Nonlinear Maps and Their Applications Selected Contributions From The NOMA 2013 International Workshop 1st Edition Ricardo López-Ruiz

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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics
Volume 112
This book series features volumes composed of select contributions from workshops
and conferences in all areas of current research in mathematics and statistics, in-
cluding OR and optimization. In addition to an overall evaluation of the interest,
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vidual contributions are all refereed to the high quality standards of leading journals
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thoritative reports on developments in the most exciting areas of mathematical and
statistical research today.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10533

Ricardo López-Ruiz • Danièle Fournier-Prunaret
Yoshifumi Nishio • Clara Grácio
Editors
Nonlinear Maps and their

Applications
Selected Contributions from the NOMA 2013
International Workshop
2123
Editors
Ricardo López-Ruiz Danièle Fournier-Prunaret
Facultad de Ciencias Université de Toulouse, LAAS-CNRS, INSA
Universidad de Zaragoza Toulouse
Zaragoza France
Spain
Yoshifumi Nishio Clara Grácio
Department of E. E. Eng. Department of Mathematics
Tokushima University University of Évora, CIMA-UE
Tokushima Évora
Japan Portugal
ISSN 2194-1009 ISSN 2194-1017 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-12327-1 ISBN 978-3-319-12328-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12328-8
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 39-06, 37-06, 37E05, 37E30, 46T20
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934824
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

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Preface
The chapters in this volume of the Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statis-
tics series, entitled Nonlinear Maps and Their Applications, come from the works
presented in the Fourth International Workshop on Nonlinear Maps and Their Appli-
cations (NOMA 2013), which took place in Zaragoza, Spain, 3–4 September, 2013.
The workshop was locally organized by Ricardo López-Ruiz (RLR) and hosted by
the University of Zaragoza at its Faculty of Sciences.
This conference follows the sequence of Workshop on Nonlinear Maps and Their
Applications which started in Toulouse 2007, and continued in Urbino 2009 and in
Évora 2011.
The objective of the NOMA 2013 Conference was to provide a forum in the field
of discrete dynamical systems. It was open for theoretical studies as well as for
applications. The interaction and the knowledge exchange among mathematicians,
physicists, engineers, and other specialists, and young researchers, from nonlinear
sciences was very fruitful and gave rise to new insights in this area, in the pleasant
atmosphere provided by the town of Zaragoza. It consisted of five invited lectures
given by Yves Pomeau (École Normale Supérieure de Paris, France), Oreste Piro
(University of Balearic Islands, Spain), Víctor Mañosa (Polytechnic University of
Catalunya, Spain), Elena Blokhina (University College Dublin, Ireland), and Anir-
ban Chakraborti (École Centrale de Paris, France) as well as over 20 contributed
lectures of 15 different countries (Portugal, Japan, France, Spain, Czech Republic,
Russia, Belgium, Iran, Poland, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Tunisia, Germany, and
Argentina).
This volume is a compilation of the selected works presented in the workshop and
that have been accepted for publication. The diversified nature of the conference is
reflected in the spectrum of the 17 chapters published here, where 36 researchers are
contributing.
The editors, specially the local organizer (RLR), would like to thank all conference
participants, committees, authors, who submitted papers for this volume, for their
valuable contribution, as well as reviewers for their time and expertise to review the
works presented here.
Editors: Ricardo López-Ruiz, Danièle Fournier-Prunaret,Yoshifumi Nishio, Clara
Grácio.
v
Contents
1 Study of A Model for the Distribution of Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Yves Pomeau and Ricardo López-Ruiz
2 Periodic Orbits of Planar Integrable Birational Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Imma Gálvez-Carrillo and Víctor Mañosa
3 Discrete-Time Modelling of Sigma-Delta Inspired Systems for MEMS 37

E. Blokhina, P. Giounanlis, M. Dominguez-Pumar, S. Gorreta,
J. Pons-Nin and O. Feely
4 Kinetic Exchange Models in Economics and Sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Sanchari Goswami and Anirban Chakraborti
5 Nonlinear Maps: From the Toulouse Colloqium (1973) to NOMA’13 89

Christian Mira
6 Lebesgue Measure of Recurrent Scrambled Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Marek Lampart
7 On the Concept of Integrability for Discrete Dynamical Systems.

Investigation of Wandering Points of Some Trace Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
S. S. Bel’mesova and L. S. Efremova
8 Discrete Maps and the Problem of Round Trip Time Scale Nonlinear
Dynamics in Solid-State Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
M. V. Gorbunkov, Yu. Ya. Maslova, V. A. Petukhov, M. A. Semenov
and Yu. V. Shabalin
9 The Importance of the Strategy in Backward Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Carmen Pellicer-Lostao and Ricardo López-Ruiz
10 Minimal Cantor Type Sets on Discrete Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . 183

Francisco Balibrea
vii
viii Contents
11 Piecewise Expanding Maps and Conjugacy Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Cristina Serpa and Jorge Buescu
12 In Search of H -theorem for Ulam’s Redistribution of Energy Problem 203

Sergey M. Apenko
13 Random Market Models with an H -Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

R. López-Ruiz, E. Shivanian and J. L. López
14 Synchronization and Phase Ordering in Globally Coupled Chaotic

Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
O. Alvarez-Llamoza and M. G. Cosenza
15 Maximizing a Psychological Uplift in Love Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Malay Banerjee, Anirban Chakraborti and Jun-ichi Inoue
16 From Weak Allee Effect to No Allee Effect in Richards’ Growth

Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
J. Leonel Rocha, Abdel-Kaddous Taha and D. Fournier-Prunaret
17 Systoles on Compact Riemann Surfaces with Symbolic Dynamics . . . 269

Clara Grácio
Contributors
O Alvarez-Llamoza Departamento de Física, FACYT, Universidad de Carabobo,

Valencia, Venezuela
Sergey M. Apenko P N Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia
Francisco Balibrea Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Murcia, Mur-
cia, Spain
Malay Banerjee Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kanpur, India
S. S. Bel’mesova N.I.Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni
Novgorod, Russia
E. Blokhina School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Jorge Buescu Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais, Departamento de
Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Anirban Chakraborti School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawa-
harlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
M. G. Cosenza Centro de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida,
Venezuela
M. Dominguez-Pumar Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Micro- and Nan-
otechnology Group, Barcelona, Spain
L. S. Efremova N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni
Novgorod, Russia
O. Feely School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering,
Danièle Fournier-Prunaret LAAS-CNRS, INSA, University of Toulouse,
Toulouse, France
ix
x Contributors
Imma Gálvez-Carrillo Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada III, Universitat

Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
P. Giounanlis School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering,
M. V. Gorbunkov P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
S. Gorreta Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Micro- and Nanotechnology
Group, Barcelona, Spain
Sanchari Goswami S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India
Clara Grácio CIMA-UE-DMAT, School of Science and Technology, University of
Évora, Évora, Portugal
Jun-ichi Inoue Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan
José Luis López Dept. of Math. Engineering and Informatics, Public University of
Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
Ricardo López-Ruiz Department of Computer Science & BIFI, University of
Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Marek Lampart Department of Applied Mathematics & IT4Innovations, VŠB-
Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Víctor Mañosa Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada III, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Yu. Ya. Maslova P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
Christian Mira Quint, Fance
Carmen Pellicer-Lostao BIFI, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
V. A. Petukhov P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
Yves Pomeau Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
J. Pons-Nin Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Micro- and Nanotechnology
Group, Barcelona, Spain
J. Leonel Rocha Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa - ISEL, ADM and
CEAUL, Lisboa, Portugal
M. A. Semenov P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
Cristina Serpa Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais, Departamento
de Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Contributors xi
Yu. V. Shabalin P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

Elyas Shivanian Department of Mathematics, Imam Khomeini International
University, Qazvin, Iran
Abdel-Kaddous Taha INSA, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Chapter 1
Study of A Model for the Distribution of Wealth
Yves Pomeau and Ricardo López-Ruiz
Abstract An equation for the evolution of the distribution of wealth in a population of

economic agents making binary transactions with a constant total amount of “money”
has recently been proposed by one of us (RLR). This equation takes the form of an
iterated nonlinear map of the distribution of wealth. The equilibrium distribution
is known and takes a rather simple form. If this distribution is such that, at some
time, the higher momenta of the distribution exist, one can find exactly their law of
evolution. A seemingly simple extension of the laws of exchange also yields explicit
iteration formulae for the higher momenta, but with a major difference with the
original iteration because high-order momenta grow indefinitely. This provides a
quantitative model where the spreading of wealth, namely the difference between
the rich and the poor, tends to increase with time.
1.1 Introduction
This communication follows the Noma-13 conference in September 2013, an enjoy-

able and fruitful meeting where one of us (YP) had a chance to hear of the model
considered below [1–3]. This model describes the evolution of the distribution of
wealth in a population of individuals doing business pairwise. After each exchange
there is a redistribution of money between the two individuals, without total loss
or gain. A feature of this model, the “Z-model” (with Z for Zaragoza) is its simple
equilibrium solution (written below). Under its law of evolution, this equilibrium
solution is stable and so attracts most, if not all, initial conditions satisfying conver-
gence conditions (finite total probability and finite total wealth) [4]. Moreover, an
H -theorem is valid for this model [5]. We show below that the evolution of higher
momenta (mean square value, mean cubic value, etc.) of the wealth can be computed
R. López-Ruiz ( )
Department of Computer Science & BIFI,
University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
e-mail: rilopez@unizar.es
Y. Pomeau
Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
e-mail: pomeau@lps.ens.fr
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 1

