Department of Civil Engineering

Government Polytechnic Pen

Maharashtra state board of technical education

Academic year 2023-2024

A Project Report On
“EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CONCRETE
WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGRO WASTE IN
COARSE AGGREGATE WITH WAX CURING”.
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Maharashtra State
Board Of Technical Education for the Diploma in Civil Engineering

By

Mr. Darshan Ramdharne

Mr. Kunal Chavan
Mr. Tanishq Darvekar
Mr. Sandesh Davane
Mr. Saurabh Gawade
Ms. Sharvari Gharat

Under the guidance of

Mrs. S. R. Jadhav
Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PEN

Project on
―Experimental investigation on concrete with partial
replacement of agro-waste in coarse aggregates with wax
curing‖

Third Year Diploma in Civil Engineering Year: 2023 – 2024

Submitted by:

Mr. Darshan Ramdharne

Mr. Kunal Chavan
Mr. Tanishq Darvekar
Mr. Sandesh Davane
Mr. Saurabh Gawade
Ms. Sharvari Gharat

Guide HOD
Mrs. S. R. Jadhav Dr. R. D. Padhye

Principal External Examiner

Dr. N. G. Kulkarni

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

DIARY
Sr. Activities executed.
No Activities Remark Sign
Start Date Final Date
1 Searching for topic name 08/09/23 12/09/23

Conformation of topic name by project 12/09/23 13/09/23

2
guide
Gathering the more Information of the 13/09/23 19/09/23
3
project from various sources

4 Sorting of Information 19/09/23 27/09/23

5 Designing a mix design of M40 28/09/23 12/10/23

6 Adding Reference 12/10/23 14/10/23

Checking Of synopsis of project-by 14/10/23 15/10/23
7
project guide
Making of hard copies 26/10/23 27/10/23
9

10 Final submission of sypnosis report 1/11/23 10/11/23

11 Searching for a RMC plant 01/01/2024 12/01/2024

12 Searching for Material required 12/01/2024 24/01/2024

Test conducted on Materials 24/01/2024 26/01/2024

13

Casting and testing of concrete 26/01/2024 27/01/2024

14
cubes

15 Checking of all format wise information 27/01/2024 02/03/2024

Corrected correction given by project

16 guide

Finalize Project Correction and Making

17 hardcopies of project

18 Presentatiton of project

19 Submission of project

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Index

Content Page.no
• CONTENTS 4

• AKNOWLEDGEMENT 5

• ABSTRACT 6

CHAPTER 1 -: INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Merits and demerits of concrete
1.2 Selection of materials in concrete as per specifications
1.3 Scope of present work
1.4 Importance of strength of concrete

CHAPTER 2 -: LITERATURE VIEW 13

2.1 Papers on Concrete with agro-waste.
2.2 Papers on Concrete with wax curing.

CHAPTER 3 -: CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY 17

3.1 General
3.2 Test on cement.
3.3 Tests on Aggregate.
3.4 Test on Agro-waste.

CHAPTER 4 -: CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR M 25. 34

4.1 Input data for materials
4.2 Design for M-25
4.3 Batching Sheet
CHAPTER 5 -: CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES 37
CHAPTER 6 -: TESTING OF SPECIMEN 39
6.1 Set Up for test
6.2 Procedure for test
CHAPTER 7 -: RESULT AND Conclusion 42
7.1 Result
7.2 Interpretation of Results
7.3 Conclusion
Chapter 8 -: Future Scope 50
Reference 51
Annexure 1
Annexure 2

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Figures Index

Contents Pg No

Fig No. 1 Impact Testing 31

Machine

Fig No. 2 Compression Testing 44

Machine

Annexure 2

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Mrs. Shobha R. Jadhav for her valuable

guidance in guiding us through each phase of our dissertation and providing us
with an inspiring sense of excitement without which the successful completion
of the project would have remained an impossible dream.

We take the privilege to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. G.

Kulkarni, our Principal and Dr. R.D. Padhye Head of civil engineering
Department for providing the encouragement and much support throughout
work.

Finally, we would like to especially thank our family members and

friends who have tremendously boosted us and who have been our driving force
throughout our dissertation. Their support and blessings helped us to reach this
stage.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Abstract

This study focuses on generating the product using agro-waste or

agricultural waste has well developed and alternative construction material.
Every year the world produces millions of tons of waste, the majority of which
are not recyclable. Recycling the garbage also requires energy and emits
pollution. Coconut shell is major agricultural waste which is heavily available
and can be easily assessed in many tropical countries. Due to depletion of
natural resources and also increasing the water scarcity, many researches have
been made focusing on alternative materials of ingredients in concrete. In this
row, replacement of coarse aggregate by coconut shells and curing by wax we
tried. Concrete cubes are hasted using coconut shells as a partial replacement of
coarse aggregate in the proportion decided.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Chapter 1
Introduction

In our project, we're exploring innovative and sustainable solutions for

concrete production by replacing traditional aggregates with agro waste
materials. By incorporating agricultural by-products into the concrete mix, we
aim to reduce the environmental impact of construction while maintaining or
even improving the material's strength and durability. Join us on this journey
towards a more eco-friendly and efficient construction industry.

In an era where sustainability is paramount, our project delves into the

realm of construction materials, specifically focusing on the replacement of
conventional aggregates in concrete with agro waste. Traditional aggregates,
such as gravel and sand, contribute significantly to environmental degradation
due to extraction processes and transportation.

By harnessing the potential of agro waste—derived from agricultural by-

products like rice husks, coconut shells, or sugarcane bagasse—we aim to
address two pressing issues simultaneously: waste management in agriculture
and the ecological footprint of the construction industry. These agro waste
materials, often considered as by-products, possess unique properties that can be
harnessed to enhance the performance of concrete.

Our research delves into the intricate balance of maintaining structural

integrity and durability while incorporating these agro waste materials. Through
careful experimentation and analysis, we strive to optimize the composition of
the concrete mix to ensure that it meets or exceeds the standards set by
traditional concrete, all while significantly reducing the environmental impact
associated with aggregate extraction.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

 A brief introduction about various items used in our project:

Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together

with fluid cement that cures over time and sand. Concrete is the second-most-
used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building
material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics,
and aluminum combined.

