performance. In addition, a V2V use case is considered and the performance of a
multiuser cooperative V2V communication system is studied.
Next, Chapter 11 addresses the virtualization of wireless access in order to
provide the required capacity to a set of virtual base stations (VBSs) with diverse
requirements, instantiated in a given geographical area. A network architecture is
presented, based on a generic network virtualization environment, in which both
physical and virtual perspectives are considered and the main stakeholders are
taken into account. A new tier of radio resource management (RRM) is proposed
for inter-VNets (virtual networks) RRM aiming at transposing the cooperative set
of functionalities to the virtualization environment.
Cooperative techniques have significantly contributed toward improv-
ing the capacity of the 4G networks and are considered as a basic element
of the imminent 5G networks. This topic is addressed in Chapter 12 of this
book. Among cooperative techniques, cooperative relaying (CR) has received
significant attention from researchers due to the gains that it offers to the
network. The techniques that have received a large amount of contributions
are the opportunistic relay selection (ORS) and successive relaying (SuR) and
several policies, such as successive opportunistic relaying (SOR) with full
duplex (FD) operation and SOR for networks with buffer-aided (BA) relays that
offer additional degrees of freedom in inter-relay interference (IRI) mitigation. In
addition, an overview of interference mitigation techniques designed for relay
networks is provided.
Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been proposed as a promising solution
to cope with the spectral scarcity, and this is the main topic of Chapter 13. In
addition, as the technology of CRN can help to unlock the full potential of 5G
wireless systems, the 5G key enablers are described and finally the role of CRN
in 5G networks is also highlighted. Furthermore, several formulations of different
CRN’s resource allocation problems are presented based on various mathematical
approaches such as optimization techniques, game theory, matching theory, multi-
criteria decision-making theory, and machine learning. The basic concepts of each
approach are described and an extensive list of scientific works is also presented.
Finally, various future research avenues for the application of cognitive systems to
5G and the investigation of novel flexible algorithms in radio resource management
are also discussed.
 Preface ◾ xi

The last chapter (Chapter 14) focuses on transformational wireless technologies

for health care, discussing their potential and the challenges that rose. As it is
well known, the significant advances in wireless communications, sensing tech-
nologies, and sensor data analytics are opening new opportunities in medicine,
and are promising to address the unsustainability of current health care provision
models. Notably, health care challenges, including rising health care costs, aging
populations, and emerging disease threats rank among the most serious concerns in
the world. Wireless technology can empower both patients and medical providers
by providing round-the-clock health status information. Examples include wireless
on-body (wearable, epidermal) and in-body (implantable, ingestible) medical
devices that may be used as sensors, actuators, and/or drug delivery devices.
Remote diagnosis, vital parameter control, elderly monitoring, and chronic disease
management are just some of the examples of applications of wireless technologies.
Exploitation of wireless technologies and sensor data analytics in health care can
lead to healthier citizens, reduced hospital stays, and lower costs.
This book is dedicated to Philip Constantinou, an inspiring professor, a valuable
colleague, and a loyal friend. He was an exceptional professor who was always there for
students, who could understand your thoughts and concerns, who was the inspiration,
and who gave confidence to the team. A testimony to this was the overwhelming response
we received from many colleagues who wanted to contribute to this book because they
wanted to join us in celebrating his research and educational achievements in the
general field of wireless communications for the past 25 years.
Philip was a kind human being, a generous and a welcoming person open to the
community, showing great concern and affection for people with special needs. Before
joining the National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, he and his fam-
ily have lived for many years in Canada, where he was granted the Master of Applied
Science by University of Ottawa and started his great telecom career in Telesat in
Ottawa, Canada. Then he worked for several years for the Government of Canada in
the Department of Communications, while at the same time pursuing his PhD degree
at the Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Being an international man, he believed
in openness, valued collaboration, and always tried to impart the importance of com-
municating engineering novelty to his students. He was always supportive to the junior
communications engineers’ ideas and encouraged them to act on their own initiative
following their dream. Philip was a workaholic lab enthusiast who loved to deliver
working systems. Although he was a zealous and motivated leader, he had a methodic
approach regularly reminding to his colleagues two of his favorite phrases: “One step at
a time” and “I am always a practical man.” His students and his colleagues, alike, owe
him a great debt of gratitude for making us feel special, strong, and capable of doing
things.

Athanasios (Thanasis) G. Kanatas

Konstantina (Nantia) S. Nikita
Panagiotis (Takis) Mathiopoulos
About the Editors

Athanasios (Thanasis) G. Kanatas is a professor at the Department of Digital

Systems and dean of the School of Information and Communication Technologies
at the University of Piraeus, Greece. He received his diploma in electrical engi-
neering from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece, in
1991, MSc degree in satellite communication engineering from the University of
Surrey, Surrey, UK in 1992, and earned his PhD degree in mobile satellite com-
munications from NTUA, Greece in February 1997. From 1993 to 1994 he was
with National Documentation Center of the National Research Institute. In
1995, he joined SPACETEC Ltd. as technical project manager for VISA/EMEA
VSAT Project in Greece. In 1996, he joined the Mobile Radiocommunications
Laboratory as a research associate. From 1999 to 2002, he was with the Institute of
Communication and Computer Systems responsible for the technical management
of various research projects. In 2000, he became a member of the board of direc-
tors of OTESAT S.A. In 2002, he joined the University of Piraeus as an assistant
professor. He has published more than 150 papers in international journals and
international conference proceedings. He is the author of 6 books in the field of
wireless and satellite communications. He has been the technical manager of sev-
eral European and National R&D projects. His current research interests include
the development of new digital techniques for wireless and satellite communica-
tions systems, channel characterization, simulation, and modeling for mobile,
mobile satellite, and future wireless communication systems, antenna selection and
RF preprocessing techniques, new transmission schemes for MIMO systems, V2V
communications, and energy efficient techniques for wireless sensor networks.
He has been a senior member of IEEE since 2002. In 1999, he was elected chair-
man of the Communications Society of the Greek Section of IEEE. He has been
a member of the TPC of more than 40 international IEEE conferences. He was
a corecipient of two best paper awards for papers published in the International
Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications (SPACOMM),
Athens, Greece, (2010) and Global Wireless Summit, Wireless VITAE, Atlantic
City, United States, (2013).