R. López-Ruiz et al. (eds.), Nonlinear Maps and their Applications,
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics 112, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12328-8_1
2 Y. Pomeau and R. López-Ruiz
exactly, obviously under the condition that those momenta exist. We also consider
situations where the momenta do not converge beyond a given order. An anonymous
referee pointed out that something called “q-model” has equations similar to the
Z-model. Those q-models aim at describing the distribution of stress in random set
of solid grains in contact with neighbours in such a way that the downward push of
the weight of a grain and of the grain above it is distributed more or less randomly
between its neighbours underneath. In this theory, the equivalent of the time of the
Z-model is played by the vertical direction and the time-iteration amounts to move
down the pile to find the distribution of stress on grains. Even though the equations
of this q-model look like the ones of the Z-model, their physical meaning is quite
different. The interested reader may get a list of papers on the subject in the refer-
ence list of the lecture notes published in [6]. Moreover the q-model, in order to get
a row-to-row equation of iteration like the one of the Z-model has to assume that
the vertical force on beads on the same horizontal row are statistically independent,
which is presumably needed to get at the end something like a hyperbolic system,
although the Cauchy–Poisson equations for regular elasticity are elliptic.
Due to its simple mathematical structure, it makes sense to extend the Z-model
by keeping the possibility of an exact solution for the momenta. This can be done
with a straightforward extension maintaining the basic properties of conservation of
the total probability and the total wealth. This modified Z-model looks very much
like the original and reduces to it continuously as a parameter changes, but it has
completely different properties. In particular, it shows an increase in the fluctuations
of wealth as time goes, a rather unexpected property, absent in the original model.
This makes the matter of Sect. 1.3. In this respect, the inequality of wealth as studied
below makes only a small part of this big subject, but it is at least one that one can
try to describe quantitatively.
Motivated by this consideration of momenta, we look in Sect. 1.4 at what happens
in the Z-model when the momenta do not converge, specifically when the distribution
of wealth decays algebraically for large values so that momenta do not exist, at least
initially, beyond a certain power (This might be related to what is called Pareto law;
Pareto [7] having predicted that the natural distribution of wealth decays algebraically
for large values, a property of the mZ-model studied below). An interesting result of
this analysis is that, after a certain number of iterations (namely after a finite amount of
time), higher momenta converge although they diverged initially. Somehow, without
venturing into the area of political science, this looks like the exact opposite of what
is predicted sometimes (without relying on objective modelisation as much we can
tell): fewer individuals get richer and richer although the other ones get poorer and
poorer as time goes. This could have other explanations of course, like what is called
the redistribution of wealth by the tax system in modern economies.
We shall explain first how to solve “exactly” the moment problem, for a probability
distribution decaying fast enough at infinity and then look at what happens if, initially,
this probability distribution decays algebraically for large values.
In sect. 1.5 we give the probability distribution of the wealth of the “richest man”,
namely the largest wealth of a given finite number of agents with a given probability
distribution of the wealth with agents taken at random in the population. An explicit
1 Study of A Model for the Distribution of Wealth 3
expression of this probability distribution of the maximum of wealth, with its limit
in the case of a large number of agents, is given.
The last section is “Summary and Conclusion”.
1.2 The Z-Model
In this model, one considers a positive variable with various names, x, u, etc. for
the amount of money owned by an individual. This amount changes in the course of
time because of random exchanges between the individuals taking place at discrete
time, in a synchronous way in the system. The fundamental quantity is pt (x), the
probability that an individual taken at random in the population has an amount x at
time t. At the next time step (t + 1), due to the binary exchanges, pt (x) has changed
according to the law of iteration found in reference [1]

pt (u)pt (v)
pt+1 (x) = dudv , (1.1)
S(x) u+v
The domain of integration in Eq. (1.1) is defined by
S(x) = {(u, v), u, v > 0, u + v > x}.
This integral equation is for a function of x, positive variable. As p(.) is a probability
distribution,
∞ it has to be positive or 0. Moreover, it is normalised in such a way that
0 dupt (u) = 1, and t is a discrete index representing time. This law of evolution
of the wealth is derived as follows. Suppose two individuals, each one with the
same probability of wealth, say p(u), put their money in the same basket. Then the
probability distribution for what is in the basket (the amount w) is
∞
q(w) = dvp(v)p(w − v)H (w − v),
0
where H (.) is Heaviside function, 0 for a negative argument and 1 otherwise. Sup-
pose, we share the amount w between two individuals, by taking randomly a value
in [0, w] and give it to the first individual and the rest to the other. The probability
distribution of what is taken by anyone of those individuals is
χw (s)
r(s) = ,
w
where χw (s) is the characteristic function of the interval [0, w]. By extending this
simple formula to the probability distribution q(w) of the values of w, as derived
above, one obtains
∞ ∞
dw
r(s) = H (w − s) dvp(v)p(w − v)H (w − v).
0 w 0
After rearranging the integrals one finds
∞ ∞
du
r(s) = dv p(v )p(u ) ,
0 s−v >0 u + v
which is a form of the right-hand side of Eq. (1.1).
Equation (1.1) can be integrated explicitly, at least in some sense. Let us define
the moments of pt (x) as

mk (t) = duuk pt (u). (1.2)
We consider first the case where all momenta converge. In Sect. 1.4 we discuss the
situation where some momenta do not exist at a given time because the integral (1.2)
diverges at k large, which is well possible because the “physical” constraints on p(u)
is to have well-defined (not diverging) values of m0 and m1 only. From Eq. (1.1)
one derives the following equation for the momenta of pt+1 (.) as a function of the
momenta of pt (.)
1
mk (t + 1) = Σ0≤l≤k Ckl mk−l (t)ml (t), (1.3)
k+1
where Ckl = (k−l)!l!

k!
are the binomial coefficients. This shows that the momenta of
order k at time (t + 1) can be found if the momenta of smaller power at time t are
known. The formula is also consistent with the fact that m0 = 1 at any time and that
m1 is a conserved positive constant (called later m1 ). Let us look at the equation for
m2 . It reads
2
m2 (t + 1) = (m2 (t) + m21 ), (1.4)
3
As this equation is linear with respect to m2 , it can be integrated at once with the
result (supposing m2 (0) given)
t t t
2 2 2
m2 (t) = m2 (0) + 2m1 1 −
2
= (m2 (0) − 2m21 ) + 2m21 , (1.5)
3 3 3
The higher momenta can also be computed explicitly as the functions of the initial
data for the lower order momenta, the result become more cumbersome as the order
increases. At third order one has
1
m3 (t + 1) = (m3 (t) + 3m2 (t)m1 ), (1.6)
2
let
3
S3 (t) = m2 (t)m1 .
2
Therefore t
1
m3 (t) = m3 (0) + Σ0≤θ ≤t 2θ S3 (θ − 1) ,
2
is a solution for m3 (t) as a function of m1 , m2 (0) and m3 (0). The sums can be done
explicitly because they involve geometric series. The method of integration just
explained does not work if one takes momenta with non-integer exponents because
there is no finite equivalent of the binomial formula for such non-integer power.
1.3 Definition and Solution of a Generalised Z-Model
The Z-model can be generalised in the following way. In the original formulation,
each of the two partners in a transaction have a random amount u and v. During the
transaction they put first the whole amount (u + v) in a basket and then share its
content randomly. The Z-model describing this satisfies the constraint that the total
probability is one and that the total money is also conserved. This model has also the
property that the equilibrium solution (namely the distribution of wealth such that
pt (u) = pt+1 (u)) is known explicitly and is
1 − mu
peq (u) = e 1.
m1
Further, we suggest a modified recursion relation analogous to the one given in
Eq. (1.1), but such that no simple expression of the equilibrium distribution can be
found, even though the mass and first momentum m1 is conserved (we keep the
same notation, mk (t) for the kth moment in the mZ-model, defined below, as in the
Z-model). This model reads

Pt (u)Pt (v)
Pt+1 (x) = dudv , (1.7)
Sa (x) au + (2 − a)v
In this equation, a is a real parameter, between 0 and 2, and Sa (x) is defined by the
condition x < au + (2 − a)v. In this model, at the time of the transaction between
the two individuals, one of the individual puts (au) in the basket (instead of u in the
Z-model) and the other puts (2 − a)v in the basket, instead of v. Although this model
is apparently not conservative, this is not the case. If we consider the symmetrical
interaction for the pair of agents (v, u), in this case the first agent will put (av) in the
basket and the second one (2−a)u. For both trades, those of the pairs (u, v) and (v, u),
the total money to share in the basket is 2(u + v), then the total wealth is conserved.
It can be interpreted that the excess of money in one of the trades is injected to cover
the lack of money in the other trade. This is just one of the functions done by the
bank system. Perhaps this is not such an unrealistic model because, nowadays (and
very likely before), banks and even states rent money they do not really have and do
that within constraints based on multiplicative factors of their actual wealth.
Like the Z-model, the modified Z-model (or mZ-model) defined by the iteration
(1.7) satisfies the constraints of conservation of m0 and m1 if m0 = 1. From simple
algebra, one finds
m0 (t + 1) = m0 (t)2 ,
and
m1 (t + 1) = m0 (t)m1 (t).
Therefore, the first two momenta are constant if m0 = 1 and if m1 converge, as
we assume it. Contrary to the case of the Z-model, there is no simple equilibrium
solution. However, it is possible to derive many properties of this equilibrium from
the equations for the moments. This is because the denominator in the iteration
formula is a linear function of u and v like in the Z-model. The recursion relation for
the second moment is
1
m2 (t + 1) = (4 − 4a + 2a 2 )m2 (t) + 2(2 − a)am21 . (1.8)
3
As can be easily checked, this reduces to the formula valid for the Z-model, Eq. (1.4),
in the case a = 1. However, a very interesting difference appears in this iteration law
(again, an iteration derived from the iteration for the probability distribution with no
other assumption than the existence of the second moment). Actually this iteration
may lead to an exponentially growing second moment. This happens if the coefficient
of m2 (t) in Eq. (1.8) is larger than one. This happens if a is outside of the interval
[1 − √12 , 1 + √12 ], which is compatible with the condition 0 < a < 2. Therefore,
there can be an instability of the second moment leading to an indefinite increase of
the width of the distribution of wealth. Without overstating this, one can say that this
makes a model of ever increasing inequality as predicted by some socioeconomical
theories.
Moreover, for any a different from 1, the iteration of higher momenta become
unstable. To show this, let us define b = 1 − a. The iteration of the kth moment reads
1
mk (t + 1) = (1 − b)k + (1 + b)k mk (t) + l.o.t(t) . (1.9)
k+1
In this equation, l.o.t(t) is for the lowest order terms, depending on momenta of
order less than k. Let us consider the smallest k such that, for a given a, there is an
exponential growth of this moment. Therefore, l.o.t(t) remains bounded as a function
of time and so, if there is an instability, it is dominated after a sufficient number of
iterations by the exponentially growing (1 − b)k + (1 + b)k mk (t). A little algebra
shows that the coefficient of mk (t) on the right-hand side of Eq. (1.9) is larger than
1 and the moment grows exponentially if
ln (k + 1)
ln (1 + |b|) > .
k
If |b| is small, this is equivalent to the condition
ln (1/|b| + 1)
k> .
|b|
It shows that, however |b| is small but not 0, the large order momenta are unstable
under the iteration. Recall that |b| small is equivalent to have a mZ-model formally
close to the original Z-model. This also shows that, however small (but non 0) |b|
is, the steady distribution, if it exists, given by the iteration law should decay with
a power law at large values of its argument to make diverge momenta with a large
power. It is planned to return to this mathematically interesting question in a future
publication.
1.4 Diverging Moments at Time Zero
In this section, we return to the Z-model in its original form and consider the follow-
ing question: What happens to the iterations if the initial momenta diverge beyond
a certain power? Indeed, because the initial condition is in principle rather free,
provided m0 = 1 and m1 converges, one can always imagine an initial condition
with a distribution of wealth decreasing algebraically for large powers. In this case,
momenta do not exist beyond a certain power. We consider below what happens in
this case. In particular, we show that after a finite number of iterations, one recovers
a converging moment with a power less than a value increasing as the iterations go.
We shall limit ourselves to situations where p0 (u), the initial distribution of wealth,
behaves at large u as a power law, like
p0 (u) ≈ lα0 u−α0 , (1.10)
where lα0 is a positive constant and α0 a positive exponent. To have finite probability
and first momentum (finite total wealth) one must have α0 > 2. By putting this power
law in the right-hand side of the functional iteration (1.1), one obtains that at time
t = 1, the distribution of wealth p1 (u) decays with the power law
p1 (u) ≈ lα1 u−α1 , (1.11)
where α1 = 2α0 − 1 and where
lα1 = lα20 B(α0 ),
where
(u v )−α
B(α) = du dv
S(1) u + v
is a numerical function of the argument α. As the iteration formula shows, α in-
creases as the iteration goes and so as soon as it becomes big enough, momenta of
a given power begin to exist, and follow later the explicit recursion formulae given
in Eq. (1.3). This is correct because momenta of higher order begin to converge the
later as their power increases. Therefore, the right-hand side of the recursion equa-
tion becomes all well-defined when the highest moment becomes well-defined, all
momenta of a smaller power being already finite at this time.
1.5 Probability Distribution of the Wealth of the Richest Man
Looking at the economic magazines, one is struck by their insistence on various lists
of rich, if not very rich people, lists ordered according to their supposed wealth.
Therefore, it is of some interest to consider the question of the distribution of biggest
wealth that can be reached within the models outlined in this work. We begin with
a basic question of probability: given a probability distribution p(x), and a number
ν of independent trials. What is the largest value reached among those trials? This
interesting question can be answered quite simply as demonstrated below. Then we
apply this result to the case of the Z- and mZ-model.
Consider first the following problem: given x0 positive, let us draw a number x
with probability distribution p(x). What is the distribution of the maximum of x0 and
x, a maximum denoted as X? If x is less than x0 the maximum is x0 , in the opposite
case it is x. Define N(x) as
x
N (x) = dx p(x ).
0
The probability that x is less than x0 is N (x0 ). Therefore, the probability distribution
of X is
(X, x0 ) = N (X)δ(X − x0 ) + p(X)H (X − x0 ). (1.12)
The probability distribution (X, x0 ) is normalised in such a way that