1.1 Advantages of using Concrete:

2. Strength and Durability: Concrete is known for its high compressive
strength and durability.
3. Versatility: It can be molded into various shapes and sizes.
4. Fire Resistance: Concrete is inherently fire-resistant.
5. Low Maintenance: Once properly installed, concrete structures generally
require minimal maintenance.
6. Thermal Mass: Concrete has excellent thermal mass properties, helping
to regulate temperature variations.
7. Sound Insulation: Concrete provides effective sound insulation.

 Disadvantages of using Concrete:

1. Environmental Impact: The production of cement, a key component of
concrete, is energy-intensive and contributes to greenhouse gas.
2. Weight: Concrete is a heavy material, which can lead to increased
transportation costs.
3. Cracking: Concrete is prone to cracking, especially in conditions of
extreme temperature variations.
4. Initial Cost: The initial cost of concrete construction is higher.
5. Limited Tensile Strength: While strong in compression, concrete has
limited tensile strength.
6. Setting Time: Concrete has a finite setting time, and once it begins to set,
adjustments or modifications become challenging.

1.2 Selection of Materials used in concrete as per specification:

The Contractor shall specify to the Engineer the source of all materials to
be used in the concrete work with related test data effectively in advance, and

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

the sanction of the Engineer for the same shall be achieved at least 45 days
before the scheduled initiation of the work in trial length. If the Contractor
successively recommends obtaining materials from a different source during the
execution of the main work, he shall inform the Engineer, with appropriate test
data, for his approval, at least 45 days before such materials are to be used.

Cement is a fundamental building material used in construction for

various applications. It is a powdery, fine, and grayish substance that, when
mixed with water, forms a paste that hardens over time, binding together other
materials and aggregates to create a solid structure. Cement is a key component
in the production of concrete, mortar, and other construction materials.

Sand is one of the essential ingredients that, when combined with other
materials, creates a versatile and widely used construction material. Sand is a
fine granular material consisting of small rock and mineral particles, typically
smaller than gravel and larger than silt. It is an integral component of concrete.

Aggregates form the backbone of concrete, playing a crucial role in its

composition and performance. Typically sourced from natural deposits like
gravel, sand, or crushed stone, aggregates provide the bulk and stability to
concrete mixtures. These materials not only contribute to the structural strength
of concrete but also influence its workability and durability. As essential
components, aggregates act as a solid foundation, binding with the cement to
create a robust and versatile building material.

Agro-waste, short for agricultural waste, refers to the residual materials

generated in agricultural processes and activities. These waste materials are
typically byproducts of crop cultivation, animal farming, and other agricultural
practices. Agro-waste can encompass a wide range of organic and non-organic

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

materials that are no longer needed for the primary agricultural purpose but can
potentially be repurposed or recycled in various ways.

Wax is a class of organic compounds that are typically solid at room

temperature and become liquid when heated. Waxes are made up of long-chain
hydrocarbons, often containing a mixture of various hydrocarbons, along with
other compounds such as esters, fatty acids, and alcohols. They are
characterized by their relatively high melting points, low volatility, and water-
repellent properties. Waxes are widely used in various applications due to their
physical properties and chemical stability.

Water is an essential component in the curing of concrete, playing a

critical role in ensuring that the concrete attains its desired strength, durability,
and other performance characteristics. Curing is the process of maintaining
adequate moisture and temperature conditions to allow the cement hydration
process to continue effectively.

Curing of concrete is a process that involves maintaining adequate

moisture, temperature, and time to allow the concrete to achieve its desired
strength and durability. Proper curing is essential for the development of
concrete's full potential properties.

Admixtures are the secret ingredients that elevate concrete from a basic
construction material to a highly customizable and performance-enhanced
substance. These specialized additives, when introduced into the concrete mix,
impart unique properties and characteristics. Admixtures can influence the
setting time, workability, strength, and durability of concrete, allowing builders
and engineers to tailor the material to specific project requirements.

1.3 Scope of Present Work:

2. Environmental Sustainability: Utilizing agro-waste and wax curing

reduces reliance on traditional resources, addressing agricultural waste
and minimizing environmental impact.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

3. Enhanced Performance: Agro-waste incorporation improves concrete

strength and durability, while wax curing contributes to better insulation
properties.
4. Cost Efficiency: Agro-waste as a cost-effective alternative and wax
curing's potential to reduce construction time offer economic benefits.
5. Innovation in Design: Concrete with agro-waste allows for creative
textures and colors, and wax curing enables customization for specific
project requirements.
6. Research Opportunities: Ongoing research focuses on optimizing agro-
waste mixtures and exploring diverse waxes to enhance the efficiency and
applicability of the approach.

 Aim:

To determine the compressive strength of concrete after 7, 14, 28 days

by replacing aggregates with agro-waste and curing it with wax.

 Objectives
1. To determine strength of concrete by replacing aggregates with agro-
waste with wax curing.
2. . To determine strength of concrete by replacing aggregates with agro-
waste with water curing.
3. to determine strength of concrete with aggregates and wax curing.
4. To determine strength of concrete by following standard test procedures.
5. To test Effect of Wax Curing on Concrete Properties.
6. To test effect of agro-waste on concrete properties.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

1.4 Importance of Strength in Concrete:

Strength is the backbone of concrete, defining its ability to withstand the

rigors of structural loads and environmental conditions. The importance of
strength in concrete cannot be overstated, as it directly influences the structural
integrity and durability of buildings and infrastructure. A concrete mix with
optimal strength ensures that structures can bear the weight they are designed
for and resist forces such as compression, tension, and shear. Whether in
towering skyscrapers or foundational structures, the strength of concrete is the
key factor in ensuring the safety and longevity of construction projects. It not
only provides stability but also contributes to the overall resilience and
performance of the built environment, making strength a fundamental parameter
in the successful and reliable use of concrete in diverse applications.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Chapter 2
Literature Review

Various researchers have previously studied the effects of replacing

aggregates with various types of agro-wastes and curing the cubes using wax
instead of water.

Blow is the brief summary for various papers of research conducted by

scientists:

2.1 Papers on Concrete with Agro-Waste

1. Manjunath M. Kulkarni, Raghavendra R. Phule (2014) wrote a paper

on making concrete using agro-waste titled ―Utilization of Agricultural
Waste in Concrete" which was published in ―International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology‖. They
concluded that it reduced density of concrete making the final structures
lighter than normal. The agro-waste that includes are rice husk ash or
sugarcane bagasse ash, etc.