xiii
xiv ◾ About the Editors

Konstantina (Nantia) S. Nikita received her diploma in electrical engineering

and earned her PhD degree from the National Technical University of Athens
(NTUA), as well as MD degree from the Medical School, University of Athens.
From 1990 to 1996, she worked as a researcher at the Institute of Communication
and Computer Systems. In 1996, she joined the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, NTUA, as an assistant professor, and since 2005, she serves as a
professor at the same school. Moreover, she is an adjunct professor of Biomedical
Engineering and Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and the Viterbi School of
Engineering, University of Southern California. She has authored or coauthored
165 papers in refereed international journals, 41 chapters in books, and more than
300 papers in international conference proceedings. She is the editor of seven books
in English and author of two books in Greek. She holds three patents. She has been
the technical manager of several European and National R&D projects. She has
been honorary chair/chair of the program/organizing committee of several interna-
tional conferences, and has served as a keynote/invited speaker at international con-
ferences, symposia, and workshops organized by NATO, WHO, ICNIRP, IEEE,
URSI, and so on. She has been the advisor of 27 completed PhD theses, several of
which have received various awards. Her current research interests include biomed-
ical telemetry, biological effects and medical applications of radiofrequency electro-
magnetic fields, biomedical signal and image processing and analysis, simulation of
physiological systems, and biomedical informatics. She is an associate editor of the
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, the IEEE Journal of Biomedical
and Health Informatics, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, the
Wiley Bioelectromagnetics, and the Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering
and Computing. She has received various honors/awards, with the Bodossakis
Foundation Academic Prize (2003) for exceptional achievements in “Theory and
Applications of Information Technology in Medicine” being one of them.
She has been a member of the board of directors of the Atomic Energy
Commission and of the Hellenic National Academic Recognition and Information
Center, as well as a member of the Hellenic National Council of Research and
Technology. She has also served as the deputy head of the School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering of the NTUA. She is a member of the Hellenic National
Ethics Committee, a founding fellow of the European Association of Medical and
Biological Engineering and Science (EAMBES), a fellow of the American Institute
of Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), and a member of the Technical
Chamber of Greece and of the Athens Medical Association. She is also a member of
the BHI Technical Committee, the founding chair and ambassador of the IEEE–
EMBS, Greece chapter and has served as the vice-chair of the IEEE Greece Section.

Panagiotis (Takis) Mathiopoulos is a professor of telecommunications at the

Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Athens, Greece.
Prior to that, he was with the Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
(ISARS) of the National Observatory of Athens, first as its director (2001–2005)
 About the Editors ◾ xv

and then as director of research (2006–2014). From 1989 to 2003, he was a fac-
ulty member in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the
University of British Columbia (UBC), where he was a professor from 2000 to
2003. From 2008 to 2013, he was appointed as guest professor at the Southwest
Jiaotong University, China. He has been also appointed by the Government of
People’s Republic of China as a senior foreign expert at the School of Information
Engineering, Yangzhou University (2014–2016) and by Keio University as a
visiting (Global) professor in the Department of Information and Computer
Science (2015–2016 and 2017–2018) under the Top Global University Project of
the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT),
Government of Japan.
For the past 25 years, he has been conducting research mainly on the physical
layer of digital communication systems for terrestrial and satellite applications,
including digital communications over fading and interference environments.
He coauthored a paper in GLOBECOM’89 establishing for the first time in the
open technical literature the link between maximum likelihood sequence estima-
tion (MLSE) and multiple (or multisymbol) differential detection for the AWGN
and fading channels. He is also interested in channel characterization and mea-
surements, modulation and coding techniques, synchronization, SIMO/MIMO,
UWB, OFDM, software/cognitive radios, green communications, and 5G. In
addition, since 2010, he has been actively involved in research activities in the
fields of remote sensing, LiDAR systems, and photogrammetry. In these areas, he
has coauthored more than 110 journal papers, mainly published in various IEEE
and IET journals, 4 book chapters, and more than 120 conference papers.
Prof. Mathiopoulos has been or currently serves on the editorial board of several
archival journals, including the IET Communications, and the IEEE Transactions
On Communications (1993–2005). He has regularly acted as a consultant for vari-
ous governmental and private organizations. Since 1993, he has served on a regular
basis as a scientific advisor and a technical expert for the European Commission
(EC). In addition, from 2001 to 2014, he has served as a Greek representative to
high level committees in the European Commission (EC) and the European Space
Agency (ESA). He has been a member of the TPC of more than 70 international
IEEE conferences, as well as TPC vice-chair for the 2006-S IEEE VTC and 2008-F
IEEE VTC as well as cochair of FITCE2011. He has delivered numerous invited
presentations, including plenary and keynote lectures, and has taught many short
courses all over the world. As a faculty member at the ECE of UBC, he was elected
as ASI fellow and a Killam research fellow. He was a corecipient of two best paper
awards for papers published in the 2nd International Symposium on Communication,
Control, and Signal Processing (2008) and 3rd International Conference on Advances
in Satellite and Space Communications (2011).
Contributors
Georgia E. Athanasiadou
Department of Informatics and
Telecommunications
University of Peloponnese
Tripoli, Greece
Petros S. Bithas
Department of Digital Systems
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece
Robert Bultitude
Department of Systems and Computer
Engineering
Carleton University
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Luisa Caeiro
ESTSetúbal/INESC-ID
University of Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal
Filipe Cardoso
ESTSetúbal/INESC-ID
University of Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal
Theofilos Chrysikos
Wireless Telecommunications
Laboratory
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
University of Patras
Patras, Greece
Luis M. Correia
IST/INESC-ID
University of Lisbon
Lisbon, Portugal
George P. Efthymoglou
Department of Digital Systems
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece
Athanasios G. Kanatas
Department of Digital Systems
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece
Vasileios M. Kapinas
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece
xvii
xviii ◾ Contributors