∞
dXΠ (X, x0 ) = 1,
0
a consequence of the property N (∞) = 1.

Suppose now that x0 instead of being taken as a fixed number is drawn at random
with a probability distribution q(x0 ). Therefore, the probability distribution of the
maximum of x and x0 has to be averaged over the choices of x0 . This yields
∞ X
P (X) = dx0 q(x0 )Π (X, x0 ) = N (X)q(X) + p(X) dx q(x ). (1.13)
0 0
One can check by performing the integrals in the quadrant x, x > 0 that
∞ ∞ ∞
dXP (X) = dxp(x) dx q(x ) = 1.
0 0 0
From Eq. (1.13) one can derive the probability distribution of the largest value drawn
after ν (integer) independent trials , each one with the probability distribution p(x).
Let Pν (x) be the probability distribution of the maximum of ν trials. After one trial
P1 (X) = p(X). From Eq. (1.13) one derives the recursion formula between Pν (X)
and Pν+1 (X)
X
Pν+1 (X) = N (X)Pν (X) + p(X) dx Pν (x ). (1.14)
0
X
Now define Qν (X) = 0 dx Pν (x ). This allows to write Eq. (1.14) like
dQν+1 (X) dQν (X) dN (X)

= N (X) + Qν (X). (1.15)
dX dX dX
This can be obviously integrated as

Qν+1 (X) = N (X)Qν (X) + Sν ,
where Sν is a constant of integration, independent on X. As Qν (0) = 0 for all Sν ,
Sν = 0 also for all ν. Therefore,
X ν
Qν (X) = dx p(x ) , (1.16)
0
and
X ν−1

Pν (X) = νp(X) dx p(x ) . (1.17)
0
Suppose p(x) is a smooth function decaying continuously to 0 as x tends to infinity.

In this case, it is possible to get the asymptotic form of Pν (X) at ν very large. Let us
write Pν (X) as an exponential
Pν (X) = eT (ν,X) ,
with
X

T (ν, X) = ln (ν) + ln (p(X)) + (ν − 1) ln dx p(x ) .
0
In the limit ν large, one expects that the distribution Pν (X) has more weight at larger
values of X, which is also what is found by looking numerically at the shape of
Pν (X) in this limit for various possible p(X). See Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. Therefore, in
this limit, Pν (X) should become more concentrated around the value of X such that
the derivative ∂T∂X(ν,X)
= 0. This derivative vanishes when X is the root Xν of
p · N
ν =1− ,
p2
X
where p = dX dp
. When Xν is large, then N (Xν ) = 0 ν dx p(x ) ≈ 1. At ν large, this

root Xν is unique and large. This can be seen by noticing that − pp2 = d(1/p) dX
, and
by assuming that 1/p is a smooth function increasing monotonically to infinity as x
tends to infinity. To make its first momentum m1 convergent p(X) must decay faster
than x −2 at infinity, so that the derivative d(1/p)
dX
must grow faster than X at X large.
Therefore, the function Xν grows slower than ν as ν tends to infinity but it grows
to infinity for any function p(x) tending smoothly to 0 as x tends to infinity. This
growth will depend on the behaviour of p(x) as x tends to infinity.
The function Xν gives the order of magnitude of the maximum wealth after ν
iterations. By continuing the expansion of T (ν, x) near Xν to the quadratic order
with respect to the difference δX = X − Xν , one finds that
δX 2 ∂ 2 T (ν, X)
T (ν, X) ≈ T (ν, Xν ) + + ....
2 ∂X 2
where the second derivative is computed at X = Xν .
1
ν
1
10
30
100
500
Pν(X)
4000
0.5
0 5 10
X
Fig. 1.1 Pν (X) for different ν when p(x) = e−x . Observe the monotonic increasing of Xν with
ν. For this case, when ν 10, observe that Pν (Xν ) is constant and Pν (X) presents a soliton-like
waveform
After some algebra and by taking into account that ν is large and that, in the limit
Xν large, N (Xν ) ≈ 1, one finds
∂ 2 T (ν, X) d 2 (1/p)
≈ −p(Xν ) .
∂X 2 dX 2
To prove that the width of the maximum of the distribution is much less than Xν , one

can do the following approximate scaling argument. We have pp2 ≈ −ν. Assuming
that p ≈ p(X
Xν
ν)
, which is certainly correct for a probability distribution p(.) decaying
like a power law at large arguments, one finds ν ∼ Xν p(X 1
ν)
. Using the same kind of
scaling argument one finds that
∂ 2 T (ν, X) −νp(Xν ) 1
2
∼ ∼ − 2.
∂X Xν Xν
0.4
ν
1
10
30
100
500
Pν(X)
4000
0.2
0 8 16
X
Fig. 1.2 Pν (X) for different ν when p(x) = xe−x . Observe the monotonic increasing of Xν with
ν. For this case, when ν 10, observe that Pν (Xν ) is not constant and Pν (X) presents an increase
of the maximal wave amplitude
This shows that, at least for distributions p(x) decaying like power laws, the width of
the probability distribution Pν (X) is of order Xν for ν very large, although its center
is at Xν . In this case, the width of the probability distribution and its center are large
and of the same order of magnitude. Therefore, one may guess that it behaves like

1 X
Pν (X) ≈ P̂ .
Xν Xν
where P̂ is a positive numerical function of order one when its argument is of order
∞
one. It is normalised in such a way that 0 P̂ (z)dz = 1. From the derivation, this
function depends on the way p(x) behaves as x tends to infinity.
1.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Owing to its mathematical structure, the Z-model can be solved and somehow ex-
tended to bring interesting results with, perhaps, a connection to the complicated
phenomenology of real economics. Despite its strongly nonlinear character, it can
be solved without assuming too many things. A remarkable feature of this model is
its convergence to an exponential distribution of wealth. Of course any difference
between reality and this model may have many explanations. Among others, it has
been suggested, such as one of us (YP) also suggested it during the Noma-13 confer-
ence that this model lacks an important element present in economies of developed
countries, the tax system, with a more or less explicit claim of redistributing the
wealth. Such a tax system could be perhaps represented by adding a third partner in
each binary transaction, taking its pound of flesh at the transaction and redistributing
it randomly at the next step, more or less the way the VAT (added value tax) works.
This chapter also introduces a modified Z-model, where at each transaction money
is exchanged, which is not actually possessed by the economic agents, something
occurring all the time in modern economies. Amazingly, this induces an instability
in the distribution of wealth and makes grow indefinitely the higher momenta of its
distribution, even though the total amount remains the same. Although this happens
in a very idealised model, it could be closer to reality than the original Z-model with
its rather narrow distribution of wealth.
References
1. López-Ruiz R.: Exponential wealth distribution in different discrete economic models.

arXiv:1009.3550 [q-fin.GN] (2010)
2. López-Ruiz R., López J.L., Calbet X.: Exponential wealth distribution in a random market: a
new approach from functional iteration theory. ESAIM Proc. 36, 189–204 (2012)
3. López J.L., R. López-Ruiz, Calbet X.: Exponential wealth distribution in a random market: a
rigorous explanation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 386, 195–204 (2012)
4. Katriel G.: Convergence to an exponential wealth distribution in a random market model. Appl.
Anal. 93, 1256–1263 (2014)
5. Apenko S.M.: Monotonic entropy growth for a nonlinear model of random exchanges. Phys.
Rev. E 87, 024101 (2013)
6. Bouchaud, J.P.: Granular media: some ideas from statistical physics. In: Proceedings of the 2002
Les Houches Summer School on Slow Relaxations and Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Condensed
Matter, Springer (2004)
7. Pareto V.: Cours d’économie politique professé à l’Université de Lausanne. Vol. I (1896), Vol. II
(1897)
Chapter 2
Periodic Orbits of Planar Integrable
Birational Maps
Imma Gálvez-Carrillo and Víctor Mañosa
Abstract A birational planar map F possessing a rational first integral preserves a

foliation of the plane given by algebraic curves which, if F is not globally periodic,
is given by a foliation of curves that have generically genus 0 or 1. In the genus 1
case, the group structure of the foliation characterizes the dynamics of any birational
map preserving it. We will see how to take advantage of this structure to find periodic
orbits of such maps.
2.1 Introduction
A planar rational map F : U → U, where U ⊆ K2 is an open set and K ∈ {R, C},

is called birational if it has a rational inverse F −1 . In this chapter, we will say that a
map F is integrable if there exists a nonconstant function V : U → K such that
V (F (x, y)) = V (x, y),
which is called a first integral or invariant of F . If a map F possesses a first integral

