Training Report

Industrial Training
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC RATNAGIRI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR
(2023-2024)
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Government Polytechnic Ratnagiri
Industrial Training
REPORT ON
OMKAR DEVELOPERS
Submitted by:
Punam Ram Khadke –2200130410

Nilam Anant Marathe –2200130414
Divya Shyam Chavan –2200130418
Shraddha Baban Sawant –2200130412
Sakshi Sunil Dhumak –2200130422
Bhavana Hari Nirguda –220013042424
Trupti Sakharam Bavdane –22001304
Nishant Anant Pawar - 2100130107
Gaurav Ramchandra Satam –2200130581
Tanuj Ratnadip Dorlekar –2200130425
Guided by:
Prof. B. T. Dolas
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CERTIFICATE
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC RATNAGIRI
Department of Civil Engineering
Academic Year:(2023-2024)
This is to certify that the report on

OMKAR DEVELOPERS
Submitted By –
Here with for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering is the result of the work
completed under my supervision and guidance. This report is submitted as partial
fulfillment of requirement of Diploma course prescribed by Maharashtra State Board
of Technical Mumbai.
Date-03/08/2023 Place: Ratnagiri
Prof. B. T. Dolas Head of the Department

(Project Guide) Government Polytechnic,
Ratnagiri
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INDEX
NO. NAME PAGE

NO.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction 6
2. Chapter 2: Building Construction work
2.1 Masonry work 10
2.2 Plastering 17
2.3 Waterproofing 20
2..4 Flooring 23
2.5 Formwork 27
2.6 Reinforcement 31
2.7 Plumbing 37
2.8 Concreting 43
2.9 Painting 49
2.10 Roofing 52
3. Chapter 3: Feedback 55
4. Chapter 4: Conclusion 56
5. Chapter 5: References 57
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful study, obstacles can be overcome through the knowledge with all the
requisites to deliver a good guidance and encouragement.
With great pleasure, I sincerely acknowledge the effort taken by my training mentor Prof.
B. T. Dolas whose valuable guidance is not only used for my project, but also as constant source
of inspiration for me in my future and life.
I have great pleasure to give my sincere thanks to our H.O.D. Prof. B. T. Dolas who
directed us in good manner with valuable suggestion.
I have thankful to Prof. A. M. Jadhav principle, Government polytechnic, Ratnagiri for
the facilities provided to me and also thankful to all “OMKAR DEVELOPERS GROUP” specially
Shri. Hrushikesh Bhuravne, site engineer/supervisor, who provided us every kind of information
related to construction activities and guided us in this training in a best possible way.
Date: 03/08 /2023

Place: GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, RATNAGIRI
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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY
1) LOCATION:
 OFFICE:
Aarogya Mandir, Ratnagiri.
 SITE LOCATION:
Nachane Road, Near Government Polytechnic College, Ratnagiri.
2) ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY:-
 Builder:-
Mr. Prasad Waghdhare
 Contractor:
Mr. Arun More
Mr. Shah Alam
Mr. Wadekar
 Owner:
Mr. Prasad Waghdhare
 Project Name:
Omkar Amanora Rawool Park
 Project manager:-
Mr. Abrar Budye
 Engineer
Senior:-Mr. Abrar Budye
Junior:-Mr. Hrushikesh bhuravne
 Site supervisor
Mr. Sajan peje & Mr. Chinmay Kamble
 Supervisor:
o Concrete work: Mr. Arun More
o Masonry work: Mr. Umesh Wadekar
o Plaster work: Mr. MD Shah Alam
o Plumbing work: Mr. Shrungare
o Electrician: Mr. Mandar Raut
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1.2 The Description of building as below:

Number of wing:- ‘A’ wing and ‘B’ wing
‘A’ wing: Seven + Terrace ‘B’ wing: Seven + Terrace
Ground floor: Vehicle Parking Ground floor: Vehicle Parking
1st floor: 1st floor:
1BHK ROOM: 2 1BHK ROOM: 2
2nd floor: 2nd floor:
3rd floor: 3rd floor:
4th floor: 4th floor:
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1BHK ROOM: 2 1 BHK ROOM: 2
2BHK ROOM: 3 2 BHK ROOM: 3
3BHK ROOM: 1 3 BHK ROOM:1
TERRECE: 1 TERRACE:1
1.3 Objectives of Industrial Training:

 Understand the organizational structure.
 The industrial environment & work culture.
 Understand the office procedure.
 To know actual concepts technique used in construction.
 To know the problem comes on site.
 To know the duties & responsibilities of each person.
 Understand actual process of construction on site.
1.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SITE ENGINEER:
 Technical supervision of the ongoing construction work.
 Co-ordination between the contractor & agencies to minimum the project progress at the
construction site.
 Check the material received & prepares quality report.
 Check the quality of workmanship.
 To check the daily progress report.
1.5 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROJECT ENGINEER:
 To complete responsibility of the smooth working of the project.
 To co-ordinate with architectural agency, structural consultant & other consultant for
completion of the scheduled work.
 To keep overall watch on the working of all technical / non-technical staff & getting the
maximum output from team.
 To attend program meetings, conferences meeting, seminars or any meeting.
 To keep co-ordination between all the agencies.
1.6 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE QUALITY CONTROL ENGINEER:
 To check the quality of all materials received on the site.
 To check the stacking & storage of material in godowns.
 To check the wastage the material at site.
 To observe defects in material received on site
 To find solutions to practical faced during the execution of work.
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1.7 IMPORTANCE:
Omkar developer have consolidated their position as a leading group in Ratnagiri, in the few
years. They have created timeless residential as well as commercial project in the most enviable
location. Their project in Ratnagiri are known for their timely completion, superior quality &
transparent deals. They have strong understanding of customer needs & preference which lets
them to build memorable homes, impressive offices & classy retails spaces.
1.8 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:
1) Record the stored material
2) Record the received material & its consumption on a daily basis.
3) To check the stock of material as per required for construction
4) While receiving material, quality of the material should be checked.
5) General supervision on the site regarding wastage of material.
6) All the bills of material should be carefully collected.
1.9 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SUPERVOISOR:
 Day to day supervision of ongoing construction work.
 Maintain proper labor force to compete the specified departmental work.
 Check & control the wastage of material on site.
 Check the dimension of the component such as column, beam at the time of casting.
 Give the instruction to the labor about the work.
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Chapter 2:BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORK

2.1 MASONRY WORK
2.1.1 What is a Wall?
A wall is a vertical structure, usually made of brick, concrete, or stone, that serves as a physical
barrier or divider between spaces. Walls can be found in various settings, including residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings, and outdoor environments, such as gardens and parks. In
addition to providing a physical barrier, walls can offer security, privacy, and insulation from
noise and weather.
Wall is a structural element which divides the space (room) into two spaces (rooms) and also
provides safety and shelter. Generally, the walls are differentiated as a two types outer-walls
and inner-walls. Outer-walls gives an enclosure to the house for shelter and inner-walls helps
to partition the enclosure into the required number of rooms. Inner walls are also called as
Partition walls or Interior Walls and Outer walls are also called as Exterior walls.
2.1.2 Types of Walls
1. Load Bearing Wall:
As the name itself suggests that, the whole building structure is rested on walls instead of
columns. In general, the loads from slab transfers to the beams, from beams to the columns
and then spread to the foundation.
From the above image, you can identify that the structure has beams and slabs but not
columns. In simple words, whether its exterior or interior walls, the wall which is bearing the
whole weight of the structure, including self weight of structural elements is called Load
bearing wall. Strip foundation is adopted for the load-bearing type of wall.
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2. Brick masonry wall:

The wall which is constructed with the help of bricks is called Brick masonry wall. Masonry is
used to join the bricks in the wall. The thickness of the brick wall could be 20cm or 10cm
 The 20cm wall is adopted for outer walls.
 The 10cm wall is adopted for inner walls.
Remember, the length of the brick wall in a single stretch should not exceed more than 4m. If
it exceeds, a column must be constructed with RCC.
3. Partition Wall
A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other
such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from
another. Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls. It may be of folding, collapsible
or fixed type of wall.
4. Boundary Wall
A boundary wall is a cast-in-place or prefabricated construction that serves as a boundary wall
or fencing for immovable property and comes in various designs.
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It can also be defined as a wall, fence, or enclosure of a building built on or adjacent to a

cadastral property border, with any extra structures, such as spikes, barbed wire, razor wire, or
electric fences, affixed to or on top of the boundary wall for security reasons.
5. Curtain wall
The wall which is constructed with glass, aluminium or with a steel frame is called a Curtain
wall. This type of walls is generally adopted in offices, Hospitals and other public buildings.
2.1.3 Material used in the wall

Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for house
building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type
of building material used in construction. The choice of these are based on their cost
effectiveness for building projects.
2.1.4 Procedure of wall
Step 1: Start your brick wall at the corners
Firstly, lay out the bricks at both ends of your wall
where the pillars will start. This should be done
after any necessary foundations have been
prepared. Using your string line, make a straight
guideline at brick height between the two outside
bricks.
When building pillars, at certain courses you’ll
need to lay half-bricks. To make a cut, place the
brick on its side, locate the bolster at the split
point and strike the head firmly with a club
hammer. It should split cleanly first time.
Step 2: Mix the mortar

Following this, heap five shovels full of sand and
one of cement on an old board. Turn shovel to mix
to a consistent colour. Form a central hollow, pour
in water and mix. Repeat for a smooth, creamy
texture that’s wet but not too loose.
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Step 3: Lay the first course of bedding mortar

Next you should lay a 1-2cm mortar bed along the string
line. Starting at one end, lay the first brick and tap slightly
to ‘bed in’. ‘Butter up’ one end of the next brick with
mortar and abut it to the first. Repeat using string line as a
guide.
Step 4: Create the brick pillars

At the point where you want your pillars to start, place a brick
side-on to the end of the wall. As you build up the wall, each
consecutive course of pillar bricks must be laid in the
opposite direction.
Step 5: Cutting bricks

When building pillars, at certain courses you’ll need to lay
half-bricks. To make a cut, place the brick on its side, locate
the bolster at the split point and strike the head firmly with a
club hammer. It should split cleanly first time.
Step 6: Keep the pillars one course ahead

Always build at least a course higher on the pillars than the rest
of the wall. Move the string line up as you build, bedding it
into the mortar on the pillars. For a stretcher bond, the end of
each brick should be over the centre of the one beneath.
Step 7: Make sure you’re sticking to 10mm mortar joints

Horizontal and vertical mortar joints should be 10mm thick.
With standard bricks there should be 75mm from the top of
each brick to the top of the one beneath. If your bricks soak up
moisture fast, you may want to ‘joint up’ (step 10) as you go.
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Step 8: Add a coping stone

You may want to add a coping stone to finish when you reach
the top of the pillars. Alternatively, you could create a pleasant
effect at less cost by bedding bricks into the mortar on their sides.
Step 9: Decorative brick soldier course

Adding a ‘soldier course’ is an attractive option to top the main
part of a garden wall. Turn your bricks vertically lengthways and
lay along the full length. Use a second, higher string line to keep
a uniform finish.
Step 10: How to finish the mortar beds

To finish the beds, use the rounded edge of a brick jointer to
scrape mortar into the joints. Start with the horizontal lines and
follow with the vertical – it’s easier to remove any excess mortar
this way
Step 11: Clean up

Lastly, give the finished wall a gentle brush over and clean up
any mortar that has fallen onto the floor before it dries. You can
use water to wash cement away from the floor, but be sure to
keep it away from your newly-built wall
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.1.5 Tools of wall

Plumb bob Trowel
Hand Float Spirit level
Measuring Tape
2.1.6 Advantages of Masonry Wall

 They are extremely strong and durable.
 They are fireproof.
 They provide good sound insulation.
 They are easy to maintain.
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 They can be constructed in a variety of styles.