George K. Karagiannidis Nikolaos Nomikos

Department of Electrical and Department of Information and
Computer Engineering Communication Systems
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Engineering
Thessaloniki, Greece University of Aegean
Mytilene, Greece
Konstantinos Karathanasis
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Dimitrios Ntaikos
National Technical University of Athens Broadband Wireless & Sensor
Athens, Greece Networks (B-WiSE) Research
Laboratory
Stavros Kotsopoulos Athens Information Technologies
Wireless Telecommunications Marousi, Greece
Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Konstantinos Ntougias
Computer Engineering Broadband Wireless & Sensor
University of Patras Networks (B-WiSE) Research
Patras, Greece Laboratory
Athens Information Technologies
Konstantinos Maliatsos Marousi, Greece
Department of Digital Systems
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece Georgia D. Ntouni
Department of Electrical and
Panagiotis Mathiopoulos Computer Engineering
Department of Informatics and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Telecommunications Thessaloniki, Greece
University of Athens
Athens, Greece Athanasios D. Panagopoulos
School of Electrical and Computer
Nektarios Moraitis Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer National Technical University of Athens
Engineering Athens, Greece
National Technical University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Constantinos B. Papadias
Konstantina S. Nikita Broadband Wireless & Sensor
School of Electrical and Computer Networks (B-WiSE) Research
Engineering Laboratory
National Technical University of Athens Athens Information Technologies
Athens, Greece Marousi, Greece
 Contributors ◾ xix

Konstantinos Peppas Ioannis Valavanis

Department of Informatics and Department of Informatics and
Telecommunications Telecommunications
University of Peloponnese University of Peloponnese
Tripoli, Greece Tripoli, Greece

Marios I. Poulakis Stavroula Vassaki

School of Electrical and Computer School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Engineering
National Technical University of Athens National Technical University of Athens
Athens, Greece Athens, Greece

Demosthenes Vouyioukas
Anargyros J. Roumeliotis Department of Information and
School of Electrical and Computer Communication Systems
Engineering Engineering
National Technical University of Athens University of Aegean
Athens, Greece Mytilene, Greece

George V. Tsoulos Dimitra Zarbouti

Department of Informatics and Department of Informatics and
Telecommunications Telecommunications
University of Peloponnese University of Peloponnese
Tripoli, Greece Tripoli, Greece
Chapter 1

Propagation
Measurement-Based
Wireless Channel
Characterization
and Modeling
Robert Bultitude

Contents
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................2
1.2 Transmission Loss ........................................................................................4
1.2.1 Multipath Propagation......................................................................5
1.2.2 Modeling of Transmission Loss in a Multipath Environment ...........7
1.3 Characterization of Multipath Radio Channels for Digital
Communications........................................................................................11
1.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................11
1.3.2 Frequency Correlation Measures for Randomly Varying
Multipath Channels........................................................................14
1.3.3 Delay Dispersion Measures for Multipath Channels .......................18
1.3.4 Characterization of Frequency Dispersion on Time-Varying
Multipath Channels........................................................................21

1
2 ◾ New Directions in Wireless Communications Systems

1.3.5 Characterization of Received Signal Envelope Variations................23

1.3.6 Characterization of Direction Dispersion on Multipath
Radio Channels ..............................................................................25
1.4 Data Qualification Processing prior to the Estimation of Parameters
from Measured Data ..................................................................................30
1.4.1 Rejection of Noise from Measured Impulse Response Estimates ....32
1.4.2 Assessment of Conformance to a Wide-Sense-Stationary Model ... 34
1.4.3 Modeling Estimates for Probability Distribution Functions .......... 40
1.4.4 Estimation of Frequency Correlation Functions and the
Confirmation of Uncorrelated Scattering ....................................... 42
1.4.5 Considerations Related to Assumptions of Gaussianity and
Ergodicity .......................................................................................43
Acknowledgements............................................................................................. 44
References .......................................................................................................... 44

1.1 Introduction
Any communications link can be modeled as shown in Figure 1.1, the model hav-
ing three major components: (1) the source, usually referred to as the transmitter;
(2) the transmission channel; and (3) the sink, usually referred to as the receiver, or
the destination of the transmitted signals.
After final design and implementation of the transmitter, receiver, and anten-
nas (if the communication signals are to be carried via radiowave propagation), any
distortion of the transmitted waveform, s(t ), on its path from the transmitter to the
receiver comes from either noise or the physical characteristics of the radio chan-
nel. These characteristics can primarily be categorized as transmission loss, the
dispersion (or spreading) of the transmitted signal in time as a result of propagation
delays, its dispersion in frequency as a result of Doppler effects, or its dispersion in
three-dimensional space. On a static or nonvarying radio channel, which exists any
time neither the communications link antennas nor anything in the environment
of operation is moving and the physical characteristics of the environment are not
changing, such distortion can be corrected using fixed technology, including hard-
ware or software. However, when the transmission characteristics of a radio channel
are randomly varying because changes in the environment are random, the correc-
tion of distortion becomes challenging. Models, and knowledge of the parameters

(Tx) s(t) Radio r(t) Sink

Source
channel (Rx)

Figure 1.1 Basic model of a communications link.