V then each orbit lies in some level set of V or, in other words, the level sets of V
are invariant under F .
Planar birational maps are a classical object of study in algebraic geometry and
have been the focus of intense research activity in recent years (see [24] and references
therein). The integrable cases appear in many contexts, from algebraic geometry
and number theory to mathematical physics. This is the case of the celebrated QRT
family of maps introduced in [44, 45] (see also [26]), which contains the well-known
McMillan family of maps, and some of the integrable cases studied by Gumovski and
Mira [30, 40]. Many maps in this family arise as special solutions, termed discrete
solitons, of differential-difference equations arising in statistical mechanics. The
QRT maps all have a rational first integral.
I. Gálvez-Carrillo ( ) · V. Mañosa
Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada III, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
e-mail: m.immaculada.galvez@upc.edu
V. Mañosa
e-mail: victor.manosa@upc.edu
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 13

R. López-Ruiz et al. (eds.), Nonlinear Maps and their Applications,
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics 112, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12328-8_2
14 I. Gálvez-Carrillo and V. Mañosa
In this chapter, we will consider only those integrable maps that have rational
first integrals. In fact, all the examples of integrable birational maps that we know
have rational first integrals, but as far as we know there is no reason for an integrable
birational map to be rationally integrable. In this sense, it is interesting to recall the
case given by the composition maps associated to the five-periodic Lyness recur-
rences. These maps are birational, and the numerical results show phase portraits
compatible with the existence of first integrals, however, it has been recently proved
that, generically, these maps are not rationally integrable, see [19, Theorem 19] and
[14, Theorem 1 and Proposition 3].
Observe that if the first integral is a rational function,
P (x, y)
V (x, y) = , (2.1)
Q(x, y)
then the map preserves the foliation1 of U is given by the algebraic curves
F = {P (x, y) − h Q(x, y) = 0, h ∈ Im(V )}. (2.2)
We will assume that P and Q are coprime and, although it is not essential in this
chapter, that V has minimal degree. Recall that the degree of a rational first integral
is the greater of the degrees of P and Q. We say that the degree n of V is minimal
if any other rational first integral of F has degree at least n. Given a rational first
integral, one always can find a minimal rational first integral.
In this note, our objective is to show how to take advantage of the algebraic–
geometric properties of the invariant foliation F to study the periodic orbits of the
birational maps preserving it. Although the techniques explained in this chapter have
been used to study several birational maps [4–7, 9, 26, 53, 54], to illustrate them we
will refer only to a particular, but paradigmatic, example: the well-known Lyness
family of maps.
Example 2.1 Lyness’s maps are a 1-parametric family of birational maps given by

a+y
Fa (x, y) = y, , (2.3)
x
These maps give the dynamical system associated to recurrence xn+2 = (a +

xn+1 )/xn . There is a large recent literature concerning this family. In the appendix
of this chapter the reader can also find a short account of references and the history
of the Lyness recurrences and maps.
Each map Fa has the first integral
(x + 1)(y + 1)(x + y + a)
V (x, y) = , (2.4)
xy
1
In this chapter, we say that a map F preserves a foliation of curves {Ch } if each curve Ch is
invariant under the iterates of F .
2 Periodic Orbits of Planar Integrable Birational Maps 15
so it preserves the foliation given by
F = {Ch = {(x + 1)(y + 1)(x + y + a) − hxy = 0}, h ∈ Im(V )} . (2.5)
The chapter is structured as follows: in Sect. 2.2, we will recall the notion of
genus of an algebraic curve, and we will see that if we are interested in those maps
not being globally periodic, then we can consider that the curves in the foliation
(2.2) have genus 0 or 1, see Corollary 2.3. In Sect. 2.3, we restrict our attention to
maps having invariant curves with genus 1 (also named elliptic curves). We recall the
group structure of these curves and also a result of Jogia et al. (Theorem 2.4) which
relates the dynamics of a particular birational map on an invariant elliptic curve and
its group operation. We will take advantage of this result to obtain a description of the
periodic orbits in terms of the torsion of the curve (Eq. 2.8). In Sect. 2.4, we discuss
the global dynamics of birational maps preserving a foliation given by elliptic curves
Ch . First, we start by introducing and discussing the nature of the rotation number
function θ (h) associated to each curve Ch . Then, we see that a typical situation occurs
when there is a dense set of curves in phase space filled by p-periodic orbits of all
the periods p ≥ p0 ∈ N, for some integer p0 which is sometimes computable (see
Proposition 2.9 and Sect. 2.4.3).
In Sect. 2.5, as a straightforward application, we show how to address the problem
of finding the curves containing periodic orbits with a prescribed period, by using the
characterization of periodic orbits given by the group law of the curve (see Eq. (2.8)).
We show the main technique by applying it to the Lyness case, as already done in [4].
In Sect. 2.6, we will see how the group structure of rational elliptic curves is
strongly related to the existence of rational periodic orbits. We will recall Mazur’s
theorem and its dynamical implications. We also give some insight on the known
results of rational periodic orbits in the Lyness case [4, 29, 54]. This section ends
with a digression about why the numerical simulations of the phase portrait of bi-
rational maps preserving an elliptic foliation do not show the plethora of periodic
orbits that they possess, on the contrary of what happens when general integrable
diffeomorphisms are considered.
We end these notes with a comment on the genus 0 case, and with an appendix
giving more information about the Lyness maps and curves.
The aim of the chapter is expository, and it is inspired in the papers of Bastien and
Rogalski [4] and of Jogia et al. [33]. The reader is invited to read them, as well as
their references. Another essential reference is the book of Duistermaat [26] about
some algebraic–geometric aspects of QRT maps.
2.2 A First Dynamical Result: Restriction to the Genus

0 and 1 Cases
When studying the dynamics of an integrable map, a first step is to know the topology
of the invariant level sets. When the level sets are algebraic curves, the natural way
to study them is to consider their extension, and also the extension of the birational
maps, to the complex projective space
CP2 = {[x : y : z] = [0 : 0 : 0], x, y, z ∈ C}/ ∼,
where [x1 : y1 : z1 ] ∼ [x2 : y2 : z2 ] if and only if [x1 : y1 : z1 ] = λ[x2 : y2 : z2 ] for

λ = 0.
In this chapter, [x : y : 1] denotes an affine point, corresponding with the point
(x, y) ∈ K2 (where K can be either R or C), and [x : y : 0] denotes an infinite point.
The infinite points are added to real affine algebraic curves in order to capture the
asymptotic directions of possible unbounded components. See Fig. 2.2 for instance.
Any real affine algebraic curve can be extended to CP2 by the formal process of
homogenization. For instance, any Lyness curve
Ch = {(x + 1)(y + 1)(x + y + a) − hxy = 0} ⊂ R2
where x, y ∈ R extends to CP2 as
Ch := {(x + z)(y + z)(x + y + az) − hxyz = 0, x, y, z ∈ C}.
Notice also that any birational map in R2 extends formally to a polynomial map
in CP2 . For instance, the Lyness map Fa (x, y) = (y, (a + x)/y) extends formally to
Fa ([x : y : z]) = [xy : az2 + yz : xz],
except for the points [x : 0 : 0], [0 : y : 0], and [0 : −a : 1] (see also the alternative
description given by Eq. (2.7) in Sect. 2.3), where x, y, z ∈ C.
Any algebraic curve C in CP2 is a Riemann surface characterized by its genus,
[34]. On any irreducible component of a curve in CP2 , the genus g is related to the
degree d by the degree-genus formula:
(d − 1)(d − 2) mp (mp − 1)
g= − ,
2 p∈Sing(C)
2
where mp stands for the multiplicity of any possible singular ordinary point. Recall
that a singular point is called ordinary when all the tangents at the point are distinct and
that, given an irreducible curve, it is always possible to find a birationaly equivalent
curve with only ordinary multiple points, so that the above formula gives the genus.
In this chapter, we will say that an invariant foliation has generic genus g if the
genus has constant value g on the irreducible components of {P −hQ}, except maybe
for a finite set of values of h ∈ Im(V ) for which the genus is lower. This is a common
situation. The reader is addressed, for instance, to Pettigrew and Roberts [43] for a
characterization of the singular curves corresponding to a biquadratic foliation that
generalizes the classical elliptic QRT foliations. We will assume that in our foliations
(2.2) the genus is generic.
Next, we will see that if one expects to obtain a rich dynamics of a birational map
preserving a foliation {Ch }, where Ch are irreducible curves, then one has to restrict
attention to those maps that preserve foliations of generic genus 0 or 1, because any
2 Periodic Orbits of Planar Integrable Birational Maps 17
birational map F preserving a foliation of generic genus greater or equal than 2 is a

globally periodic map, that is, there exists p ∈ N such that F p (x, y) = (x, y) for all
(x, y) where F is defined. This fact is a consequence of the following two classical
results.
Theorem 2.1 (Montgomery, [42]) Any pointwise periodic homeomorphism in a
connected metric space, locally homeomorphic to Rn , is globally periodic.
The next one is an adaptation to our context of the Hurwitz automorphisms the-
orem which states that any compact Riemann surface with genus g > 1 admits at
most 84(g − 1) conformal automorphisms, that is, homeomorphisms of the surface
onto itself which preserve the local structure; see [21, 22]. In our context, Hurwitz’s
theorem can be stated as follows, [33]:
Theorem 2.2 (Hurwitz, 1893) The group of birational maps on a nonsingular
algebraic curve of genus g > 1 is finite, and of order less or equal than 84(g − 1).
The above result states that any birational map preserving a particular nonsingular
curve of genus g ≥ 2 must be periodic (on the curve) with a period bounded by
84(g − 1).
Corollary 2.3 ([20]) A birational map in U ⊆ K2 (where K can be either R or
C) preserving a foliation of nonsingular curves {Ch } ⊆ U that have generic genus
g > 1, must be globally periodic.
Proof If the foliation {Ch } has generic genus g > 1, then there exists an open
set V ⊆ U foliated by curves of genus g. By Hurwitz’s theorem on each of these
curves the map must be periodic, so F is pointwise periodic on V. Therefore, by
Montgomery’s theorem, F must be globally periodic on the whole V. Since F is
rational, and so the global periodicity is characterized by some formal polynomial
identities, then it must be periodic on the whole K2 except at the points where its
iterates are not well-defined. 2
In summary, from a dynamic viewpoint it makes sense to restrict our attention to
birational maps preserving foliations of algebraic curves with genus 0 or 1.
2.3 The Elliptic Case: Dynamics on Invariant Curves Through

Its Group Structure
In this chapter, we will concentrate our attention on those birational maps that pre-
serve a foliation of algebraic curves {Ch } of generic genus 1. Recall that a projective
algebraic curve of genus 1 is called an elliptic curve. Any elliptic curve has an asso-
ciated group structure [34, 50, 51]. In this section, we will see that in the case that
{Ch } is generically given by elliptic curves, then the group structure of the elliptic
foliation characterizes the dynamics of any birational map preserving it.
First, we recall the group structure associated with an elliptic curve C ∈ CP2 , the
so called chord-tangent group law. Given two points P and Q in C, we define the
addition P + Q in the following way:
Fig. 2.1 Group law with an

affine neutral element O
1. Select a point O ∈ C to be the neutral element of the inner addition.