2.1.7 Disadvantages of Masonry Wall
 They are very expensive to construct.
 They are difficult to repair if damaged.
 They are not suitable for all climates.
 They can be susceptible to mold and mildew growth.
2.1.8 Precaution
 Wear additional personal body protection equipment (PPE) like safety helmets, shoes,
goggles and the like.
 Ensure work surfaces, passageways, and floors are clear of protruding nails, free wires,
debris, and other potential hazards.
 Avoid manual lifting of heavy loads and use mechanical lifting equipment. Always lift
safely, or get help lifting for oversized objects.
 Wear work clothes that are compatible with weather conditions. Wear gloves andsafety
outfits whenever handling hot or cold materials.
 Drink enough water to avoid dehydration.
 Always check the safety of your portable electric tools. Avoid using defective portable
electric work tools that do not have proper insolation.
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2.2 PLASTERING
2.2.1Definition
This is the process of covering rough. Surface with a plastic material to obtain an even smooth
regular clean & durable surface
2.2.2 Plastering Material:

 Cement
 Water
 Sand
2.2.3 Plastering Procedure:
1. Preparation of surface area Rough the entire wall to be plastered.
2. Ground work for plaster
3. Applying under coat or Bove coat
4. Applying finishing coat.
5. Curing of plastering works
2.2.4 Types of Plaster:
1. Lime plaster
2. Cement plaster
3. Mud plaster
4. Stucco plaster
5. Plaster on lath
2.2.5 Advantages:
1) Plastering makes the rough surfaces of the walls smooth.
2) Plastering Increase durability and strengths of wall.
2.2.6 Disadvantages:
1) When plaster cracks then difficult to repair.
2) Repairing is very expansive.
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3) Despite the extra labor of hanging and finishing drywall, it tends to be less expensive than
plastering.
4) Despite the extra labor of hanging and finishing drywall, it tends to be less expensive than
plastering
2.2.7 Precautions To Be Taken While Plastering:

1) Before application of the plastering the surface must be clean.
2) Scaffolding should be rigid
2.2.8 Precautions To Be Taken After Plastering:
1) Cleaning of doors or frame and floor area is necessary at the completion of work.
2) Curing should be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently and must be cured
for at least 7 days.
3) Curing shall commence, 24 hours after the plaster is laid.
2.2.9 Plastering Tools:
1) Line dory
2) Plumb bob
3) Ghamelas
4) Tube level
5) Trowel
6) Mixture machine
7) Straight edge
8) Float
POPPING: BLISTING:
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Plastering defects Remedies

No.
1. Cracking Localized cracks due to
This is usually due to movement in the movement can be ‘cut out’ and
background/surrounding structure or to drying filled once movement has
shrinkage in sand/cement undercoats. When the ceased. Otherwise, the
cracking is due to movement, it takes the form of recommendations
localized cracks taking a definite line. On walls, given for bond failures should
they commonly appear around lintels and window be followed.
sills due to settlement and/or thermal movement.
When cracking results from drying shrinkage, it
takes the form of hair-line cracks on the surface of
the finish plaster
2. Crazing /dry-out of finish plaster in hot weather The plasterwork should be

conditions, or in situations where the finish plaster stripped off and any dust
has been applied exceptionally thin, rapid drying removed from the undercoat
out of the plaster can occur before it has properly surface prior to re-plastering.
set. This can result in a soft and powdery surface. Apply Thistle Bond-it
The problems can also be caused by excessive
suction, working the plaster past its setting point or
excessive draught during setting.
3. Dampness within the plaster The source of the problem must
This can result from rain penetration, moisture be identified and corrected and
ingress, defective defective PC or poor drying the plasterwork allowed to dry
conditions preventing the plaster from drying out. out. If the plasterwork fails to
develop adequate strength, it
will need to be removed,
followed by suitable
background preparation and re-
plastering.
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2.3 WATERPROOFING
1) What is Waterproofing?
Waterproofing is the process of making a structure or material resistant to the penetration of water.
It is essential for protecting buildings, infrastructure, and various products from water damage and
moisture-related issues.
2) Types of waterproofing:-
Waterproofing is a crucial process to protect buildings and structures from water infiltration and
damage. There are several types of waterproofing methods used, depending on the specific
requirements and the area being treated. Here are some common types of waterproofing:
 Liquid Waterproofing Membranes: These are
liquid-based coatings that are applied directly onto
the surface and form a seamless, waterproof
barrier when they cure.
 Cementitious Waterproofing: This method
involves applying a cement-based coating or a
slurry onto the surface. It is commonly used for
concrete structures, such as basements, water
tanks, and swimming pools.
 Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing: Bitumen-based materials, such as asphalt or
modified bitumen sheets, are used to create a waterproof layer. This type of waterproofing
is often used for roofs and below-grade applications.
3) Process of waterproofing
 Surface Preparation: Proper surface preparation is crucial to ensure the waterproofing
materials adhere effectively. The surface must be clean, free of dust, debris, oils, and
other contaminants.
 Repair and Patching: Before waterproofing, any cracks, holes, or damaged areas in the
surface should be repaired and patched.
 Choose the Right Waterproofing Material: There are various waterproofing materials
available, each designed for specific applications. Some common waterproofing
materials include:
1) Liquid waterproofing Membrane: Applied as a liquid coating that cures into a flexible
membrane, it can be brushed, rolled, or sprayed onto the surface.
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2) Cementitious Waterproofing: A cement-based coating that is mixed with water and