 Propagation Measurement-Based Wireless Channel ◾ 3

thereof, for the random variations are thus needed to assess whether the correction
of distortion is needed to achieve the desired quality of service on the communica-
tion link, and if so, to determine design criteria for distortion correcting hardware
and software, and for use in simulation models to test its effectiveness. This chapter
focuses on the modeling of randomly varying radio channels, the estimation of
model parameters from radio propagation measurements, and the characteriza-
tion of measured channels based upon model parameters, which is the first step in
assessing the requirement for distortion correcting technology.
Following this introduction, this chapter has three main sections. Section 1.2
begins with a discussion of the most fundamental impairment to wireless
transmission: transmission loss in an environment where there are no reflectors,
scatterers, or obstructions. Then, the subject of multipath propagation when there
are objects in the environment of operation that can reflect, scatter, and obstruct
radiowaves is introduced and the review of a method for modeling transmission
loss in a multipath environment based on radio propagation measurements is
discussed. Next, in Section 1.3, the influence of multipath propagation on the
signal-distorting characteristics of wireless channels and resulting effects on digital
communications are outlined. This is accompanied by a review and discussion of
a classical model, applicable to the analysis of single-input-single-output systems,
for modeling randomly varying channels as a Gaussian wide-sense-stationary
process. It is followed by the general assessment of channel quality, with particu-
lar emphasis on methods by which measured channels can be classified in accor-
dance with the subject model and by which model parameters can be estimated
from measured data for use in channel modeling and simulation. Section 1.3.6
summarizes an extension from the literature of the classical model to make it
applicable for multiple-input multiple-output systems, which are envisaged as a
key to the success of 5G systems in meeting anticipated transmission capacity
requirements.
Section 1.4 focuses on the data qualification preprocessing of measured data
that is necessary for the reduction of errors in analyzing such data for the estima-
tion of model parameters. First, a very general overview of radio channel sounding
is given. A method from the literature for the reduction of noise from wideband
channel measurements is then reviewed. A discussion follows on the assessment of
measured data to determine if modeling of random variations in the time domain
using a wide-sense-stationary model is appropriate. Section 1.4.3 is a review of
modeling cumulative probability distributions based on estimates thereof from
measured data. Then, the estimation of spaced-frequency correlation functions for
randomly time varying channels is outlined, with emphasis on how results can be
used to verify conditions required for modeling variations in the frequency domain
as a wide-sense-stationary process. Section 1.4.5 is a very short note on consider-
ations regarding the assessment of whether a Gaussian model is appropriate and
whether assumptions of ergodicity are reasonable.
4 ◾ New Directions in Wireless Communications Systems

1.2 Transmission Loss

What is referred to as free-space transmission occurs anytime radiowaves travel
between a radiating source and a receiving antenna without interacting with any-
thing, such as physical obstructions, particles, or electric charges (e.g., in an ion-
ospheric plasma). If one considers the transmission of radio waves from a point
source, or isotropic antenna, which is a fictitious construct that cannot be realized
in the real world, radiation occurs equally in all direction and the radiated waves
spread out in spheres of ever-increasing radius, r, with the isotropic antenna at their
center. Since the area of the surface of a sphere is given by

As = 4πr 2 (1.1)
the power loss (most frequently referred to as propagation loss), at any frequency, as
a result of the propagation of radiowaves in free space is inversely proportional to r 2 .
A practical transmit (Tx) antenna focuses energy in specific directions such that the
ratio of power density it radiates in any direction, θ, to that which would be radiated
by an isotropic antenna, is given by its directive gain (often referred to as gain), Gt (θ).
Similarly, the ratio of power received by a receive (Rx) antenna from any direction,
θ, to the power that would be received by an isotropic antenna, is given by its gain,
Gr (θ). Associated with a receive antenna is an effective area, Ae , which can be thought
of as a capture area, over which power incident upon it can be received. This effective
area [1] is related to the gain of the antenna in accordance with the equation

Gr λ 2
Ae = (1.2)
4π
Using Equation 1.1 and knowledge of the focusing ability of a Tx antenna, the
power density, S, incident on any surface as a result of the radiation of power, Pt , by
the Tx antenna can be computed as

E 2 PG
S= = t t (1.3)
η 4πr 2

where E is the magnitude of the electric field and η is the intrinsic impedance
of free space [2]. Then, using Friis equation [2], the power received through the
Rx antenna is given by

t t Gr λ
2
PG
Pr = SAe = (1.4)
( 4πr )2
and the free-space transmission loss is given by

Pr Gt Gr λ 2 (1.5)
L= =
Pt ( 4πr )2
 Propagation Measurement-Based Wireless Channel ◾ 5

30

25

20
ΔL (dB)

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (GHz)

Figure 1.2 The difference of transmission loss between equal gain antennas at
the specified frequencies and at 2 GHz.