2. Take the chord passing through P and Q (the tangent line if P = Q). It will
always intersect C at a unique third point denoted by P ∗ Q. This is because the
curves of genus 1 are birationally homeomorphic to smooth cubic curves, [50,
Proposition 3.1].
3. The point P + Q is then defined as O ∗ (P ∗ Q), see Fig. 2.1.
The curve endowed with this inner addition (C, +, O) is an abelian group [51].
A brief comment on notation: typically algebraic curves are defined on K2 , or on
KP 2 , where K is the field of coefficients. In this chapter, this field will be mainly R
or C (or Q in Sect. 2.6). The notation C(K) or C/K denotes an elliptic curve C which
has at least one point O with coordinates in K. In this chapter, unless we explicitly
state the contrary, we will assume that C stands for a real curve.
The relationship between the dynamics of a birational map preserving an elliptic
curve and its group structure is given by the following adaptation of a result of Jogia
et al. [33, Theorem 3], that will be referred as the JRV theorem from now on. In [33],
the result is stated for birational maps leaving invariant an elliptic curve expressed in
a certain Weierstrass normal form (see [34, 50] but especially [51, Sect. I.3]). This
adaptation is immediately obtained by using the isomorphism with this normal form.
Theorem 2.4 (Jogia et al. [33]) Let F be a birational map over a field K, not of
characteristic 2 or 3, that preserves an elliptic curve C(K). Then, there exists a point
Q ∈ C(K) such that the map can be expressed in terms of the group law + on C(K)
as either
(i) F|C(K) : P → P + Q, or
(ii) F|C(K) : P → i(P ) + Q, where i is an automorphism of possible order (period)
2, 4, 3 or 6, and the map F has the same order (period) as i.
We will give an easier dynamical interpretation of the above result, but first we will
illustrate it.
Example 2.2 The Lyness curves Ch := {(x + z)(y + z)(x + y + az) − hxyz = 0} ⊂
CP2 , are elliptic except for h ∈ {0, a − 1, h±
c }, where
√
± 2 a 2 + 10 a − 1 ± (4 a + 1) 4 a + 1
hc := . (2.6)
2a
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moved—the music of the hope of a sure reunion, that had surely come with
joy at last.
The sunlight faded from the near fells, and sorrow filled the air. A single
robin sang a note or two and was silent, and the leaves fell audibly to the
ground. But all who gazed out east saw the blue Howgills and the further
Pennine range shine out like burnished silver and gold, and thought of the
glory of that far land to which our friend had gone.
The procession went up the drive and into the lane, and so down into the
village, where every head seemed bowed and every home a house of
mourning. The service, simple throughout, included his favourite hymn:
'Lord, it belongs not to my care

Whether I live or die,'
and at the grave side a third hymn was sung which had been chosen by his
daughter as expressive of the continuity of happy life in the world beyond.
The bishop pronounced the benediction, the mourners placed their wreaths at
the grave side; silently the vast crowd melted away, and left to its long rest
the body of one of the most public-spirited servants of the common good
that Westmoreland has known. He will be as sorely missed as he will be
surely mourned.
A DAY WITH ROMAN AND NORSE.
It was burning June. The sun shone on lake and fell. Skiddaw was
cloudless and lifted into the clear heaven its purple lilac shade powdered
with the fresh fern and the emerald green of the bilberry. The corn-crake
cried in the valley, the throstle whistled from the larch plantation; in and out
of the elder-blossom the tireless bees went humming, and the haymakers
could hardly get on with their work for gazing at the exquisite beauty of the
wild roses on the hedge. In Cumberland, as Southey said, we miss the violet,
but we make up for our loss in April and May by the blush roses of the June.
They embroider the lanes, they dance upon the hedgerows, they flash against
the grey blue waters of the lake, they flutter against the green fellside. Such
roses! not faint in colour and scent as we see in the South, but red of heart
and filled with fragrance, wonderful wild roses of Cumberland.
What a day of life and loveliness it is! On the old Millbeck Hall door
stone up yonder are the words, 'Vivere mori, mori vivere,' but we feel that
the living, the living are the hearts that praise, and death is, even by
suggestion, out of place here.
To-day as we dash along under Skiddaw to see where Roman and

Norseman once had home, we feel that the same beauty was beheld by
earlier races, and the wild rose that gladdens our sight was very dear to eyes
of far-off generations, and has been a perpetual garden of life and loveliness
for all the passing years.
We are going to see the camps of the warriors of old, and we do well to
gather and put in hat and buttonhole the emblem of England's warrior saint,
the good St. George. As one thinks of the flower, one's mind does not only
go back to Pisanello and his picture of St. George away there in the church
of St. Anastasia in Verona, but to the hundred shrines wherein are seen that
fair Madonna, the Rose of God, whose painters honoured the wilding rose
for her sake, and gave it immortality on their canvases. To Roman Catholic
and to Protestant alike, how significant and full of tender association is the
wild dog-rose of Cumberland! How close it brings the church days of an
older time back to the present dwellers in this country, seeing that both on
Carlisle's city arms and Carlisle's bishop's coat of arms, the wild rose shines,
memorial of the monastery that honoured the Rose of Heaven.
But to-day we are going back to times that antedate those mediaeval
church days. We are on visit bent to Roman and Viking who dwelt in sight of
Skiddaw—the cleft one, in the days,
'When never a wild-rose men would braid

To honour St. George and the Virgin Maid.'
We dash on by Dancing Gate, a farm beyond Scalebeck, with its quaint holly
trees, whose sons have never forgotten the art of dancing, on by Mirehouse
with its memories of James Spedding and Thomas Carlyle and Alfred
Tennyson, on under Ullock slope, and by Ravenstone till we reach an old
farmhouse, quaint with its Jacobaean door-pilasters.
'For Orthwaite Hall and Overwater,' said the coachman, 'we should turn
off here to the right and go up the Rake,' as he slackened his paces.
There was an old Norse ring about that word 'rake,' for the Icelanders
still talk of their sheep 'rachan' just as our Cumberland shepherds do; when
the sheep follow one after another along the mountain side, they are
hereabouts said to be 'raking,' but though we were bent on a Norse chieftain's
home we refused to ascend the Rake. It was very hot and sultry, and we
preferred the shady woodland of Bassenthwaite 'parks,' and so drove
forward. We passed the Vicarage house and the Bassenthwaite Church,
crossed a small stream, and, turning sharply by a deserted chapel towards the
village, drove by the village green, thence entering a kind of meadow road,
were soon in shadow, and for more than a mile went, beneath bowery oak,
and fragrant larch, and gleaming hazel, along this copse-lane sweet with
wild woodruff and gay with lychnis, towards the hillside opposite the Dash,
where stands Orthwaite or Overthwaite Hall. It is worth while turning for a
backward gaze as we ascend the hill; Bassenthwaite and the fells that close
round far Derwentwater look nowhere more beautiful than from here.
That little tarn on our left is not Overwater, but it has its history; one
hundred sheep went on the ice one wintry day, broke through, and all were
drowned. The current superstition is that the pike in that tarn are as large as
donkeys; whether before or after the feast of plenty accorded by the
mountain sheep is not told.
Here is Orthwaite or Allerthwaite Hall grim and grey, its little

Elizabethan window mouldings, its diamond squares of glass, its quaint low-
ceilinged dining room. There is a look of drear sadness and of pale sorrow
about the quiet half-hall, half-farmstead, and there may well be, for its owner
William George Browne, the traveller, went forth therefrom to explore
Tartary and Bokhara in the year 1812, and being suspected by the Persian
government of sinister design, was, under instruction from headquarters,
taken captive beyond the Kizzil Ozan river, blindfolded and barbarously
murdered. Poor Browne! he had better have stayed in sight of harmless
Skiddaw, but his was the gipsy's mind, and though none knew quite why he
journeyed, and his journeys in Africa, Egypt, and Syria show that he
travelled more from love of wild roaming than for aught else, home for
William George Browne had no attraction in its sound. His was the restless
wanderer's heart.
Now we leave the carriage, and while it goes round to pick us up at