applied to the surface to create a waterproof barrier.
 Application: Follow the manufacturer's instructions for applying the chosen waterproofing
material. This may involve multiple layers or coats to achieve the desired level of
waterproofing.
 Curing: Allow the waterproofing material to cure as per the manufacturer's
recommendations. The curing time can vary depending on the type of material used.
 Quality Check: After the waterproofing is applied, conduct a thorough inspection to ensure
the entire surface is adequately covered and that there are no missed spots or defects in the
application.
 Maintenance: Waterproofing is not a one-time fix. Regular maintenance is essential to
ensure the effectiveness of the waterproofing over time. Inspect the surface periodically
and address any issues promptly to prevent water damage from occurring.
4) Precautions during Waterproofing :-

1. Through surface preparation: Properly prepare the surface by cleaning it of all dust, debris,
oil, and contaminants. The waterproofing material needs a clean and even surface to adhere
effectively.
2. Selecting the right waterproofing material: Different
areas and surfaces require specific waterproofing
materials such as liquid membranes, sheet
membranes, or coatings. Choose the appropriate
material that suits the location and purpose of the
waterproofing.
5) Advantages of Waterproofing :-
1. Protection against water damage: Waterproofing
prevents water from seeping into structures, which
can cause structural damage over time. It helps
protect buildings, basements, roofs, and other surfaces from water-related issues
like leaks, dampness, and mold growth.
2. Extended lifespan: By preventing water damage, waterproofing can significantly

extend the lifespan of buildings, concrete structures, and other materials. It reduces
the risk of deterioration due to water infiltration,
which can lead to costly repairs and
replacements.
6) Disadvantages of water proofing:-

1. Bitumen-based products soften in the summer
heat because the black color has restricted life
due to solvent evaporation.
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2. The polyurethane protective coating shouldn’t be very versatile.

3. Polyurethane protective coating delays the natural breathing capability of concrete.
7) Tools used for waterproofing

1. Paintbrushes and Rollers: These are basic tools used to apply liquid waterproofing coatings,
such as waterproofing paints or sealants, to surfaces like walls, roofs, and decks.
2. Sprayers: Sprayers, including airless sprayers, are used for larger surface areas or when a
more even and faster application is required. They are commonly used for spraying liquid
waterproofing membranes on roofs and walls.
3. Trowels: Trowels are used for applying waterproofing compounds and sealants in thick
layers or for filling gaps and cracks in surfaces.
4. Squeegees: Squeegees are helpful for spreading and leveling liquid waterproofing
materials evenly on flat surfaces, such as floors and decks.
5. Caulking Guns: Caulking guns are used to apply sealants and caulk to fill gaps, joints, and
cracks in various building components like windows, doors, and concrete joints.
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2.4 FLOORING
2.4.1 What is flooring?
A permanent covering over the floor structure with a finish material to provide a walking
structure is termed has flooring.
2.4.2 Types of flooring:-
1. Mud flooring
 Easiest form of material available
 economical, mud is readily available and the
flooring is easy to construct and maintain
 village housing
2. Brick flooring
 Bricks successfully used for foundations, walls,
roof, floors etc.
 Brick flooring is advantageous in areas where
bricks are available locally.
 Easy to construct with the help of local mason
and are also economical.
3. Mosaic Flooring
 The floors having its topping consisting of
mosaic tiles or small regular cubes, square or
hexagons, embedded into a cementing mixture
 Mosaic is the art of creating images with an
assemblage of small pieces of colored glass,
stone, or other materials. It is a technique of
decorative art or interior decoration.
4. Stone flooring: Granite

 Molten rock formed by fluid magma
from inside the earth constraining itself
between existing layers of rock and in
the long run it chills off to a strong state
 Heat Resistance, Scratch Free surface,
Hardness, Low retention of water.
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2.4.3 Material required for flooring