2. K. S. Al Jabri, A. S. Al Jabri (2016) made a research paper on making

concrete using agro-waste titled ―A Review on Natural Fiber
Reinforced Concrete" which was published in ―American Journal of
Engineering Research‖ they concluded that using agrowaste improves
the thermal insulation of concrete and enhances energy efficiency.

3. Dhivya R., Saranya S., et al. (2017) wrote a paper on making concrete
using agro-waste titled "A Review on Agro Waste Ash as
Supplementary Cementitious Material in Concrete" which was
published in ―International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research‖ in which they concluded that using agro-waste in concrete
reduces compressive strength most of the time which can be mitigated
with careful mix design and testing.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

4. J. D. Tarimo, T. I. Ewa (2014) made a research paper on making

concrete using agro-waste titled ―Use of Agro-Industrial Waste in
Concrete Mix as Sustainable Development" which was published in
―International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology‖
in which they concluded that agro-waste materials absorb moisture more
readily which affects durability deteriorating concrete overtime.

5. J. C. Umoh, F. U. Usikalu, et al. (2013) wrote a research paper on

making concrete using agro-waste titled ―A Review on Utilization of
Coconut Shell Ash in Concrete Mix" which was published in
―International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research‖ in
which he concluded that the chemical properties of the agro-waste may
react with various elements of concrete and impact the strength of
concrete in longer terms

6. P. Jani, S. Shah, et al. (2014) made a research paper on making concrete

using agro-waste titled ―Use of Agricultural and Industrial Waste
Products in Concrete as Partial Replacement of Cement" which was
published in ―International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology‖ in which he concluded that The stress-strain behavior of
concrete may be altered due to the inclusion of agro-waste, influencing
how the material responds to applied loads.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

2.2. Papers on concrete with wax curing

1. M. Chandrasekhar, M. V. Seshagiri Rao (2017) together conducted a

research on wax curing of concrete and published a paper titled
―Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Wax Curing on
Strength Properties of Concrete" which was published in
―Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Wax Curing on
Strength Properties of Concrete" in which they concluded that Wax
forms a barrier on the surface of the concrete, reducing moisture
evaporation. This helps to maintain a moist curing environment, which is
essential for proper hydration and strength development.

2. T. R. Naik, V. Ramakrishnan, et al. (1988) together conducted a

research on wax curing of concrete and published it in a paper titled
―Concrete Surface Finishes Using Wax as a Curing Agent" which was
published in ―ACI Materials Journal‖ in which he concluded that Wax
forms a barrier on the surface of the concrete, reducing moisture
evaporation. This helps to maintain a moist curing environment, which is
essential for proper hydration and strength development.

3. S. Chandan, P. K. Jain, et al. (2013) conducted a research on wax

curing of concrete and published a paper titled ―Experimental Study on
Wax Curing of Concrete Using Different Types of Wax" which was
published in ―International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications‖ in which he concluded that Wax curing can result in a
smoother and less porous concrete surface, which is desirable for
decorative and architectural applications.

4. M. Shariq (2003) conducted a research on wax curing of concrete and

wrote a paper titled ―Effects of Paraffin-Based Curing Compounds on
Concrete Properties" which was published in ―Cement and Concrete
Research‖ in which he concluded that Wax curing can help prevent
early-age cracking by maintaining a consistently moist environment,
which is important for controlling temperature differentials and
preventing surface cracking in concrete.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

5. T. Noguchi, K. Morinaga, et al. (2005) conducted a research on wax

curing of concrete and wrote it with the title ―Influence of Wax-Based
Curing Compounds on the Strength and Durability of Concrete"
which was published in ―Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology‖
in which they concluded that Wax curing can help prevent early-age
cracking by maintaining a consistently moist environment, which is
important for controlling temperature differentials and preventing surface
cracking in concrete.

6. Ayodeji O. Olorunsogo, O. J. Amusan (2005) together conduscted a

research on wax curing of concrete and wrote it with a title ―Effect of
Wax Curing on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete" which was
published in ―Effect of Wax Curing on the Mechanical Properties of
Concrete” in which they concluded that Wax curing can accelerate the
early strength development of concrete, allowing for faster form removal
and construction progress in some cases, especially in cold weather
conditions where curing is critical for maintaining proper hydration.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1. General

 Tests on Cement
1. Fineness test.
2. Compressive strength test.
3. Standard consistency test.

 Tests on Aggregate:
1. Fineness modulus and gradation of aggregates.
2. Flakiness and elongation index of coarse aggregate.
3. Impact value and crushing value of coarse aggregate.

 Determining mix for M40 Concrete

 Casting 3 cubes each of

1. Standard concrete cube with water curing.
2. Concrete cube with agro-waste and water curing.
3. Standard concrete cube with wax curing.
4. Concrete cube with agro-waste and wax curing.

 Testing the cubes after 7, 14, 28 days.

 Comparison of the results.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

M25

Cement + 100% Cement + 50% agro-waste Cement + 100%

aggregates with + 50% Aggregates and with Agro-waste with
water curing water curing water curing

Cement + 50%
Cement + 100% Cement with 100%
agro-waste + 50%
aggregates with agro-waste with
aggregates with
wax curing wax curing
wax curing

Make 3 cubes Make 3 cubes for 14 Make 3 cubes for

for 7 day curing day curing 28 day curing

Compressive Compressive Compressive

Strength test of Strength test Strength of
cubes of cubes cubes

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

3.2. Tests on Cement

 Fineness of cement

1. Ensure that the Blaine air permeability apparatus is clean and in good
working condition.
2. Place a rubber stopper in the opening of the permeability cell.
3. Pour the standard cement sample into the cell through a funnel until it
overflows, ensuring that the cell is filled uniformly without any tapping
or shaking.
4. Level the surface of the cement in the cell by scraping off excess material
with a straightedge.
5. Insert the cell into the apparatus and make sure it is secured tightly.
6. Connect the air compressor to the permeability cell.
7. Open the air valve to start the air flow.
8. Measure the time it takes for the cell to lose 50 ml of air. The loss of air
indicates the permeability of the cement.
9. Calculate the specific surface area (in square centimeters per gram) using
the following formula:

Specific Surface Area (in cm²/g) = (K × V) / (P × t)

Where:

K is a constant (usually 67.2 cm³/g)

V is the volume of air collected in milliliters (mL)

P is the pressure drop in centimeters of water

t is the time in seconds

10. Record the specific surface area as the fineness of the cement.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Observation Table

Sr No Particulars I II III

1 Weight of Cement 100 100 100

2 Weight of Cement Retained 6 6 7

3 % weight retained on sieve 6 6 7

Result: By sieving method, the fineness of cement is 6%

Conclusion:

Fineness of cement as per IS Specifications.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

 Compressive Strength of Cement:

1. Prepare a neat cement paste by mixing the standard cement with water in
the Vicat apparatus. The water-cement ratio should be adjusted to achieve
the required consistency, typically within the range of 0.78 to 0.80,
depending on the type of cement.
2. Fill the cement paste into the mold for standard sand-cement mortar
cubes. The mold should be clean and free of any moisture.
3. Compact the cement paste within the mold using a vibrating machine to
ensure that there are no voids and to achieve uniform density.
4. Strike off the excess cement paste on top of the mold using a trowel.
5. Carefully remove the cube from the mold and place it on a non-porous
plate.
6. Cure the cube specimens in a moist room at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for
24 ± 1 hours. After 24 hours, place them in water until the testing age is
reached.
7. Test the cubes for compressive strength at the specified age (usually 7
days or 28 days) using a compression testing machine.
8. Determine the maximum load (P) applied to the cube during the test.
9. Calculate the compressive strength (in N/mm²) using the formula:

Compressive Strength = P / A

Where:

P is the maximum load in newtons (N)

A is the cross-sectional area of the cube in square millimeters (mm²)

10.Record the compressive strength as the result for the cement specimen.

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Observation table:

Cement Cube Compressive strength in N/mm^2

7 days 14 days 28 days
1 35 42 51
2 34 40 53
3 36 43 52

Result:

The compressive strength of cement cube after 28 days is 52 N/mm^2

Conclusion:

The results are within the permissible limit of IS SPecifications

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Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

 Standard Consistency Test:

1. Weigh out 400 grams of the standard cement sample using a balance.
Ensure that the sample is representative of the cement being tested.
2. Place the 400-gram cement sample in the Vicat apparatus pan or tray.
3. Prepare a cement paste by adding a measured quantity of gauging water
to the cement sample. The initial quantity of water used is typically 25%
of the weight of the dry cement (100 grams in this case). Mix the cement
and water thoroughly to form a stiff paste.
4. Determine the initial setting time of the cement paste by conducting a
Vicat needle test as per the IS procedure for setting time. This involves
inserting the Vicat needle into the paste and noting the time at which the
needle no longer penetrates the paste.
5. Adjust the water content in the cement paste by adding more water in
small increments and remixing until the Vicat needle penetrates the paste
to a depth of 5 to 7 mm within 30 seconds to one minute from the initial
setting time. This point is known as the standard consistency.
6. Record the quantity of water added to reach the standard consistency.
This quantity is expressed as a percentage of the weight of dry cement
and is known as the "water requirement for standard consistency."
7. Calculate the water requirement for standard consistency as a percentage
of the dry cement weight.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Observation Table:

Observation No. 1 2 3

Sample taken for test (gm) 400 400 400

Volume of water added to dry cement 114 116 118
(gm)
Reading on vicat apparatus (mm) 18 7 9
Consistency 28 29 29.5

Result: The standard consistency of the cement sample is found to be 25%

Conclusion: The percentage of water required to prepare a cement paste of

standard consistency is 25%

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

3.3 Test on Aggregates:

 Fineness modulus

Apparatus

IS test sieves, square hole perforated plate 75mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, and
fine cloth of 4800, 2400, 1200, 600, 300, and 150 microns. Weighing balance
(Sensitivity 0.1 percent) sieve shaker, tray plates.

Procedure

Coarse Aggregate

1. Take 2 kg of coarse aggregate (nominal size 20mm) from the sample by

quartering.
2. Carry out sieving by a handshake each sieve in order 40mm, 20mm,
10mm, 4.75mm and then pan for not less than 2 minutes.
3. The shaking is done with a varied motion backward and forward, left to
right, circular, clockwise, and anticlockwise, and with frequent jarring. So
that material is kept moving over the sieve surface infrequently changing
directions.
4. Find the weight retained on each sieve taken in order.

Fine Aggregate

1. Take 2 Kg of sand from the sample by quartering in a clean dry plate.

2. Arrange the sieves in order of No. 480, 240, 120, 60, 30, and 15 keeping
sieves 480 at the top and 15 at the bottom.
3. Fix them in the sieves shaking machine with a pan at the bottom and
cover at the top.
4. Keep the stand in the top sieve no 480, carry out the sieving in the set of
sieves, and arranged before for not less than 10 minutes

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Observation Table for Coarse Aggregates:

Location: Savarsai Source: Ulwe

Aggregates Size: 20mm Weight 2kg

IS Sieve Wt %wt Cumulative % Passing IS Limit

Retained retained wt retained Grading
(gm)
40mm 0 0 0 100 100
20mm 178 8.9 8.9 91.1 85-100
10mm 1813 90.65 99.55 0.45 0-20
4.75mm 5.5 0.275 99.825 0.175 0-5
Pan 3.5 0.175 100 0 -

Observation Table for Fine Aggregates:

Location: Savarsai Source: Ulwe

Aggregates Size: 4.75mm Weight 2kg

IS Sieve Wt %wt Cumulative % Passing IS Limit

Retained retained wt retained Grading
(gm)
10mm 0 0 0 100 100
4.75mm 22 1.1 1.1 98.9 90-100
2.36mm 635 31.75 32.85 67.15 60-95
1.18mm 598 29.9 62.75 37.25 30-70
600 micron 346 17.3 80.05 19.95 15-34
300 micron 280 14 94.05 5.95 0-15
150 micron 110 5.5 99.55 0.45 0-10
pan 9 0.45 100 0 -

Conclusion:

The results obtained in the observation table are with the specified limits of
grading prescribed by Indian Standard which are given in the last column of
observation table.