Note that because the effective area of the Rx antenna is dependent upon wave-
length, λ, free-space transmission loss has a direct-quadratic dependence upon λ, and
hence, an inverse-quadratic dependence upon the frequency of operation, f. The
fact that the frequency dependence of transmission loss is an antenna property
rather than a property of the propagation environment is often overlooked. If
Equation 1.5 were used to calculate the ratio of transmission loss at two differ-
ent frequencies f 1 and f 2 over a free space radio link having equal gain antennas
at the two frequencies, it is clear that this ratio would be given by ∆L = (λ 2 / λ1)2.
Figure 1.2 is a plot of this ratio for the case of f 1 = 2 GHz, which is a ratio of interest
to many in the consideration of the design of 5G systems, which are proposed for
operation above 6 GHz.
The quadratic relationship, resulting in a decreasing slope of the ratio of trans-
mission loss with respect to that at 2 GHz as frequency increases, is worth noting.

1.2.1 Multipath Propagation

In many instances free-space transmission is impossible. This is a result of the fact
that as the radiated waves spread out in spheres of ever-increasing radius, they
impinge upon obstacles, or encounter particles or, as in the ionosphere, regions
where there are concentrated charge densities. In the troposphere, the interaction
of radiowaves with obstacles causes reflection, diffraction, and scattering. These
phenomena, in turn, generate secondary waves that can interfere with waves that
arrive at a Rx antenna directly from the Tx antenna. Such interference is referred to
6 ◾ New Directions in Wireless Communications Systems

as multipath interference, and it can either enhance or diminish the performance of

a radio communication link, depending upon the overall link design.
In the region of an Rx antenna, the electromagnetic fields from the multipath
waves
 add vectorally such that the magnitude and phase of the total electric field,
E tot , can be written as


E tot =  E1e − jβr1 + E 2e − jβr 2 +  + En e − jβrn  (1.6)

where, using Equation 1.3 and assuming single interactions, Ei = (ηPG t t / 4 πri )ρi ,
2

and ρi is a complex coefficient resulting from the interaction of the “ith” multipath
wave with some obstacle or surface before it is reflected, diffracted, or scattered
toward the Rx antenna. If radio path “i” is the direct path between the Tx and
Rx antennas, ρi = 1. The vector sum of the multipath waves can either enhance or
diminish received power, depending on the phases of the interfering waves at any
specific receive location. This, in turn, can modify the dependence of transmission
loss on distance, r, of what must now be referred to as average transmission loss,
from the inverse quadratic dependence appropriate for free space, and increases the
exponent to which r is raised, or decreases it, depending upon the circumstance.
In a reverberation chamber, for example, where all waves that impinge upon the
chamber walls are reflected with a reflection coefficient near unity, this exponent is
reduced, resulting in lower average transmission loss than that which would occur
in free space. This is because energy is prevented from leaving the chamber by its
walls. On a radio path between two antennas where there is one reflection point
and the angle between the direction of travel of the impinging wave and the reflect-
ing surface is small, the reflection coefficient is near unity, and if the electric field
is perpendicular to the plane containing the direction (or Poynting) vectors of both
the incident and reflected waves, there is a phase shift of π radians on reflection. In
this case, received power can diminish in proportion to r 4 in accordance with the
well-known two-ray model [2] at Tx–Rx ranges beyond a breakpoint, after which
the direct and reflected waves begin to have an inverse phase relationship and their
vector addition is therefore destructive. This distance is a function of the offset of
the antennas from the reflecting surface (i.e., antenna heights if the surface is the
earth) and the wavelength at the frequency of operation.
Multipath propagation and its effects can be exemplified by considering the
simple case, at a frequency of 2.35 GHz, of equal-height antennas in a small empty
room of dimensions 5 m long × 3.6 m wide × 4 m high, where the direct wave
from the Tx antenna, as well as reflections from the four walls, the floor, and the
ceiling are received. A simple simulation using Equation 1.6 and assuming verti-
cal quarter-wavelength monopoles with radiation patterns as in [1] at the Tx and
Rx yields a received power pattern along the centerline of the room as shown in
Figure 1.3. For this simulation, the transmit power, Pt , was set equal to −7 dBm,
transmission line losses were equal to 2.2 dB, the walls were modeled as being
 Propagation Measurement-Based Wireless Channel ◾ 7

−40

−50 Plasterboard and concrete surfaces

Frii's eqn
Perfectly reflecting surfaces
−60
Received power (dBw)

−70

−80

−90

−100

−110
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Tx-to-Rx Separation (m)

Figure 1.3 Results from a simulation of the received sum of multipath waves as
a function of distance along the centerline of a small, empty room.

constructed of plasterboard on a wooden support structure, and the floor and ceil-
ing were modeled as being made of dry concrete. Equations for the reflection coeffi-
cients and the material constants were taken from [2]. Results for the case in which
the walls and floor are perfectly conducting are also shown in Figure 1.3.
The undulations of the multipath sums as the constituent waves add with differ-
ent phase relationships as a function of the distance between the Tx and the Rx can
clearly be seen. It can also be seen that the average power of the multipath sum for
the case of perfectly reflective surfaces decreases less rapidly than the curve given
by Friis equation, leading to a model transmission loss is proportional to r raised to
an exponent that is less than 2.