 cement
 sand
 water
 white cement
2.4.4 Tools required flooring
 Bottom patti
 phavda
 Thapi
 Wooden mallet
 Hammer
 Measuring tape
 Channi
 Line dori
 Ghamelas
 Tube level
2.4.5 Procedure of flooring
1. Check And Prepare the Floor Surface
Take time to ensure your floor is even, ensuring that there are no bumps or cracks and that
the surface is thoroughly cleaned, using a degreasing agent, such as sugar soap, if required.
2. Start in the right place
Be aware of your exits and access to your floor. We'd recommend starting in the center and
working your way out towards the corners so that you won't have to tread on freshly laid
floor tiles unnecessarily.
3. Prime the floor if required
So long as the surface you're tiling over is in good condition you should be able to tile onto
it, even if you're tiling over an already tiled floor. Depending on the type of tile and adhesive
you use and the condition of your floor, you may need to prime the surface. Ask the tile
manufacturer for what’s recommended for your particular tile.
4. Measure up
With chalk or a pencil, measure a center mark between the opposite walls or units and draw
a straight line down. Don’t assume that the opposite walls are equal in size, as a lot of rooms
aren’t perfectly square. Repeat this by measuring the center of the line that you draw. Lay
the square onto the center line and center mark to draw a line 90° to the first line.
5. Dry Lay the Tiles
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Starting at the middle point, dry lay a row of tiles in both directions up to the wall and
make sure you include 3mm tile spacers so the tile joints are even. If there is only a thin
piece of tile left at the wall, re-arrange the center tile so there is a larger section of tile,
which will be easier to cut.
6. Cut Tiles to Fill Any Gaps
When you’re happy with the layout, cut the required tiles, which will make laying them
quicker. You can use a manual cutter for straight cuts, an electric cutter for more complex
designs such as right angles and curves or a tile scribe for small, thin tiles. For the best
measure, you can place a tile on top of the last full tile, and mark with a pencil where the
overlap is, this is where you need to cut. Make sure you leave enough
7. Apply grout
Remove the tile spacers and clean the joints to remove any excess adhesive. Hold a grout
float at a 45degree angle and evenly spread the grout in between the tiles ensuring you
have tiled the joint. Work in small areas to ensure you have enough time before the grout
hardens. Once all the joints between the tiles are grouted, leave to dry for around 10 to 15
minutes before wiping the tile surface with a damp sponge, but don’t put too much
pressure on the grout joint for the grout joint and movement joint.
8. Finish with a silicone
Finish with a silicone sealant around all the edges with a silicone profile and smooth the
edges for a tidy result. Try to not use the floor/use it as little as possible for about 24 hours
to ensure a solid finish.
2.4.6 Precautions of flooring
1. Set up and organize the installation area
2. Verify the surfaces to be tiled and prepare them accordingly
3. Accurately verify measurements the corners, verticality of the walls and potential sloping
of the floors and where necessary take the appropriate measures.
2.4.7 Advantages of flooring work
1. Tile floors are durable
2. Tile floors are water-resistant
3. Tiles floors have low maintenance.
4. Tile floors are non allergenic.
5. Tile floors are fire resistant.
6. Tiles are available in a wide range of colors, textures, designs and styles.
7. Tile floors are easy to clean and maintain.
8. Excellent for high traffic use.
9. They are beautiful.
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2.4.8 Disadvantages of tile flooring

1) Tiles are difficult to repair.
2) Tile floors are slippery.
3) Tiles are hard surface.
4) Short life span.
5) Cleaning and maintenance can be complicated.
6) Color variation.
7) Hard to install.
8) Tile flooring cold surface.
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2.5 FORMWORK
2.5.1 What is Formwork?
Formwork is molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast or cast-in-place.
In the context of concrete construction, the Formwork supports the shuttering molds. In
specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure,
adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure.
2.5.2 Types of formwork in construction:
The following types of formwork used in construction.
1. Timber formwork
2. Steel formwork
3. Plywood formwork
4. Aluminium formwork
5. Plastic formwork
6. Fabric formwork
7. Tunnel formwork
1. Timber Formwork
Timber formwork is the oldest type of
formwork in construction. It is used in
construction from ancient period. In small
construction, timber formwork is mostly used
because it is easily usable and it offers an onsite
fabrication for the required size and shape of
concrete. But for large construction, timber
formwork becomes a time consumptive formwork.
As well as timber formwork have less life compare
to other formwork. Timber formwork is cheaper
than steel or aluminium formwork when used only
for smaller works.
 Advantages of timber formwork:
The advantages of timber formwork in construction are as follows.
1) Its initial cost is low.
2) Timber formwork is light in weight and can be easily manipulated.
3) More suitable for small works.
4) It can be used for anything other than formwork.
5) In houses where the size of the room does not change much, the timber cut is less, so the
timber formwork is cheaper.
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2. Steel formwork
Steel formwork is cheaper if the
formwork has to be used multiple times. Steel
formwork costs more to start with, but in large
works where the formwork has to be used
frequently it becomes cheaper, in addition, steel
formwork can be easily configured as well as
removed.
This makes the concrete surface smooth. Steel
formwork for special works such as circular
columns, curved surfaces speed up the work.
Steel formwork is most popular due to its strength, durability, life and reuses.
 Advantages of steel formwork:
Advantages of steel formwork in construction are as follow.
1) Steel formwork is more useful when formwork is to be used frequently.
2) The initial cost of steel formwork is high. But in large works where formwork has to be
used frequently it becomes cheap.
3) Steel formwork is easy to apply as well as remove.
4) It does not suck water from the concrete, so the surface of the concrete is less likely to be
honeycombed.
5) It does not change shape or shrink. So gives more accuracy and workmanship compared to
timber formwork.
6) It can be easily adjusted as well as opened so that labor cost is reduced.
7) It gives smooth surface of concrete and does not require re-finishing of concrete surface.
8) It has high strength.
9) Its durability is much higher than timber formwork.
3. Plywood Formwork
Plywood formwork is updated type of
timber formwork in construction. In this
formwork plywood is used to support concrete
work. various Numbers of plywood are
attached to make perfect shape and size of
concrete work.
 Advantages of Plywood Formwork:

The advantages of plywood formwork in construction are as follows.
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1) It can be used frequently.

2) Under normal circumstances timber formwork can be used 10 to 12 times while plywood
formwork can be used 20 to 25 times.
3) Plywood formwork gives smooth surface of concrete so does not require re-finishing of
concrete surface.
4) Larger areas can be covered using larger panels, thus reducing labor costs.
4.Aluminum formwork
Aluminium formwork is also known as
mivan shuttering or mivan formwork in
construction. It is very similar to steel formwork.
Most of the researches proven that aluminium
formwork is economical for large construction
compare to other formwork. Aluminium
formwork is very fast, simple and cost effective.
It is very cost effective for repetitive building
layout.
Aluminium formwork increase the efficiency of work as well as provide a smooth form finish of
the concrete, due to that the need of plastering work decreases.
 Advantages of aluminium formwork:
Advantages of aluminium formwork in construction are as follow.
1) Aluminium formwork is more useful when formwork is to be used frequently and area of
construction is a large.
2) It is lightweight compare to steel formwork.
3) It does not suck water from the concrete, so the surface of the concrete is less likely to be
honeycombed.
4) Aluminium formwork gives smooth surface of concrete and does not require re-finishing
of concrete surface.
5) It is onomical for large construction.
5. Fabric formwork
Fabric formwork is new advance type of
formwork in construction which is specially
used for complex shape of concrete member.
Due its great flexibility, it make formwork very
simple for complex member.
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2.5.3 Requirement of good Formwork:

The requirement of good formwork in construction are as follows.
1) Easy removal
Formwork design should be such so that it can be easily removed by less hammering, so
that the damage to the concrete is also less. If the formwork can be easily removed, it can be
reused for a small cost.
2) Economy
Formwork is not useful for stability of finished concrete. So its cost can be reduced by
keeping in mind the safety.
The following steps should be taken to bring economy in formwork work.
1. Reduce the use of irregular shapes of form.
2. Try to keep size of rooms similar.
3. Using commercial sizes of formwork available in the market.
4. Reuse as soon as the formwork is removed.
3) Less Leakage
The formwork should be such that leakage between its two joints is minimum.
4) Rigidity
Formwork should be strong enough to retain its shape without excessive deformation.
Deflection should not exceed span/300 for open visible surface and for non-visible surface
deviation should not exceed span/150.
5) Smooth surface
The surface exposed to the concrete of formwork should be smooth. For which a oil is applied on
the inner surface of the formwork.
6) Strength
Formwork should be strong enough to bear the weight of wet concrete as well as concrete
filling and equipment, labor, etc.
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7) Formwork removal time as per IS
Sr. No Types of Formwork For Concrete Made For Concrete Made

using OPC Cement using Cement Other
Than OPC or using
Mineral Admixture
such as Fly Ash, etc.
1 Vertical formwork to columns, 16-24 hours 16-24 hours
wall, beams
2 Slab ( props left under ) 3 days 7 days
3 Beam soffits ( props left under ) 7 days 10 days
4 Beam soffits ( props left under )
(a) Spanning upto 4.5m 7 days 10 days
(b) Spanning over 4.5m 14 days 14 days
5 Props to Beam and Arches
(a) Spanning upto 6m 14 days 14 days
(b) Spanning over 6m 21 days 21 days
2.5.4 Formwork for Column:

Four planks is used in column
formwork. Four plank are used to make box
formwork for column. Wooden blocks, bolts,
yokes, etc. are used to hold the sides of the
box in position.
The characteristics of the formwork for
column are as follows.
 The formwork should be designed in such a way that it can withstand the high pressure
generated if the concrete is filled quickly.
 Yoke spacing is kept at 1m.
 Depending on the shape of the column, the required boxes can be made.
 The formwork has a hole at the bottom called a cleanout hole or wash out hole. Before
starting the concreting the formwork, the pieces of bricks, debris, etc. are removed through
this hole and closed.
 Water is spray inside the formwork before starting the concreting work in formwork.
 The column box is designed so that the box can be used for another column with a few
modifications.
 The nails should be kept slightly out without pressing, to make box easy to open.
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2.5.5 Formwork for beam:

Formwork for beam is shown in the
figure. The formwork for beam is
usually made with the formwork of
the slab. The box for the formwork
of the beam is made of two sides
plank and the bottom plank. This
box is supported on a pillar.
2.5.6 Formwork for slab:

Formwork for slabs consists of small
beams at the head of vertical supports.
These beams are supported by planks. A
plank box is made for the end beam.
Vertical supports are strengthened by
attaching horizontal supports. Also laterals,
tapering blocks, base beams, wooden
blocks, struts, etc are used.
The following points should be kept in mind for the formwork of Slab.
1) The formwork for the slab, should be designed keeping in mind the additional 30%
weight of labor, materials, tools, etc.
2) Posts are attached with diagonal braces if needed.
3) Usually the steel formwork used for the slab and the rest of the parts of formwork are
made of timber.
4) Pillars should be supported exactly at the bottom end. Steel base plate, wooden wedge
etc. is used for this purpose.
5) The surface of formwork should be cleaned and sprinkled with water before pouring
concrete over the formwork.
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2.6 REINFORCEMENT
2.6.1 What is reinforcement?
Most concrete used for construction is a combination of concrete and reinforcement that is
called reinforced concrete. Reinforcement for concrete is provided by embedding deformed
steel bars or welded wire fabric within freshly made concrete at the time of casting. The
purpose of reinforcement is to provide additional strength for concrete where it is needed. The
steel provides all the tensile strength where concrete is in tension, as in beams and slabs; it
supplements the compressive strength of concrete in columns and walls; and it provides extra
shear strength over and above that of concrete in beams.
2.6.2Material is used for reinforcement:
1. Cement
2. Aggregate:
3. Natural aggregate
4. Crushed rock aggregate
5. Gravel
6. Sand
7. Artificial aggregate.
8. steel :-At actual site- 8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm and 25mm.
9. water
2.6.3 Uses of reinforcement:-
 Ability to be bent – Rebar can be bent after being manufactured. This simplifies the
construction and provides for rapid delivery of fabricated materials.
 Robustness – Reinforcing steel is robust and able to withstand rigors of construction.
 Ability to be recycled – Rebar is able to be readily recycled at the end of the structure
design life.
 Compatibility with concrete – Reinforcing steel does not need to be tied directly to the
formwork and does not float in concrete.
 Availability – Rebar is available in every region of the country. Due to the number and
distribution of plants, the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy
and Design program and other sustainability credits are availableavailable.
2.6.4 Functions of reinforcement concrete:-
There are varying reinforcements in concrete nowadays. The purpose of reinforcement are
mainly because of three reasons: Economy, Structural Integrity and Aesthetics.
Economy and Aesthetics
 Without reinforcements, required cross sectional area of concrete could be so massive
which affects both aesthetics and economical areas. Whereas having reinforcements, one
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can suit to a desired cross-sectional area of structures by compensating the “would-be”