Whitefield Cottage on the Uldale and Ireby road, we descend into the
meadows and find ourselves gazing on a large square entrenchment, at the
angles of which were once raised mounds, lying to the south-west of
Overwater. No Roman camp this, for Romans did not place their camps in
the bottoms, unless they had a secure look-out above them, or a fortified
camp on a height near by; and Romans did not when they dug an
entrenchment round their camp, throw the earth out to right and left and
make an embankment either side their fosse, as it is plain was the case here;
besides there is but one entrance to the camp, and that was not the Roman
way. No, the camp we are looking upon was probably the kraal or stockaded
farmstead of a Norse chieftain, any time between 874 and 950 A.D.
Its owner probably came up the Derwent with Ketel, son of Orme, with
Sweyn and Honig or Hundhr, what time they harried Cumberland under
Ingolf or Thorolf the Dane. For aught we know, he may have been tempted
hither by some sudden surprise-peep he got of the Overwater tarn and
neighbouring meadowland, from the heights of Skiddaw, the first time he
clomb that double-fronted hill.
It is true that a Roman tripod kettle is said to have been discovered near,
but the Romans were not the only nation on the earth that worked in bronze,
and knew the advantage of putting legs to their kettles; and both in the
museum of Copenhagen and Christiania such tripod kettles may be seen to-
day that came from the hands of the Norsemen of old time.
As we gaze across the quiet meadow land to the north-east, we see the
high raised hill, where it is more than probable that the Viking chieftains,
who here had their steading, 'died into the ground,' as they expressed it,
when the death hour came. At any rate that hill is called Latrigg, which may
well mean the 'Hlad Rigg' or 'Ridge of the Dead,' and as at Keswick so here,
the Vikings may have carried up their dead chieftains for their last long rest
to yonder height. It is by some thought possible that the word Latrigg may
come from Norse words that signify the 'Lair Ridge,' the ridge of the lair of
wild beasts, and doubtless in those early days the farmer who built his
stockade had cause to dread other wild beasts than such as now trouble the
hen roosts beneath Skiddaw. Now on still nights the shepherd of
Underskiddaw may hear the fox of Skiddaw calling across the waters of
Bassenthwaite to the red-coated vixen at Barf, and hear her shrill bark
answer to his cry, but then the wolf howled and the wild boar prowled, and
there was need of stockade not only against man but against the creatures of
the wild woodland.
We leave the meadow with its Viking memories, walk on to join our
carriage at Whitefield Cottage, thence, driving along towards Uldale and
Ireby, see, far off, the common of Ulph the Norseman that was often waked
by John Peel's 'horn in the morning,' and, instead of descending into the
valley that separates us from that long moor that stretches to Caldbeck, we
turn sharply to the left, pass a lonely house of some pretension, and drive by
a narrow lane through hedges covered with wild-rose; away to the west,
upon surmounting the ridge, we suddenly come in sight of the littoral plain
—all peacock green and blue, the Solway flashing in the distance—and the
grey hills of bonnie Scotland beyond. We descend the hill and pull up at a
lodge gate. "Snittle Garth," says the driver. The very name has a
Scandinavian ring about it; we enter the Park and pull up at a pleasant-
looking country house.
By courtesy of the owner we pass in front of the garden, gay with its
flowers, and full of the sense and sweetness of an English country house. We
can hardly gaze at the camp we have come to see, so fair and beautiful is the
vision outstretched before us of Bassenthwaite laid in gleaming whiteness
beneath the dark hills of Wythop and the purple vastness of Skiddaw, so
exquisite the shadowy foldings of the blue hills that take the eye far up
beyond the gates of Borrodale to Gimmer Crag, to Great-End and far Sea-
fell. But when we look at the camp we have come to see we find ourselves
standing on a high plateau, sheltered on north and east and west by rising
ground. The site of the camp is rectangular, eighty-three feet by thirty-one;
isolated by a trench with regular scarp and counter-scarp. This trench is
twelve feet broad at the bottom, twenty feet at the top; the scarp and counter-
scarp are each nine feet, and the depth is five feet. The work, to all
appearance, is freshly done, and but for the fact that no pottery has been
revealed, might well be work of Roman engineers. As we wonder at the
quaint oblong island of green carved in the hill side, surrounded by its dry
moat, we listen to what the sages say and archaeologists guess about its
origin and intent.
'The remains of a mediaeval pleasaunce,' says one antiquarian.
'Not a bit of it,' says another, 'this was no sheet of water for ornament,
with an island in its midst, this was a Roman sanitary camp. Hither sick and
sorry came the poor fellows, whom the frosts of Cumberland had pinched, or
the dews of Cumberland had rheumatised, or the malaria of the Derwent
Vale had febrified, or the swords and clubs of the stubborn British had
wounded, and here girt round by friendly fence of water, sheltered from the
wind, uplifted in this quiet pastoral scene, they built their rough wattle
hospital, and prayed to the goddess of health.'
'No, no,' says a third antiquarian, no authority he, and therefore likeliest
to be right. 'This was a battle holme. Here in the olden time men met for
holm-gauge or wager of battle; on that oval sward was decided, in the sight
of the assembled multitude, the feud of families or the strife of tribes.'
We can, as we gaze, conjure up the whole scene, and hear the crash of
battle hammer, and see the flame of the circling brand; but the peace of the
present subdues the passion of the past, and the sound of the quiet grass-
cropping hard by of the unfearful sheep, the song of the thrush from the
neighbour sycamore recalls us to such pastoral tranquillity as ill assorts with
the stormy drama
'Of old far-off unhappy things

And battles long ago.'
Now rejoining our carriage let us drive west, up hill, to the neighbouring
Caermote. We shall feel all the time that the tribesmen, gathered at their
battle holme, can follow us with their eyes, and wonder what on earth can
possess us to leave them with their fierce axe play just going to begin, for the
old deserted look-out camp on the slope a mile away. We leave the carriage
to descend the hill to the south and await our arrival at the large square
double camp of the Romans on the lower slope, and not without many
pauses to wonder at fair scene of the seaward plain, we make our way up to
the northern peak of Caermote Hill.
This, with its circular rampart, was probably the 'mons exploratorius' of
the large double camp on the lower south-eastern slope, and a glorious look-
out the Roman legionaries must have had, if on such a day of June they came
with their wild roses in their hands to see the sun come with its wild rose
over Helvellyn, or move slowly to its setting and turn the whole grey Solway
into gold.
Down now we go southward across the pleasant green sward, negotiate

one or two rather awkward fences, and bearing a little to the left, towards the
main road that runs to Bewaldeth, we soon find ourselves in the midst of
ramparts of the quaint double Roman camp. It is a camp within a camp, the
larger of the two being about 180 yards by 160 yards square. There is
evidence that the cohort that first encamped here must have felt that it was a
place of much strategic importance, for they made the road from 'old
Carlisle' to Keswick run right through the middle of it. The continuation of
this road, though it remains untraced, probably ran along the east side of
Bassenthwaite up to the tiny Roman watch camp at the 'Gale,' and so by
Guardhouse towards Penrith, and to Causeway Foot, on the road to
Ambleside.
They appear also to have felt that they were in a dangerous country when
first they rested beneath Caermote, for they circled themselves with a triple
rampart and a double fosse.
But not for ever was there to be war at the gates, even in Roman times.
The cohort gave way to a 'century,' and the centurion, who remained to keep
the way from 'old Carlisle' to Keswick open, was content to trust his safety
from attack to the guardianship of a single ditch and rampart; and yet the
fierceness of fire and sword must in after times have been felt again at this
place. Not many years ago the ruins of some buildings near the north gate of
the large camp were discovered, that had once been roofed with lead, but the
buildings had been set on fire, and the lead had poured itself away into the
ground. There was nothing to suggest that these buildings had been of
Roman workmanship, and though it is possible that this was a kind of half-
way store-house for the lead miners of Caldbeck, who were sending their
mineral booty to the sea, it is quite as probable that at some time or other a
farmer had here his 'strength' or 'strong house,' and that 'rievers' from over
the Border had made short work of him, and given his farm-stead to the
flames.
We leave the Romans of Caermote, and are not surprised to think a

sanatorium hard by was necessary for the cohort of old time, if there was as
much water in the ground as there is to-day within and without the ramparts.
Thence we drive by way of Bewaldeth and the inn by the Bassenthwaite
cross-roads, to the shores of what Southey called 'westernmost Wythop.'
Hardly are we able to get forward, for the cries of those who are with us in
the carriage to draw up, that we may gaze at this or that wild-rose bush in all
its tender fluttering beauty. But at last we win our goal—Castle How Inn,
near Peelwyke; then scrambling up the hill we inspect the four trenches on
the side of the hill looking towards Peelwyke, whence of old time gazed out
the hardy Britons upon the Roman camp fires blazing at Caermote.
As we gaze we think not only of Roman times, but of the Viking times
also; for down below us lies the wyke or harbour where the first Norsemen
who ever came up Derwent from the sea ran their boats ashore.
Who, or whence the Norse ancestor of John Peel, who hewed the trees of
the woodland at our feet into planks and built his 'Pride of the lake,' we
cannot know, but he probably had friends, Ketel and Ormr, and Sweyn, and
Honig and Walla, who would from time to time come across the Crosthwaite
Vale and step aboard his galley, and sweep with flying sail or gleaming oar
along by the woods of Mirehouse or the shadowy cliffs of Barf to his
'steading' here at Bassenthwaite; and it is more than probable that he and his
family 'died into the ground' at Castle How, and there await the glory of the
gods and the coming of Odin.
We, as we gaze out south from the How of the Viking, can see plainly to-
day the burial ground of other Viking chieftains of the dale on the grey green
Latrigg's height; and sadly enough, we think, must they have passed into the
dark, if so fair a sun as this shone upon so fair a scene, and the roses and
elders were as sweet for them as they are for us to-day.
On now through fragrant briar wood and odorous larch to Keswick, and
the ghosts of Britain and Rome and Norway keep pace with our hearts as we
go.
ARCTIC SPLENDOURS AT THE ENGLISH LAKES.
The blizzard brought a greater gift of snow to the hills of the English
Lake District than had been remembered since 1859. The storm left behind it
a bewitching splendour, and Skiddaw and Helvellyn and Glaramara and
Grassmoor never shone more fair. Into clear air above the Yorkshire fells the
great sun rose. The heavens flushed above Helvellyn, and presently the
steep, angular cleft on Grisedale was filled with blue shadow. Then the light
splintered upon Causey Pike and Hindscarth, and Scafell shone like a jewel
of flame above the sea of deathly white. Five minutes later the blank white
snowfield of Derwentwater was changed into a gleaming floor of dazzling
light, and all the encircling hills seemed ivory washed with gold. A lilac veil
of haze rose from the Crosthwaite Valley and drifted up the snow slopes,
growing more gossamer-like as it touched the ridges of the hills, and soon
the mountains stood as clear as at the dawn against a cloudless sky.
Such blue of heaven touched the cones of Skiddaw as one sees on a clear
May morning above the Oberland peaks, and one wondered why it was that
people who have no chance of seeing Switzerland did not take the
opportunity of realising a Switzerland in miniature when it was close beside
their doors. One reads of excursions to the Palace of Varieties at Manchester
and Blackpool. How comes it about that no excursions are planned to such a
world of varieties, such ivory palaces of winter's garnishing and nature's
building, as, after heavy snowfall, may be found in Cumberland?
The frost was still in the shade within 10 degrees of zero; on Chestnut
Hill it had been registered in the early morning as being within 4 degrees.
People as they went about the roads felt their feet almost ring upon the snow,
and children who tumbled into the powder rose and shook the fine dust from
their hair and laughed to find they were as dry as a bone. The rooks above
were silent and grave as they sat in solemn conclave on the ash tree at the
stable-end and waited for such happy chances as the cook or chicken-man
might give them. They were frozen out. Their tools were useless. But the tits
were merry enough—blue tit, great tit, and cole tit; how they clung and spun
and scooped at the cocoanuts and bones upon their Christmas tree! How the
thrush pecked at the suet; how the starling and blackbird gobbled at the
softened scraps upon the ground; and how the chaffinch and the robin
partook of the crumbs that fell from the rich bird's table, as those crumbs
came floating down from suet-lump or cocoanut above!
But we are off for a walk up to that old burial ground of the Viking
chieftains from the land of the Frost Giants, which we still call the Ridge of
Death—Latrigg of to-day. There, beside the path that leads from the main
road, is the golf ground, but golf has been dispossessed by a fitter game for
this season, and down the long slide shoot the tobogganers, and up the hill,
with glowing faces and in silver clouds of their own breath, the happy people
move. As one gazes into the valley another group of people in the
neighbouring hollow may be seen hard at work with brush and curling
stones, for the Keswick folk are some of them devotees to the rink, and the
noise of the curlers fills the air to-day.
We climb Latrigg, noting how the blizzard has swept some of the snow
from Skiddaw's western flank, and let the long yellow grasses and umber-
coloured heather once more give their beauty of pencilling to the otherwise
snow-white damask of their winter cloak. Thence, after far sight of the snow
upon the Scotch hills sacred to the name of Cuthbert and the memory of his
mission in Strathclyde, and near sight of the island hermitage, like a black
jewel in the snow-field of the lake, which keeps the memory of St.
Cuthbert's friend Herebert safe in mind, we descend to the vale.
ARCTIC SPLENDOURS AT THE LAKES.
As we descend we have a friendly crack with a shepherd from the high