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 Flakiness and Elongation Index:

Elongation Index:

1. Ensure that the sieves, elongation gauge, and other equipment are clean
and in good condition.
2. Weigh the sample of coarse aggregate using a balance. The weight of the
sample should be sufficient to provide an accurate representation of the
aggregate but not so large that it clogs the sieves. A typical sample size is
2000 grams.
3. Thoroughly wash and dry the aggregate sample if it is not already dry.
4. Pass the aggregate sample through the pair of sieves with slots. The slots
in the sieves should be parallel to the width of the sieve, and the long
dimension of the aggregate particles should be perpendicular to the slot.
The elongated particles will be retained on the sieve.
5. Weigh the mass of the elongated particles retained on the sieve. This is
the elongated material's mass
6. Calculate the elongation index (EI) using the formula:

EI = (Mass of Elongated Particles / Total Sample Mass) × 100

Flakiness Index:

1. Ensure that the sieves, flakiness gauge, and other equipment are clean and
in good condition.
2. Weigh the sample of coarse aggregate using a balance. The weight of the
sample should be sufficient to provide an accurate representation of the
aggregate but not so large that it clogs the sieves. A typical sample size is
2000 grams.
3. Thoroughly wash and dry the aggregate sample if it is not already dry.
4. Pass the aggregate sample through the set of gauges for measuring the
flakiness index. The gauges should have slots of the required dimensions
for assessing flakiness.
5. Weigh the mass of the flat particles retained on the gauges. This is the
mass of flat particles.
6. Calculate the flakiness index (FI) using the formula:

FI = (Mass of Flat Particles / Total Sample Mass) × 100

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Observation table for both Elongated and Flakiness Index:

Size of Wt of Wl of Wt passing Wt of Wt
aggregate aggregate retained flakiness passed retained
in IS sieve material on gauge material in on
Passing is sieve Retained is gm (W1) flakiness (W2) elongation elongation
sieve gauge gm gauge gm gauge gm
W2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

25 20 602 580 22 203 399

20 16 324 297 27 174 150

16 12.5 186.93 160.33 26.6 45.5 141.43

12.5 10 102.55 99.67 2.88 84.48 18.07

10 4.75 57.09 55.93 1.16 17.18 39.91

Total: 1272.57 1192.93 79.64 524.16 748.41

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 Impact value of aggregates:

1. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0 mm IS sieves. The

aggregate passing through a 12.5 mm sieve and retained on a 10.0mm
sieve comprises the test material.
2. Pour the aggregate to fill about just 1/3rd depth of the measuring
cylinder.
3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of
the tamping rod.
4. Similarly add two more layers, so that cylinder is full.
5. Strike off the surplus aggregates.
6. Determine the net weight of the aggregate to the nearest gram (W).
7. Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the
level plate, block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide
columns are vertical.
8. Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of the machine and place the
whole of the test sample in it and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes
with a tamping rod.
9. Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of the
aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate
sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than one second
between successive falls.
10.Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm
IS sieves until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh
the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the
fraction retained in the sieve.
11.Compute the aggregate impact value. The mean of two observations,
rounded to the nearest whole number is reported as the Aggregate Impact
Value.

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Particulars Sample 1 Sample 2

Total weight of the dry sample
312 315
(W1gm)
Weight of portion Retaining 2.36
mm sieves (W2gm) 276 280

Wt. of portion passing 2.36 mm 36 35

sieved
(W3) gm = W1-W2
Aggregate Impact Value (%) = 11.53 11.11
W3/W1x100

Average aggregate impact value 11.32%

in%

Figure 1

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3.4 Test on Agro-waste:

 Moisture Content Test:

1. Preparation of the sample: Collect a representative sample of the agro
waste material that you want to analyze. Ensure it is well-mixed to avoid
bias. Weigh an empty drying pan or container and record its weight (W1).
2. Weighing the wet sample: Place a portion of the agro-waste sample in
the drying pan or container. Note the weight of the wet sample and the
container and record it as W2.
3. Drying the sample: Place the drying pan with the wet sample in an oven
set at a constant temperature between 105°C and 110°C (221°F –
230°F).Allow the sample to dry in the oven until there is no further
decrease in its weight (constant weight). This may take several hours or
even overnight, depending on the sample’s moisture content and size.
4. Weighing the dry sample: After the sample has reached a constant
weight, remove it from the oven and allow it to cool in a desiccator
(optional).Weigh the dried sample and the container, and record this
weight as W3.
5. Calculating moisture content: Calculate the moisture content using the
formula: Moisture Content (%) = [(W2 – W3) / (W2 – W1)] × 100

Where:W1 = Weight of the empty containerW2 = Weight of the wet

sample and containerW3 = Weight of the dry sample and container.

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Observations

Discription Weight gm
Empty Container 50
Initial Weight W1 150
Weight after drying W2 120
W3 = W1-W2 30

Calculations:

Water Content = (W3/(W2-Empty Container Weight)) x 100

30/70 x 100

=42.86%

The moisture content of agro waste is 42.86%

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 Particle size distribution curve:

1. Sample preparation: Obtain a representative sample of the agro-waste

material you want to analyze. Ensure the sample is well-mixed to avoid bias.
Weigh the sample using a balance. The sample size depends on the expected
particle size distribution and the capacity of the sieves but typically ranges from
100g to 500g.

2. Sieve assembly: Arrange the sieves in ascending order of mesh size, with the
finest sieve at the top and the coarsest at the bottom. Place a pan or container
under the coarsest sieve to collect the material that passes through it.

3. Sieving: Put the sample on the top sieve (the finest one) and cover it. Start the
mechanical sieve shaker and let it run for a sufficient time to ensure that the
particles have been separated by size. The duration will depend on the material
but may range from 5-10 minutes.

4. Weighing the fractions: After sieving, carefully remove each sieve and the
material it contains. Weigh the material retained on each sieve, recording the
weight of each fraction. Use an analytical balance if higher accuracy is needed.