1.2.2 Modeling of Transmission Loss

in a Multipath Environment
The modeling of transmission loss is something that has received much attention by
many. This is an important part of communication system design, since the capac-
ity of any radio link is directly related to the ratio of received signal power to noise
power, or the SNR, at the receiver.
The modeling of Pr as a function of Tx–Rx separation, say, from simulations
such as above, or from propagation measurements, is best done by expressing Pr
8 ◾ New Directions in Wireless Communications Systems

in terms of the logarithm of distance. When plotted, this relationship is a straight

line and is easy to model. However, transmission loss, the ratio of Pr -to-Pt is
modeled more often than Pr . In a multipath environment, by convention, before
such modeling, averaging is conducted to eliminate transmission loss variations
that result from the vector addition of multipath waves. This averaging can be
conducted over small ranges of time, space, or frequency, since the physics associ-
ated with the seemingly random variations that result from the vector addition
are the same in all three domains. If the averaging is done in time, motion of
either the antennas, or objects in the operating environment is needed to stir the
component multipath waves (referred to as multipath components, or MPCs) to
achieve a variation in time that covers as much as possible as the full dynamic
range commensurate with the multipath sum where the measurements are being
made. If the averaging is over space, one of the link antennas must be moved in
order to achieve the variations of interest. A wideband channel sounding signal [2]
facilitates ease in averaging over frequency. The range over which averaging must
be conducted is best determined by the observation of the absence of variations in
averaged results.
Modeling of the log–log relationship between average transmission loss
and Tx–Rx antenna separation (sometimes herein referred to as range) can be
effected using a standard least-mean-squared (LMS) error approach. This can
be done by considering a system of multiple equations, each for the average
transmission loss at a different position along the trajectory of the Rx antenna. The
modeling process begins by representing the logarithm of the Tx–Rx separation
(d) as

 d 
x = log10   (1.7)
 d ref 

where d ref is an arbitrary short distance from the Tx antenna, in its far field. The
mean transmission loss can then be modeled as

 d 
E [ L( x )] = nlog10   + L ref = nx + L ref (1.8)
 d ref 

where L ref represents the path loss at d ref . If measured or simulated path loss samples
are ordered as a function of d, one can write the system of equations as

L1 = nx1 + L ref + S1

L 2 = nx2 + L ref + S2 (1.9)

=  
LM = nx M + L ref + SM
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
A Marianna da Rocha,
Por outro nome a Pellica,
A nenhum homem já dedica
A sua prata.

Não ha no Brazil mulata,

Que valha um recado só,
Mas Joanna Picaró
O Brazil todo.

Si em gostos não me accommodo,

Ao mais não haja disputa,
Cada um gabe a sua ...,
E haja socego.

Porque eu calo o meu emprego,

E o fiz adivinhação,
Com que tal veneração
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Fica-te embora, Bahia,

Que eu me vou por esse mundo,
Cortando pelo mar fundo
Numa barquinha.

Porque inda que és patria minha,

Sou segundo Scipião,
Que com dobrada razão
A minha idéa
Te diz: Non possidebis ossa mea.
 OBSERVAÇÕES
CRITICAS SOBRE VARIAS MATERIAS POR OCCASIÃO DO
COMETA APPARECIDO EM 1680

Que esteja dando o francez

Camoezas ao romano,
Castanhas ao castelhano,
E ginjas ao portuguez?
E que estejam todos trez
Em uma scisma quieta
Reconhecendo esta treta
Tanto á vista, sem a ver?
Tudo será; mas a ser,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que esteja o inglez mui quedo,

E o hollandez muito ufano,
Portugal cheio de engano,
Castella cheia de medo:
E que o turco viva ledo,
Vendo a Europa inquieta?
E que cada qual se metta
Em uma cova a tremer?
Tudo será, mas a ser,
Effeitos são do cometa.
Que esteja o francez zombando,
E a India padecendo,
Italia olhando e comendo,
Portugal rindo e chorando?
E que os esteja enganando
Quem sagaz os inquieta
Sem que nada lhe prometta?
Será; mas com mais razão,
Segundo a minha opinião,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que esteja Angola de graça,

O Mazagão cahe, não cahe,
O Brazil feito Cambray,
Quando Hollanda feita caça?
E que jogue o =passa passa=
Comnosco o turco mahometa,
E que assim nos accommetta?
Será, pois é tão ladino;
Porém, segundo imagino,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que venham os Franchinotes,

Com engano surrateiro,
A levar-nos o dinheiro
Por troca de assobiotes?
Que as patacas em pipotes
Nos levem á fiveleta,
Não sei si nisto me metta:
Porém sem metter-me em rodas,
Digo que estas cousas todas
Effeitos são do cometa.
Que venham homens extranhos
Ás direitas, e ás esquerdas,
Trazer-nos as suas perdas,
E levar os nossos ganhos:
E que sejamos tammanhos
Ignorantes, que nos metta
Sem debuxos a gazeta?
Será, que tudo é peior;
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Effeitos são do cometa.