fells, whose dog has cleverly found and 'crowned' a handful of the Herdwick
sheep prisoned by a snowdrift against a wall. How did he do this? 'Naay, I
cannot tell tha, but I suppose t' dog nosed 'em, ye kna; dogs is wonderful
keen scented.' And had the sheep taken hurt? 'Naay, naay; they were safe and
warm as could be; they hedn't even begun to woo' yan anudder.' Wool one
another, what's that? 'Oh, sheep, poor things, when they git snowbound and
hev nowt to eat, teks to eatin' woo' off t' backs, to prevent pinin', ye kna.' So
saying, the shepherd goes off, to quest for more, up to the land of loneliness
and wintry wild, and I go down into the cheery vale.
How blue the snow is; you might have supposed the fields out 'Wythop'
way had been washed with ultramarine; but one's eyes are caught back by
the beauty of the snowdrifts by the roadside. These snowdrifts are for all the
world as if great waves of milk had curled over to breaking, and at the
moment had been fixed or changed into crystalline marble. And now the sun
is gathering its glory back into itself, and hangs a globe of flame above
'Whinlatter' Pass. Suddenly the light goes out from all the valley meadows.
The day star has sunk behind the hills. But still old Skiddaw flashes back the
flame, and shepherds, out Newlands way, can see the bastions of Blencathra
glow like molten gold.
For us, as we gaze out south, the range of Helvellyn is the miracle of
beauty that holds our eyes. Far off and ghostly for the haze, it lies upon a
background of rosy flushing afterglow, and seems to faint into a kind of
impalpable phantom of its former strength—becomes no longer solid
mountain, but spectral cloud. A light wind blows, and the oak leaves in the
hedge tinkle like iron; the farmer calls the horse to get his hay, the wren
chirrups or scolds from the wayside bank, and a partridge cries from the near
field. Then all is silent and hushed for the coming of the queen. Over the
dark pines upon Skiddaw, and above the silver shoulder of the hill, clear-
faced and full, the February moon swims up to rule the night. And such a
reign of splendour was then begun as I have no words to chronicle. For the
heaven above Helvellyn was rosy pink, melting into blue, and the sky above
Skiddaw was, or seemed to be, steel azure, and the west beyond the Wythop
range was gleaming amber. There, in the midst of that golden sea, shone
Venus like a point of silver fire. Sirius rose and scintillated above Helvellyn's
ridge, Jupiter looked clear from near the zenith, and Orion girt his starry
sword about him in mid-heaven; but it was the Moon who was the queen of
all our hearts. It was she who laid her mystery upon the lakes, the hills, the
valleys, white with snow; she who made one feel that if sunrise and
sunsetting had been fair to-day, the moon-rising in a land of Arctic splendour
had been fairer still.
WILLIAM PEARSON OF BORDERSIDE.
It is a pleasant thing for a Cumberland Crosthwaite man to have to speak

of a man of the Westmoreland Crosthwaite. It is a special pleasure when one
realises how Cumberland helped Westmoreland to give us the gentle mind
and life of enthusiasm for Truth and Nature which closed here at Borderside,
with 'unbroken trust in God,' and 'in hope of immortal life,' on the 16th
December, 1856.
I have read no life that seems to have been so genuinely the fruit of
enthusiasm for the poet Wordsworth as was the life of William Pearson. He
was ten years the junior of the poet, and survived him six years. We may
nevertheless look upon him as a contemporary. He was of the same kind of
North yeoman stock, and with greater opportunities might have made
himself a name in the annals of literature. As it is, like Elihu Robinson of
Egglesfield, like Wilkinson of Yanwath, like the late Wilson Robinson of
Winfell, Lorton, Pearson's name was not known far beyond his native valley,
but of him, as of the others named, it is truth to say that he was a living
monument of what 'the soul of Nature,' if it be received into the heart of
man, can do to elevate, to strengthen and refine. Of none other in his simple
estatesman rank that I have read of can it be more truly said, that from:
'... Nature and her overflowing soul

He had received so much, that all his thoughts
Were steeped in feeling.'
Wordsworth once wrote that 'Nature never did betray the heart that loved
her'; William Pearson proved by all he said and did that Wordsworth spoke
the truth. Wordsworth spoke felicitously of the
'Harvest of a quiet eye

That sleeps and broods on its own heart.'
William Pearson gathered that harvest to the full, ere he too, like a shock of
corn, was in a full time garnered. Wordsworth declared that
'Who feels contempt for any living thing

Hath faculties that he hath never used,'
and William Pearson put that assertion to good proof. Few men in his day
and station in this country went down to the grave with larger heart, of wider
sympathy and more love for all created things.
William Pearson was born at the Yews in the Winster Vale on the 9th of
October, 1780. His father, who died at the age of 81 in the year 1840, was
long remembered as a quiet, studious farmer, who would ever read a book at
his meals, and made a practice of going afield at nights to gaze upon the
heavens. The stars in their courses helped him to reverence and to thought.
William's mother—a Little from the Borderland—survived her husband and
died at the age of 88 in 1842. While she span at her flax-wheel she used to
delight her little son William with folklore stories and fairy tales, but she
was chiefly remembered in the village for her bright activity and energy to
the last. Many a time, when she was between seventy and eighty years old,
on market day morning, though the horse stood saddled at the door, the old
lady would say, 'Nay, hang it, I'll never fash wid it,' and would set off on foot
to Kendal, with her butter basket containing twenty to thirty pounds of
butter, a distance of six miles and a half, and after 'standing the market' and
shopping, would walk home again with her purchases.
As a youngster, William's education was left to the wild beauty of his

native vale. If ever there was a boy of whom Nature might have said:
'Myself will to my darling be

Both law and impulse: and with me
The Boy, in rock and plain,
In earth and heaven, in glade and bower
Shall feel an overseeing power
To kindle or restrain,'
it was the boy who went afield with his father as soon as he could toddle,
and who in Nature's kindly school got to know by heart and eye the hills and
scars of the neighbourhood, the tarns and moorlands, the trotting brooks, the
rivers running to the sea, the great estuary and marsh, with all their bird and
beast and flower life. He never forgot his first sight of Windermere and
Morecambe Bay, nor his first journey up Troutbeck over the Kirkstone Pass;
and no sooner had he left home for work elsewhere than he felt that there
was only one place on this earth where life was worth living and that was the
Winster Vale.
It is true that he went to the Crosthwaite school and proved himself early
to be a master of figures. The author who fascinated him then was Defoe.
The Memoirs of a Cavalier and Robinson Crusoe were his teachers. From
Crosthwaite school he went to Underbarrow and distinguished himself there
chiefly for having the pluck to stand up to the big bully and thrash him in
defence of the oppressed youngster. He became out of school times an expert
and ardent follower of Isaac Walton. Years after, he wrote an appreciative
paper which is extant on Walton and Cotton's Complete Angler, which he
begins with the sentence, 'Among our most favourite books is The Complete
Angler of Isaac Walton.' The boys of Underbarrow noticed that he hugged
his garret where the owls built, and was often deep in old romances of
Amadis de Gaul and Roncesvalles when others were out and away up the
fells. But in the holidays he followed bark-peeling, not so much as that thus
he might earn something that would pay for his schooling, as because in the
months of May and June when the bark-peelers went to their fragrant task in
the woods, there was a fine chance of becoming acquainted with the life-
history of many of our feathered visitors that were nesting at that time. In
autumn his delight was to be after the woodcocks, and great was his joy,
'With store of springes o'er his shoulder hung,

To range the open heights where woodcocks run
Along the smooth green turf. Through half the night,
Scudding away from snare to snare, he plied
That anxious visitation.'
In his copy of Wordsworth's Prelude, the marker, at his death, was found
placed at this passage, and he never tired of telling the story of his woodcock
adventures.
His first work in life was to act as teacher in the Winster village school;
he went thence to be tutor to the four children of a widow body at Cartmel
Fell, but at the end of the year gave up teaching to take the place of a
grocer's assistant at Kendal.
He was only there a year, but it was an eventful one in William Pearson's
life. He made the acquaintance of Benjamin Gough, the blind botanist, and it
is possible that he was led by him into enquiry not only into the wonders of
plant life, but of the life of that most delicate of all plants, the religious faith
of the human soul. It is certain that during this year William Pearson's chief
study was the study of the Hebrew Scriptures and the Church Doctrine, and
the end of it was that he reasoned and read himself out of Episcopalianism
into Unitarianism, as his father had in the past done before him. He found
rest to his young soul in the thought of the great Fatherhood of God, and
worshipped in the old Presbyterian Meeting House, where sometimes in
after years Wordsworth also worshipped, and near by which lie the ashes of
the James Patrick of Kendal, who was the original of the Wanderer in The
Prelude. It may be fancy, but I like to think that it was in that chapel that the
young lad first saw the man whose writings did more for him all through life
than any other—I mean William Wordsworth.
From Kendal, William went, as was the wont of many a Kendal

apprentice, to a grocer's shop in London, and at the end of three months he
returned to the Winster Vale, broken in health from the stifle of London air,
and the fact that he had no better resting place after long days of work in a
city store than a shake-down underneath the counter. He was now in his
twenty-third year. The 'poddish' and fresh air of the Yews set him 'agate'
again, and he determined to try Manchester life, and on the 16th March,
1803, he set out for that metropolis of the North. He obtained a situation on
the next day after his arrival as clerk in the bank of James Fox & Company,
in King Street, and for the next seventeen years he endured
'The fierce confederate storm