5. Calculating particle size distribution: Calculate the percentage of material

retained on each sieve as a proportion of the initial sample weight. Create a
particle size distribution curve by plotting the percentage retained on each sieve
against the sieve size (usually expressed as the mesh size)

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Chapter 4
Concrete Mix Design
4.1 Input data for materials:

Design stipulations:

1. Characteristic compressive strength: 25 N/mm^2

2. Maximum size of aggregates: 20mm
3. Degree of quality control: good
4. Type of exposure: Moderate
5. Minimum cement content: 300 kg/cum as per table no. 5 in IS 456:2000.
6. Maximum water cement ratio: 0.5 as per table no. 5 in IS 456:2000.
7. Sump required for mixed material: 150mm-175mm as per IS 456-2000

 Cement
Grade of Cement: 53 grade cement
Specific Gravity of cement: 3.15

 Aggregates:

1. Source of Aggregates: - ULAWE

2. Specific Gravity of Crush Sand: - 2.65
3. Specific Gravity of Natural Sand: - 0.00
4. Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates: - 2.77
5. Water Absorption of Crush Sand (%): - 4.28
6. Water Absorption of Natural Sand (%): -0.00
7. Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregates (%): - 1.49

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4.2. Design for M-25 mix

 Targeted Strength:

Fck= fck + (1.65 x 4)

As per IS 10262, S=4

Fck = 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 mpa

 Water Cement Ratio:

IS 456-2000, table no. 5, Pg = 20

W/C=0.5

It can be reduced if we use admixtures.

 Determining water content:

According to IS 10262, PG 2,

Maximum water content for 50 mm slump value= 186 Kg.

Increase 3% for every additional 25 mm slump.

Targeted slump: 175 mm,

Therefore increasing water content by 15%
Actual Water Content: 213.9 kg..

Admixtures reduce water content by 15%

Final Water Content: 181.82 kg.

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 Calculation of Cement Content:

Minimum cement content = 300kg/m^3

Water Content= 0.5 mm, Water used = 181.82 kg

Cement Content= (Water Content/w/c ratio)

Cement Content= 363.64 kg.

 Calculation of Coarse and Fine Aggregates.

Using IS 10262-2009 Table no 3

Volume of Coarse Aggregates= 0.64

Reducing volume by 10%

Volume of Coarse Aggregates = 0.576 cubic meterr

Volume of Fine Aggrgates = 0.424 cubic meter

 Calculating quantities per cubic meter.

1. Volume of concrete= 1m^3

2. Volume of Cement = Mass of cement/(specific Gravity x 1000)

= 0.115 cubic meter.

3. Volume of Water= Mass of Water/(specific gravity x 1000)

=1.82 cubic meter.

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4. Volume of Admixtures:
Assuming 1.2% of weight of cement as mass = 4.36 kg.
Specific Gravity = 1.2
Volume = 0.0036 cubic meter.

5. Volume of Entrapped Air= 20% for 20 mm = 0.02 cubic meter.

6. Volume of all Aggregates= Volume of Aggregates-(Sum of all other

values determined above) = 0.679 cubic meter.

Mass of Coarse Aggregates=

(volume of all aggregates x volume of coarse aggregates x specific gravity x
1000) = 1083.99 kg.

Mass of Fine Aggregates=

(volume of all aggregates x volume of Fine aggregates x specific gravity x
1000) = 763.37 kg

 Final Mix Design:

1. Cement: 363.64 kg/cubic meter

2. Water: 181.82 kg/cubic meter
3. 20 mm Aggregates: 650 kg/cubic meter
4. 10 mm Aggregates: 433 kg/cubic meter
5. Fine Aggregates: 763 kg/cubic meter
6. Admixtures: 4.36 kg/cubic meter
7. Water Cement Ratio: 0.5

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4.3. Batching Sheet:

Fraction Specific SSD WA% NMC% DRY Corrected Batch

Gravity Weight
(kg/m^3)
Cement 3.15 363.64 - - 363.64 363.64 12.74
(kg)
Water 1 181.82 - - 181.82 181.82 6.36
(kg)
Additive 1.2 4.36 - - 4.36 4.36 0.15
(kg)
Sand 2.75 763.37 1.87 763.37 763.37 26.71
(kg)
20mm 2.77 650 0.41 0 650 650 22.75
(kg)
10mm 2.77 433 0.59 0 433 433 15.155
(kg)
Total 2460 - - 2460 2460 83.865

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Chapter 5
Casting of Concrete Cubes

1. Preparation of Mould:

Clean cube moulds thoroughly and apply a thin layer of oil or release agent to
inner surfaces.

Ensure moulds are securely assembled to prevent leakage during casting.

2. Batching and Mixing of Concrete:

Calculate required proportions of cement, aggregates, and water based on mix

design.

Weigh components accurately and mix thoroughly until uniform consistency is

achieved.

3. Laying/Filling of Mould:

Place oiled moulds on a level surface and fill with freshly mixed concrete in
layers.

Compact each layer thoroughly using a tamping rod or vibrator to remove air
voids.

Screed off excess concrete to achieve a smooth, level surface.

4. Removal of Mould:

Allow concrete to set for specified duration, typically 24 hours.

Carefully remove moulds without damaging concrete cubes.

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5. Curing:

Label each cube with relevant information and place in curing tank or room.

Maintain consistent curing conditions (temperature and humidity) for specified

curing period, typically 7 or 28 days.

For this experiment, we replaced coarse aggregates present in concrete partially

with agro-waste depending on the percentage.

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CHAPTER 6
Testing of Specimens

6.1. Setup for Compressive Strength Test.

Three identical specimens are crushed at 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and three
identical specimens are crushed. The compressive strength is calculated by
dividing the failure load by the average cross-sectional area. The compressive
testing machine of capacity 5000 KN is used for determining the maximum
compressive loads carried by concrete cubes. The compressive strength test
machine used in all the tests is shown in Figure. At the test age, the specimens
are taken out of the curing tank and kept outside for 10 minutes. Then one
specimen is placed on the steel plate of the machine such that the specimen is
tested perpendicular to the casting position. Then the test is carried out at the
loading rate of 5 KN/s specified IS 516 - 1959.

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6.2. Procedure for compressive strength of concrete:

1. Prepare the concrete in the required proportions and make the specimen
by filling the concrete in the desired mould shape of 150mm x 150mm x
150mm cube with proper compaction, a 24hours place the specimen in
water for curing.

2. Take away the specimen from water when such as natural process time
and wipe out excess water from the surface.

3. Take the dimension of the specimen to the closest 0.2m. Clean the
bearing surface of the testing machine.

4. Place the specimen within the machine in such a fashion that the load
shall be applied to the other sides of the cube forged.