Que havendo tantas maldades,

Como experimentado temos,
Tantas novidades vemos,
Não havendo novidades?
E que estejam as cidades
Todas postas em dieta
Mau é; porém por directa
Permissão do mesmo Deus,
Si não são peccados meus,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que se vejam, sem razão,

No extremo em que hoje se veem,
Um tostão feito um vintem,
E uma pataca um tostão?
E que estas mudanças vão
Fabricadas á curveta,
Sem que a ventura prometta
Nunca nenhuma melhora?
Será, que pois o céu chora,
Effeitos são do cometa.
Que o Reino em um estaleiro
Esteja, e nesta occasião
Haja pão, não haja pão,
Haja, não haja dinheiro:
E que se tome em Aveiro
Todo o ouro e prata invecta
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Eu não sei como isto é:
Porém já que assim se vê,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que haja no mundo quem tenha

Guizados para comer,
E traças para os haver,
Não tendo lume nem lenha:
E que sem renda mantenha
Carro, carroça, carreta,
E sem ter aonde os metta,
Dentro em si tanto accommode:
Póde ser, porém si póde,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que andem os officiaes

Como fidalgos vestidos,
E que sejam presumidos
Os humildes como os mais:
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Cavalgar sem a maleta,
E que esteja tão quieta
A cidade e o povo mudo:
Será, mas sendo assim tudo,
Effeitos são do cometa.
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Sem repararem nas fomes,
As mulheres feitas homes,
E os homens feitos mulheres:
E que estejam os Misteres
Enfronhados na baeta,
Sem ouvirem a trombeta
Do povo, que é um clarim:
Será, porém sendo assim,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que vista, quem rendas tem,

Galas vistosas por traça,
Supposto que bem mal faça,
Inda que mal fará bem:
Mas que as vista quem não tem
Mais que uma pobre saieta,
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Por milagre nunca visto:
Será, mas sendo assim isto,
Effeitos são do cometa.

Que não veja o que ha de ver

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No que se não ha de metter:
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Capitão sem ter gineta,
Sendo ignorante propheta,
Sem ver quem foi, e quem é:
Será, mas pois si não vê,
Effeitos são do cometa.
Que o pobre e o rico namore,
E que com esta porfia,
O pobre alegre se ria
E o rico triste se chore:
E que o presumido more
Em palacio sem boleta,
E por não ter que lhe metta,
O tenha cheio de vento:
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Effeitos são do cometa.

Que ande o mundo como anda,

E que ao som do seu desvelo
Uns bailem ao saltarello,
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Sendo eu um pobre poeta,
Que nestas cousas me metta
Sem ter licença de Apollo:
Será; porém si sou tolo,
Effeitos são do cometa.
 A FOME
QUE HOUVE NA BAHIA NO ANNO DE 1691

Toda a cidade derrota

Esta fome universal,
E uns dão a culpa total
Á Camara, outros á frota;
A frota tudo abarrota
Dentro dos escotilhões,
A carne, o peixe, os feijões;
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Porque anda farta até aqui,
É cousa que me não toca:
Ponto em boca.

Si dizem que o marinheiro

Nos precede a toda a lei,
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Concedo que está primeiro:
Mas tenho por mais inteiro
O Conselho que reparte,
Com egual mão e egual arte,
Por todos jantar e ceia;
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Ponto em boca.
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Porque razão leva tudo?
Que o povo por ser sisudo
Largue o ouro, largue a prata
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Que entrando com véla cheia,
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Por lastro de assucar troca:
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Nenhum frete vem ganhar,
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O mesmo não ganhará:
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Lhe não ponho alguma culpa;
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O respeito, a que provoca,
Ponto em boca.
Com justiça pois me tórno
Á Camara nó Senhora,
Que pois me trespassa agora,
Agora leve o retorno.
Praza a Deus que o caldo morno,
Que a mim me fazem cear
Da má vacca do jantar,
Por falta do bom pescado,
Lhes seja em cristéis lançado;
Mas si a saude lhes toca,
Ponto em boca.
 RETRATO
DO GOVERNADOR ANTONIO LUIS DA CAMARA COUTINHO

Vá de retrato
Por consoantes;
Que eu sou Timantes
De um nariz de tocano côr de pato.

Pelo cabello
Começa a obra,
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Para pintar a giba do camello.

Causa-me engulho
O pêllo untado,
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Parece que sae sempre de mergulho.

Não pinto as faltas

Dos olhos baios,
Que versos raios
Nunca ferem sinão em coisas altas.

Mas a fachada
Da sobrancelha
Se me assimelha
A uma negra vassoura esparramada.

Nariz de embono
Com tal sacada,
Que entra na escada
Duas horas primeiro que seu dono.
 Nariz que falia
Longe do rosto,
Pois na Sé posto
Na Praça manda pôr a guarda em ala.

Membro de olfactos,
Mas tão quadrado
Que um rei coroado
O póde ter por copa de cem pratos.

Tão temerario
É o tal nariz,
Que por um triz
Não ficou cantareira de um armario.

Você perdôe,
Nariz nefando,
Que eu vou cortando
E inda fica nariz em que se assôe.

Ao pé da altura
Do naso oiteiro
Tem o sendeiro
O que boca nasceu e é rasgadura.

Na gargantona,
Membro do gosto,
Está composto
O orgão mui subtil da voz fanhona.

Vamos á giba:
Porém que intento,
Si não sou vento
Para poder subir lá tanto arriba?
 Sempre eu insisto
Que no horizonte
D’esse alto monte
Foi tentar o diabo a Jesu-Christo.

Chamam-lhe auctores,
Por fallar fresco,
Dorsum burlesco,
No qual fabricaverunt peccatores.

Havendo apostas
Si é home’ ou féra,
Se assentou que era
Um caracol que traz a casa ás costas.

De grande arriba
Tanto se entona,
Que já blazona
Que engeitou ser canastra por ser giba.

Oh pico alçado!
Quem lá subira,
Para que vira
Si és Etna abrazador, si Alpe nevado.

Cousa pintada,
Sempre uma cousa,
Pois d’onde pousa
Sempre o vêm de bastão, sempre de espada.