Of sorrow barricadoed evermore
Within the walls of cities.'
How simple and frugal his life was there, we may gather from the fact
that out of his first year's stipend of £75 he sent back a deposit to one of the
Kendal banks. He was not very happy. He wanted friends of his age 'who
united,' as he tells us, 'those first of blessings, virtue and knowledge,' and
they were not. 'Indeed, sir,' he writes to James Watson of Kendal, 'I think
Manchester, in proportion to its population, very deficient in men of
cultivated understanding. Immersed in business, or carried down the stream
of dissipation, slaves to "Mammon" and to "Bacchus," they have seldom
time for the rational amusement of reading or for the calm pleasure of
reflection.'
This seems somewhat priggish, but it was the real and earnest William
Pearson who spoke. Sociable as he was, fond of seeing a good play, his chief
delight, if he was not out in the fields, was a book that would set him
thinking or a poem that would touch his imagination, and Pearson was old
beyond his years. He joined the Didactical Society, the Mosley Street
Library, subscribed to the News Room and made one or two friends for life.
There in most uncongenial surroundings for seventeen years he stuck to

'the drudgery at the desk's dead wood' with one thought, that a time would
arrive when he could come back to his native vale, and live a student's and a
naturalist's life in simple competence. As a matter of fact his health broke
down after five years of Manchester smoke, and he had to come back in
1808 to the Yews in his native vale for country air and restoration.
He was at this time nothing if not a keen sportsman, and he was, if one
may judge from a letter he sent at this time to a Kendal paper, vexed at heart
by the vigorous application of the game laws as enforced by the worthies of
the local bench. Three young men, who, with nothing but a knob-stick, could
run down a hare, had been caught hunting on Cartmel Fell. 'We must pity the
Robinsons,' he says, 'young men who can run down a hare, an animal that
often escapes the fleetest greyhound, who pursued their sport without fear in
the open day, and so generously, that they left a hare with the farmer on
whose ground they happened to take it. These fine young men have been
made to pay £3 13s. 6d. for their sport. The age of chivalry is indeed gone.
The ancient Greeks would have crowned them with laurel, but this is the age
of taxation and little men. We are fallen on evil days; we only wish the
surveyor and commissioner had heard them at their joyous sport, and had
heard their shouts, as we did, which made the old mountains ring again even
to Gummershow, to be echoed back from the far-off Coniston Fells.'
It was during his Manchester residence that he became a student of

William Wordsworth. It was not fashionable then to care for Wordsworth's
poetry, but William Pearson was never without the Lyrical Ballads of 1805,
or his copy of Poems by William Wordsworth, of 1807. The young bank
clerk, who was often heard muttering, 'I will lift mine eyes unto the hills,
whence cometh aid,' felt in these poems 'all the beauty of a common dawn.'
He knew that Wordsworth walked on the shining uplands of a noble
aspiration, and was the apostle, in a time 'that touched monied worldlings
with dismay,' of the simpler life of honest poverty and high endeavour. He
felt that in Wordsworth he could find that sympathy with all things, that
'Look to the Uncreated with a countenance

Of admiration and an eye of love.'
He knew that Wordsworth had realised the power of Nature to chasten and
subdue
'and intertwine
The passions that build up our human soul
Not with the mean and vulgar works of man
But with high objects and enduring things.'
He also knew how Wordsworth taught men the secret of the gentle heart,
'Never to blend its pleasure or its pride,

With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels.'
It was this knowledge that soon made him love rather to watch a wild
bird than shoot it. One is not surprised therefore to find him constantly
referring to Wordsworth's writings, and yet to feel him so eminent as a man
that years after, though communing in spirit with him day by day, he could
not summon courage to go up the path to Rydal Mount, and abashed at his
own boldness for venturing to call, came away from the door of the Rydal
poet, without seeing his hero, like a thing ashamed.
It was owing to mutual love and admiration for Wordsworth's poetry that
he found in a poor Gorton silk-weaver, Thomas Smith by name, so congenial
a companion. The last six years of Pearson's life at Manchester can chiefly
be known from the letters that passed between these two friends, which
towards the end seem almost to degenerate into a series of begging letters
from a poor weaver out of work and 'thrice dispirited.' But this at any rate is
seen in their correspondence, that even in abject poverty high thinking is
possible, and Wordsworth's poems seem to be medicine for the mind; while
on the other hand there is always the ready and generous response of the
yeoman of Winster Vale, and such delicacy in act of gift as makes one feel
how finely strung, how nobly sensitive was the mind of the benefactor.
Pearson sends Thomas Smith a copy of The Excursion. 'Your tidings

about Wordsworth,' says the poor weaver, under date of April 15, 1821, 'I
will not call him Mr., he is too great for that, were good tidings indeed; his
Excursion I have been longing for ever since it was first published, but the
price has been an unsurmountable obstacle to a weaver.'
The two friends unbosom their hearts to one another in these letters, and
there is seen something of the deep religious side of Pearson's character in
some of them. 'I cannot,' he writes to Smith in 1831, 'conclude without a
word about what you write of your being unhappy. Read your Bible. Trust in
that Good Being who gave you your existence. Consider the many in your
situation who from ignorance and want of education have not the arguments
of hope that you have; ... only the wicked need be unhappy; at anyrate do not
despair.' And again in 1838, 'I wish I could console you under your troubles.
Be thankful you have not a guilty conscience—the greatest of evils. Read
your Bible, read Wordsworth, Shakespeare and Milton. Do you go to
worship, public, I mean? You have a chapel at the foot of your hill, join
yourself to them.'
When Smith lay dying, Pearson wrote a letter full of tender sympathy.
'So long as reason and memory remain, I shall never forget the many
delightful hours we have passed together, whether in reading some favourite
poet or rambling among the beautiful scenes of Nature.' 'I believe,' he added,
'that seldom have two persons come together more in sympathy than we two,
and I have often felt that my separation from you was one of my greatest
losses in leaving your part of the country.'
Those rambles he mentions were walking-tours he took in 1817 through

Derbyshire, and in 1818 in the Craven country of Yorkshire. He kept
journals, and full of delightful observation of men and things they are,
redolent of real joy in sunshine and cloud. He writes, 'We walked forward on
this delightful morning with vigorous steps. The lark was our constant
companion, cheering us overhead with her song, the fresh air of the
mountains bathed our cheeks, there was freedom from care and the feeling
of liberty
'When the fretful stir

Unprofitable, and the fever of the world
Hung not upon the beatings of our hearts.'
'We felt something,' he adds, 'of
"That blessed mood

In which the burden of the mystery,
In which the heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world
Is lightened: that serene and blessed mood
In which the affections gently lead us on."
At the end of his Derbyshire journal he says that 'the remembrance of

those happy days in Derbyshire will lie in the landscape of his memory, like
spots of stationary sunshine; they will be to him and his friend as wells of
pure water amid desert sands to which their souls may fly for refreshment
hereafter in hours of weariness amid the din of towns and cities and the
many shapes of joyless delight.'
Did ever city man take back to city roar and barrenness more quiet and
more profit from a country ramble?
In his last letter to Thomas Smith, he spoke of having left the Manchester
neighbourhood. In the autumn of 1820 he gave up his work in the
Manchester Bank. He never could think of his native vale without a sense of
heartsickness; his work was irksome and city life hateful. In his poem to the
river Winster dated 1821, he writes:
'And in the heavy time of after life,

When buried in the midst of toil and strife
In trading towns, if intermission sweet
I sought from my dull toil, my fancy fleet
Was straight amid thy vernal meads and flowers,

Nonlinear Maps and Their Applications Selected Contributions From The NOMA 2013 International Workshop 1st Edition Ricardo López-Ruiz

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Nonlinear Maps and Their Applications Selected Contributions From The NOMA 2013 International Workshop 1st Edition Ricardo López-Ruiz

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Nonlinear Maps and their Applications

Selected Contributions from the NOMA

Information Security Applications 14th International

Brain Inspired Computing International Workshop

Citizen in Sensor Networks Second International

Approximation and Online Algorithms 11th International

Hybrid Systems Biology Second International Workshop

Semantic Web Collaborative Spaces Second International

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10533

Nonlinear Maps and their

ISSN 2194-1009 ISSN 2194-1017 (electronic)

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 39-06, 37-06, 37E05, 37E30, 46T20

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934824

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com)

1 Study of A Model for the Distribution of Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Periodic Orbits of Planar Integrable Birational Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Discrete-Time Modelling of Sigma-Delta Inspired Systems for MEMS 37

4 Kinetic Exchange Models in Economics and Sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5 Nonlinear Maps: From the Toulouse Colloqium (1973) to NOMA’13 89

6 Lebesgue Measure of Recurrent Scrambled Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

7 On the Concept of Integrability for Discrete Dynamical Systems.

9 The Importance of the Strategy in Backward Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

10 Minimal Cantor Type Sets on Discrete Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . 183

11 Piecewise Expanding Maps and Conjugacy Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

12 In Search of H -theorem for Ulam’s Redistribution of Energy Problem 203

13 Random Market Models with an H -Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

14 Synchronization and Phase Ordering in Globally Coupled Chaotic

15 Maximizing a Psychological Uplift in Love Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

16 From Weak Allee Effect to No Allee Effect in Richards’ Growth

17 Systoles on Compact Riemann Surfaces with Symbolic Dynamics . . . 269

O Alvarez-Llamoza Departamento de Física, FACYT, Universidad de Carabobo,

Imma Gálvez-Carrillo Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada III, Universitat

Yu. V. Shabalin P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

Yves Pomeau and Ricardo López-Ruiz

Abstract An equation for the evolution of the distribution of wealth in a population of

This communication follows the Noma-13 conference in September 2013, an enjoy-

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 1

1.2 The Z-Model

where Ckl = (k−l)!l!

1.3 Definition and Solution of a Generalised Z-Model

1.4 Diverging Moments at Time Zero

p0 (u) ≈ lα0 u−α0 , (1.10)

p1 (u) ≈ lα1 u−α1 , (1.11)

where α1 = 2α0 − 1 and where

lα1 = lα20 B(α0 ),

1.5 Probability Distribution of the Wealth of the Richest Man

(X, x0 ) = N (X)δ(X − x0 ) + p(X)H (X − x0 ). (1.12)

The probability distribution (X, x0 ) is normalised in such a way that

a consequence of the property N (∞) = 1.

dQν+1 (X) dQν (X) dN (X)

This can be obviously integrated as

Suppose p(x) is a smooth function decaying continuously to 0 as x tends to infinity.

1.6 Conclusions and Perspectives

1. López-Ruiz R.: Exponential wealth distribution in different discrete economic models.

Imma Gálvez-Carrillo and Víctor Mañosa

Abstract A birational planar map F possessing a rational first integral preserves a

A planar rational map F : U → U, where U ⊆ K2 is an open set and K ∈ {R, C},

V (F (x, y)) = V (x, y),

which is called a first integral or invariant of F . If a map F possesses a first integral

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 13

F = {P (x, y) − h Q(x, y) = 0, h ∈ Im(V )}. (2.2)

(X, x0 ) = N (X)δ(X − x0 ) + p(X)H (X − x0 ). (1.12)

The probability distribution (X, x0 ) is normalised in such a way that