5. Align the specimen centrally on the bottom plate of the machine

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so it touches the highest
surface of the specimen.

7. Apply the load step by step while not shock and incessantly at the speed
of 140kg/cm²/minute until the specimen fails. Record the utmost load and
note any uncommon options within the form of failure.

8. Record the utmost load and note any uncommon options within the form
of failure.

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Fig No. 2 Compression testing Machine

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CHAPTER 7
Result and and Conclusion
7.1. Result:
Mix 1: Standard M 25 Cubes with water curing
Observation Table

Sr Days Date of Casting Date of Weight Load Streng Average

No Testing th KN/m²

1 7.98 Kg 371.4 KN 16.50

2 7 Days 09-02-2024 7.8 Kg 369.8 KN 16.43 16.5 kn
3 8.01 Kg 372.9 KN 16.57
4 7.98 Kg 448 KN 19.91
5 14 02-02-2024 16-02-2024 7.8 Kg 450 KN 20 19.98
6 Days 8.01 Kg 451 KN 20.044
7 7.98 Kg 555 KN 24.66
8 28 23-02-2024 7.8 Kg 558 kN 24.8 24.76
9 Days 8.01 Kg 559 KN 24.84

Graphs showing the results:

Strength
30

25

20

15
Strength

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Mix 2 10% replacement of Agro waste with water curing:

Observation Table

Sr Days Date of Date of Weight Load Streng Average

No Casting Testing KN th KN/m²

1 7.98 Kg 17.91 16.8

2 7 Days 01-03-2024 7.8 Kg 17.06 17.91 17.25
3 8.01 Kg 16.8 17.06
4 7.98 Kg 23.28 23.28
5 14 23-02-2024 08-03-2024 7.8 Kg 23.6 23.8 23.52
6 Days 8.01 Kg 23.51 23.5
7 7.98 Kg 27.73 29.3
8 28 15-03-2024 7.8 Kg 28.04 28.67 28.981
9 Days 8.01 Kg 28.4 28.99

Graph showing the results:

10% replacement
35

30

25

20

10% replacement
15

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Mix 3 20% replacement of Agro waste with water curing:

Observation table:

Sr Days Date of Casting Date of Weight Load Streng Average

No Testing th KN/m²

1 7.98 Kg 299.2 KN 13.3

2 7 Days 01-03-2024 7.8 Kg 309.3 KN 13.75 13.64
3 8.01 Kg 312.5 KN 13.89
4 7.98 Kg 370 KN 16.48
5 14 23-02-2024 08-03-2024 7.8 Kg 384.7 KN 17.1 16.82
6 Days 8.01 Kg 380 KN 16.89
7 7.98 Kg 467.5 KN 20.78
8 28 15-03-2024 7.8 Kg 479.2 kN 21.3 20.96
9 Days 8.01 Kg 468 KN 20.8

Graph showing the results

20% Replacement
25

20

15

20% Replacement
10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Comparison of Results:
Graphs comparing the results of 10% and 20% replacement:

35

30

25

20
10%
15 20%

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Cubes cured using water:

35

30

25

20
Standard Water
10% Water
15
20% Water

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Mix 4: Standard M 25 Cubes with wax curing

Observation Table

Sr Days Date of Date of Weight Load Strength Averag

No Casting Testing e
KN/m²
1 7.884 Kg 385.4 KN 17.12
2 7 09-02-2024 7.76 Kg 388.8 KN 17.28 17.27
3 Days 8.11 Kg 391.9 KN 17.41
4 7.83 Kg 461 KN 20.48
5 14 02-02-2024 16-02-2024 7.98 Kg 465 KN 20.67 20.65
6 Days 8.07 Kg 468 KN 20.8
7 7.98 Kg 562 KN 24.977
8 28 23-02-2024 7.8 Kg 558 KN 24.8 24.88
9 Days 8.01 Kg 560 KN 24.88

Graphs showing the results:

Strength
30

25

20

15
Strength

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Mix 5: 10% replacement of aggregates with agro waste and wax

curing:

Observation Table

Sr Days Date of Casting Date of Weight Load Strength Average

No Testing KN KN/m²
1 7.98 Kg 384.75 17.1
2 7 Days 01-03-2024 7.8 Kg 384.75 18.4 17.93
3 8.01 Kg 414 18.3
4 7.98 Kg 414 23.98
5 14 23-02-2024 08-03-2024 7.8 Kg 412.5 24.3 24.22
6 Days 8.01 Kg 412.5 24.4
7 7.98 Kg 539.55 29.9
8 28 15-03-2024 7.8 Kg 539.55 29.5 29.7
9 Days 8.01 Kg 547.5 29.7

Graphs showing the results:

10% Replacement
35

30

25

20

10% Replacement
15

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Mix 6: 20% replacement of aggregates with agro waste and wax

curing:

Sr Days Date of Casting Date of Weight Load Strength Average

No Testing KN KN/m²
1 7.98 Kg 312.75 13.9
2 7 Days 01-03-2024 7.8 Kg 317.7 14.12 14.01
3 8.01 Kg 317.7 14.01
4 7.98 Kg 315.225 17.1
5 14 23-02-2024 08-03-2024 7.8 Kg 315.225 16.98 17.16
6 Days 8.01 Kg 384.75 17.4
7 7.98 Kg 384.75 21.4
8 28 15-03-2024 7.8 Kg 382.05 21.8 21.46
9 Days 8.01 Kg 382.05 21.2

Graph showing the results:

20% Replacement
25

20

15

20% Replacement
10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Comparison of cubes cured using wax

Graphs comparing the results of 10% and 20% replacement of aggregates with
agro-waste:

35

30

25

20
10%
15 20%

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Graph comparing results of standard and Ago-waste cubes:

35

30

25

20 Standard Wax
10% wax
15
20% wax

10

0
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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7.2. Interpretation of result:

1. Compressive strength of Standard M-25 cubes after 28 days: 24.76

KN/m².

2. Compressive strength of Standard M-25 cubes after 28 days of wax

curing: 24.88 KN/m².

3. Compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 10% replacement of coarse

aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days: 28.981 KN/m².

4. Compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 10% replacement of coarse

aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days of wax curing: 29.7 KN/m².

5. Compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 20% replacement of coarse

aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days: 20.96 KN/m².

6. Compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 20% replacement of coarse

aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days of wax curing: 21.46 KN/m².

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7.3. Conclusion:

1. Standard M-25 Cubes

The compressive strength of standard M-25 cubes after 28 days is 24.76
KN/m²: This represents the baseline strength of the concrete mix without
any modifications or additives. It serves as a reference point for
comparing the effects of other variables on concrete strength.

2. Standard M-25 Cubes with Wax Curing:

The compressive strength of standard M-25 cubes after 28 days of wax
curing is 24.88 KN/m²: Wax curing is a method used to enhance the
strength and durability of concrete by reducing moisture loss during the
curing process. The slight increase in strength compared to standard
curing suggests that wax curing may have a positive effect on concrete
strength.

3. 10% replacement of Coarse Aggregates with agro-waste

The compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 10% replacement of coarse

aggregates with agro-waste indicates that incorporating agro-waste as a
partial replacement for coarse aggregates has led to an increase in
compressive strength compared to the standard mix. Agro-waste
materials may have pozzolanic properties or improve the microstructure
of concrete, contributing to enhanced strength.

4. 10% replacement of Coarse aggregates with agro-waste and wax

cuing:
The compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 10% replacement of coarse
aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days of wax curing is 29.7 KN/m²:
Wax curing, combined with the use of agro-waste, has further improved
the compressive strength of the concrete compared to standard curing.
This suggests that wax curing may have a synergistic effect when used in
conjunction with agro-waste materials.

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5. 20% replacement of coarse aggregates with agro-waste:

The compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 20% replacement of coarse
aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days is 20.96 KN/m²: Increasing the
percentage of agro-waste replacement to 20% has resulted in a decrease
in compressive strength compared to the standard mix. This indicates that
higher replacement percentages may adversely affect concrete strength.

6. 20% replacement of coarse aggregates with agro-waste and wax

curing:
The compressive strength of M-25 cubes with 20% replacement of coarse
aggregates with agro-waste after 28 days of wax curing is 21.46 KN/m²:
Despite wax curing, the compressive strength of the concrete with 20%
agro-waste replacement remains lower than the standard mix. This
suggests that the beneficial effects of wax curing may be insufficient to
offset the decrease in strength caused by higher agro-waste replacement
percentages.

In conclusion, the incorporation of agro-waste as a partial replacement for

coarse aggregates in M-25 concrete, particularly near a 10% replacement level,
coupled with wax curing, can significantly enhance compressive strength.
However, higher replacement percentages may lead to diminishing compressive
strength, suggesting the need for careful consideration of the replacement ratio
to achieve optimal results in concrete mix design.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Chapter 8
Future Scope

The use of agro-waste and wax curing in concrete presents several promising
future prospects, primarily driven by sustainability and environmental
considerations. Here are some potential future developments and applications:

1. Green Building Practices: This practice can lead to the development of

eco-friendly and energy-efficient building materials.

2. Circular Economy Initiatives: The incorporation of agro-waste into

concrete aligns with the principles of the circular economy, where waste
materials are repurposed and recycled into valuable products.

3. Improved Insulation Properties: This study may lead to the

development of energy-efficient building materials.

4. High-Performance Concrete These advanced materials could offer

superior strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors.

5. Waste Reduction: The use of agro-waste as a concrete component can

potentially reduce the environmental impact of traditional agriculture.

6. Fire-Resistant Concrete: Wax curing can contribute to the development

of fire-resistant concrete.

7. Cost-Efficient Construction: This may lead to more cost-efficient

construction practices in regions where agro-waste is abundant.

8. Bio-based Materials: The use of agro-waste aligns with the growing

interest in bio-based construction materials.

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

References

1. Name: Manjunath M. Kulkarni, Raghavendra R. Phule (2014)

Title: ―Utilization of Agricultural Waste in Concrete"
Publication: ―International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology‖

2. Name: K. S. Al Jabri, A. S. Al Jabri (2016)

Title: ―A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Publication: ―American Journal of Engineering Research‖

3. Name: Dhivya R., Saranya S., et al. (2017)

Title: "A Review on Agro Waste Ash as Supplementary Cementations
Material in Concrete"
Publication: ―International Journal of Applied Engineering Research‖

4. Name: J. D. Tarimo, T. I. Ewa (2014

Title: ―Use of Agro-Industrial Waste in Concrete Mix as Sustainable
Development"
Publication: ―International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Technology‖.

5. Name: J. C. Umoh, F. U. Usikalu, et al. (2013)

Title: ―A Review on Utilization of Coconut Shell Ash in Concrete Mix"
Publication: ―International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research‖

6. Name: P. Jani, S. Shah, et al. (2014)

Title: ―Use of Agricultural and Industrial Waste Products in Concrete as
Partial Replacement of Cement"
Publication: ―International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology‖

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

7. Name: T. R. Naik, V. Ramakrishnan, et al. (1988)

Title: ―Concrete Surface Finishes Using Wax as a Curing Agent"
Publication: ―ACI Materials Journal‖

8. Name: S. Chandan, P. K. Jain, et al. (2013)

Title: ―Experimental Study on Wax Curing of Concrete Using Different
Types of Wax"
Publication: ―International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications‖

9. Name: M. Shariq (2003)

Title: ―Effects of Paraffin-Based Curing Compounds on Concrete
Properties"
Publication: ―Cement and Concrete Research‖

10.Name: T. Noguchi, K. Morinaga, et al. (2005)

Title: ―Influence of Wax-Based Curing Compounds on the Strength and
Durability of Concrete"
Publication: ―Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology‖

11.Name: Ayodeji O. Olorunsogo, O. J. Amusan (2005

Title: ―Effect of Wax Curing on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete"
Publication: ―Effect of Wax Curing on the Mechanical Properties of
Concrete”

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

ANNEXURE-1
CERTIFICATE

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

ANNEXURE 2
IMAGES

Smashing of coconut Shells

Sheading of sugarcane

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Batching

Mould Filling

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)

Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of Agro-Waste in Coarse
Aggregates with Wax Curing

Cubes

Wax Curing

Government Polytechnic Pen (Civil Engineering dept)