Dos Sanctos Passos

Na bruta cinta
Uma cruz pinta;
A espada o pau da cruz, e elle os braços.
 Vamos voltando
Para a dianteira,
Que na trazeira
O lhe vejo açoitado por nefando.

Si bem se infere
Outro fracaso,
Porque em tal caso
Só se açoita quem toma o miserere.

Pois que seria,

Si eu vi vergões?
Serão chupões
Que o bruxo do Ferreira lhe daria?

E a entezadeira
Do gram ...,
Que em sujo trapo
Se alimpa nos fundilhos do Ferreira.

Seguem-se as pernas,
Sigam-se embora,
Porque eu por ora
Não me quero embarcar em taes cavernas.

Si bem assento
Nos meus miolos,
Que são dois rôlos
De tabaco já podre e fedorento.

Os pés são figas

Á mór grandeza,
Por cuja empreza
Tomaram tanto pé tantas cantigas.
 Velha coitada,
Cuja figura
Na architectura
Da pôpa da nau nova está entalhada.

Boa viagem,
Senhor Tocano,
Que para o anno
Vos espera a Bahia entre a bagagem.
 MILAGRES DO BRAZIL
AO PADRE LOURENÇO RIBEIRO, HOMEM PARDO QUE FOI
VIGARIO DA FREGUEZIA DE PASSÉ

Lourenço Ribeiro, clerigo e prégador, natural da Bahia, e,

segundo se rosnava, mulato, dava-se muito a compor trovas,
que cantava nas sociedades ao som da cythara: este homem
teve a indiscrição de mofar e desdenhar publicamente dos
versos de Gregorio de Mattos. Chegou isto aos ouvidos do
poeta, que offendido da fatuidade do cabrito, resolveu logo
tirar a desforra, o que fez na seguinte satyra, á qual deu o
titulo acima.

Um branco muito encolhido,

Um mulato muito ousado,
Um branco todo coitado,
Um canaz todo atrevido;
O saber muito abatido,
A ignorancia e ignorante
Muito ufana e mui farfante,
Sem pena ou contradicção:
Milagres do Brazil são.

Que um cão revestido em padre.

Por culpa da Sancta Sé,
Seja tão ousado que
Contra um branco honrado ladre;
E que ésta ousadia quadre
Ao bispo, ao governador,
Ao cortezão, ao senhor,
Tendo naus e maranhão:
Milagres do Brazil são.
Si este tal podengo asneiro
O pae o esvanece já,
A mãe lhe lembro que está
Roendo em um tamoeiro:
Que importa um branco cueiro,
Si o .. é tão denegrido;
Mas si no mixto sentido
Se lhe esconde a negridão,
Milagres do Brazil são.

Prega o perro frandulario,

E como a licença o cega,
Cuida que em pulpito prega,
E ladra em um campanario:
Vão ouvi-lo de ordinario
Tios e tias do Congo,
E si, suando o mondongo,
Elles só o gabo lhe dão,
Milagres do Brazil são.

Que ha de prégar o cachorro,

Sendo uma vil creatura,
Que não sabe de escriptura
Mais que aquella que o pôz forro?
Quem lhe dá ajuda e soccorro
São quatro sermões antigos,
Que lhe vão dando os amigos;
E si amigos tem um cão,
Milagres do Brazil são.
Um cão é o timbre maior
Da ordem predicatoria,
Mas não acho em toda a historia
Que um cão fosse prégador,
Si nunca falta um senhor,
Que lhe alcance esta licença
De Lourenço por Lourença,
Que as pardas tudo farão,
Milagres do Brazil são.

Té em versos quer dar pennada,

E porque o genio desbroche,
Como é cão, a troche moche
Mette a unha e dá dentada:
O perro não sabe nada,
E si com pouca vergonha
Tudo abate, porque sonha
Que sabe alguma questão,
Milagres do Brazil são.

Do perro affirmam doutores

Que fez uma apologia
Ao Mestre da theologia,
Outra ao Sol dos prégadores:
Si da lua aos resplendores
Late um cão a noite inteira,
E ella, seguindo a carreira,
Luz com mais ostentação,
Milagres do Brazil são.
Que vos direi do mulato,
Que vos não tenha já dicto,
Si será amanhãa delicto
Fallar d’elle sem recato?
Não faltará um mentecapto,
Que como villão de encerro
Sinta que dêm no seu perro,
E se ponha como um cão:
Milagres do Brazil são.

Imaginais que o insensato

Do canzarrão falla tanto
Porque sabe tanto ou quanto?
Não, sinão por ser mulato;
Ter sangue de carrapato,
Seu estoraque de Congo,
Cheirar-lhe a roupa a mondongo,
É cifra de perfeição:
Milagres do Brazil são.
A UM HOMEM HUMILDE
QUE SE METTEU A FIDALGO

Cançado de ver pregar

Cultissimas prophecias,
Quero das cultinarias
Hoje o habito enforcar:
De que serve o rebentar
Por quem de mim não tem magua?
Verdades direi como agua,
Porque todos entendaes,
Os ladinos o os boçaes,
A Musa praguejadora.
Entendeis-me agora?

O fallar de intercadencia,
Entre silencio e palavra,
Crer que a testa se vos abra,
E encaixar-vos que é prudencia:
Alerta, homens de sciencia,
Que quer o Xisgaraviz
Que aquillo que vos não diz,
Por lh’o impedir a rudeza,
Avalieis madureza,
Sendo ignorancia traidora.
Entendeis-me agora?