concrete cross sectional areas thru reinforcements.
Structural Integrity
 Concrete is good in resisting compression stress but not in tensional forces. Reinforcement
like steel bars will strengthen this weak area of concrete to carry the loads.
 It takes the tensile stresses developed sure to loading conditions, as concrete is not good in
tension with minimal tensile strength (flexural stress)
 It gives ductility to the structure
 It prevents the catastrophic failure of the structure, provided the reinforcement provided in
not less than nominal requirement of the structure to be designed
 Overall it gives the stability to the structure without which the structure would not have
served the purpose for which it would be designed.
2.6.5 Types of steel reinforcement bars-
There are four types of steel reinforcement bars that are used in construction:
1.Mild Steel Plain Bars
 As opposed to other types, these bars do not have ribs on its surface. It is commonly used
for small projects with a tight budget since they’re cheaper to come by yet do not bond well
with concrete. Its tensile strength is about 40,000 psi.
 Grades in mild steel bars
1) Mild Steel Bars

 Mild steel bars grade-I designated as Fe 410-S or Grade 60.
 Mild steel bars grade-II designated as Fe-410-o or Grade 40.
 Medium Tensile Steel Bars designated as Fe- 540-w-ht or Grade 75
2. Cold Worked Steel Bars

 These bars look similar to hot rolled deformed bars, although it is worked by rolling the
steel at room temperature. Due to its working, these bars are less pliable and work best to
improve straightness and low-tolerance projects. It has a tensile strength of 60,000 psi.
3.Prestressing Steel Bars
 These bars are composed of multiple wires (called tendons) ranging from 2 to 7 strands. It
is best known for its versatile composition and impressive tensile strength. This material is
often paired with prestressed concrete found in bridges and concrete slabs in buildings. It
has a tensile strength of around 250,000 to 270,000 psi.
 Keep in mind that, while steel reinforcement bars improve the integrity of concrete
structures, it is not perfect. Concrete is a porous material that produces moisture and salt.
These can seep through and erode the steel bars’ strength over time. As a construction
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material, it is expensive and difficult to handle due to its weight. It can also melt in high
temperatures, which can be mitigated by tying the steel instead of having it welded.
4.Deformed Steel Bar
 Deformed steel bars have ribs, lugs and indentation on the surface of the bar, which reduces
the major problem that is faced by mild steel bar due to slippage and good bonding is
achieved between concrete and rebar. The tensile properties is higher compared to other
rebars. These bars are produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia.
2.6.6 Types of deformed steel bars

1)Thermo mechanical treated bars
2)High strength deformed bars
3)Deformed HSD Steel Bar
 Some reasons for using reinforced concrete
 Reinforced concrete has high fire and weather resistance.
 Reinforced concrete is versatile and can be formed into almost any shape. Required for
construction.
 Reinforced concrete has very low maintenance costs.
 Reinforced concrete is weather treated and resistant to damp conditions; this is why it is
the material of choice for dams, piers and footings.
 Reinforced concrete is more cost effective than equivalent steel structures.
 Reinforced concrete requires less skilled Labour when erecting a large structure.
 Common failure modes of steel reinforced concrete.
Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate strength, leading to mechanical failure, or due
to a reduction in its durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles may damage poorly designed
or constructed reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the oxidation products (rust) expand
and tends to flake, cracking the concrete and unbounding the rebar from the concrete.
2.6.7 Requirements of steel:
1) It Should be easily and cheaply available in bulk.
2) It should possess high tensile stress and elasticity.
3) Its thermal coefficient of expansion should be nearly equal to that of concrete to minimize
thermal stress.
4) It should have a long and durable life so that it can render service for longer time.
5) It should be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coat of paints, which reduce the
bond.
6) It should be capable of forming perfect bond or grip with concrete so that stresses are
transferred from one material to the other.
 Steel as Reinforcing Material:-
The steel is commonly used as reinforcing material due to its following qualities.
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 It possesses high tensile strength and elasticity.

 Its thermal coefficient is nearly equal to that of concrete i.e and respectively.
 It develops good bond with concrete.
 It is cheaply and easily available in bulk.
 It is economical comparing all the aspects.
 Reinforcement is used at building construction actual site:-
Reinforcement of lintel. Reinforcement of inner chajja
Reinforcement of lift Reinforcement of column
Reinforcement of slab Binding wire
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2.7 PLUMBING AND SANITATION WORK

2.7.1What is Plumbing?
Plumbing is system of pipe, drains, fittings, valve and devices installed in a building for
distribution of water for drinking, heating, washing and the removal of water borne waste, and
skilled tread of working with pipes, tubing and fixtures in such system.
2.7.2 Necessity of Plumbing:

Good plumbing will help make sure that there are air gaps, physical separations, and adherence
to building codes that separate connections of waste and clean water plumbing elements. Regular
plumbing maintenance can prevent cross-contamination, hence keeping the water in your home
clean and safe at all times.
2.7.3 Types of Plumbing System:
The three main types of plumbing systems installed in building:
• Potable system
• Sanitary system
• Stormwater system
1. Potable System:
The potable plumbing system which used in building brings clean water into your home for
drinking, bathing, cooking, and cleaning. The water flows from local community water mains
through a water meter, past a shut-off valve, and into the building. Different types of plumbing
pipes and valves divert water to each faucet and fixture in the building.
❖ Straight pipes of various lengths and diameters.
❖ Elbows to make directional changes.
❖ Tee sections for right-angle turns.
❖ Brass and gate valves to control the water flow.
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2. Sanitary System:
The sanitary drainage system removes wastewater
generated by flushing the toilet, taking a shower,
doing laundry, and washing the dishes. The drain
pipes in the building connect to a community sewer
line or septic system.
Three main types of sanitary plumbing system:
 Gravity systems use the natural slope of the
pipe to transport wastewater.
 Low-pressure systems help move wastewater with small electric pumps.
 Vacuum systems use sewage fittings connected through vacuum valves to move
wastewater along.
3. Storm water System:

Building’s storm water system drains runoff and snowmelt
from the property. Rainwater usually diverts to local
waterways, not water treatment plants.
 Roofs and gutters help drain rainwater away from
the exterior walls and foundation to protect the
building’s structural integrity.
 Rain barrels collect runoff for irrigation purposes.
 Sump pump remove rising groundwater from
basements to prevent flooding.
 Subsoil drains collect and drain storm water that percolates through the ground to prevent
excess soil saturation.
 Surface drains in paved areas collect rainwater for transfer to local waterways.
2.7.4 Material /Tools used in plumbing system:

The most common plumbing pipes are used inside a home are PVC, PEX, ABS, copper, or
galvanized steel pipe.
 PVC pipe Fitting Materials:
 TEE angle (90◦elbow)
 CPVC brass elbow
 APVC brass elbow
 Reduce TEE section
 Bent
 Endcap
 PVC union
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 Female PVC stepper pipe bend

 UPVC male threaded adaptor (brass)
 CPVC tank connector
 Sticking solution
 M –seal
 Teflon tape
 Tank connector
 45°elbow
 PVC multi floor cap
 End plug
Tee angle CPVC brass elbow Reduce Tee angle Bent
Female PVC End plug Brass Adapter Male sthread

adapter Stepper bent
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Tank connector PVC multi floor trap 45% elbow End cap
M-seal sticking solution Teflon tape
Hot water pipe Cold water pipe
2.7.5 Uses of plumbing materials

 Tee angle: Tee angle is used to connect and take taping with a pipe at a right angle with
their linear line.
 CPVC brass elbow: It is used to divert flow of hot and cold water at a 90°angle in the
plumbing system.
 Reduce Tee angle: To regulate water flow within plumbing system.
 Bent: By using piping bending, system can still route materials through piping networks
while minimizing Pressure change.
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 Female PVC stepper bent: it provides an innovent solution for making arrears in existing
vertical pipe.
 End plug: Pipe plugs are used in the closing of the ends of various hydraulic or pneumatic
pipes or tubes.
 Brass adaptor: Brass pipe fittings are typically used for carrying water, chemicals,
flammable gases, slurries, and other plumbing substances.
 Male thread adaptor: Can be used to connect pipes of different materials.
 Tank connector: it connects a pipe to a cistern, allowing water to be drawn from the cistern,
and in some circumstances, allowing water to enter it.
 PVC multi floor trap: To collect waste water from the washbasin, shower, sink and
bathroom areas.
 45°elbow: The 45° pipe elbow is used to connect tubes at a 45° pipe angle.
 End cap: It can be used to close a branch line running drainage line in the plumbing
network.
 M-seal: To plug leaks in pipes and joints.
 Teflon tape: Teflon tape is designed to coat the threads of plumbing components and
create a tighter seal.
 Sticking solution: HPGOLD CPVC solvent cement is formulated for use on cold and hot
water CPVC piping systems up to 180°F (82°C) maximum, in residential / commercial
plumbing.
2.7.6 Tools used in plumbing and sanitary work:
Plumber’s hammers, tape, flat plier, gas plier, plumber’s vice, bench vice, chain wrench, pipe
wrench, footprint wrench, hacksaw frame with a blade, files, chisels, caulking tools, double-ended
spanner set, ring spanner set, extension bar, socket wrench various handles, various sizes die, thapi,
ghamela, etc.
2.7.7 Advantages of Plumbing Maintenance
 Better Water Pressure.
 Healthier Family.
 Less Chance of Emergency Repair.
 Save Money on Utility.
 Improve Value.
2.7.8 Advantages of Plumbing
 Plumbing systems help remove waste and debris from the premises, which can otherwise
lead to slips, trips, and falls
 In addition, plumbing can help prevent the spread of illness by providing fresh, clean water
and removing sewage and waste from the premises.
 plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use
of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes
 Proper Plumbing system can help achieve water sustainability in full-fledge.
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2.7.9 Procedure of plumbing and sanitation work:
2.7.10 Precautions taken during plumbing and sanitation work:

 Plumbers should study the detailed drawings.
 The plumbers and workers should be skilled so that they can ensure the good workmanship
of the plumbing work.
 All the plumbing work activity should be done in a systematic manner and as per the pre-
planning and specification.
 Plumbers should use proper scaffolding when the plumbing work is carried out on the
external face or at the height more than 2m.
 All work should be done with proper tools. Worn out and old tools require more.
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2.8 CONCRETING
2.8.1 What is concrete?
It is the mixture of binding material, fine and coarse aggregate, water and admixture.
2.8.2 What is concreting?
 Concreting is mixing cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone)
to create a durable and strong building material known as concrete. The process involves
several steps, including the preparation of the site, the mixing of the concrete, and the
pouring and finishing of the material.
 Concrete is an essential building material, and its use is critical to the construction industry.
It is a versatile material that is durable, long-lasting, and cost-effective.
 It is measured in m³.
2.8.3 Material:
1. Cement:
 Grade of cement-53 grade.
 Company-Ultra tech
 Colour- Blackish grey.
 Size of cement Partical-Between 10 µm and 20 µm.
 Quantity:1 bag of 50kg.
 Price-per bag 350rs.
2. Aggregate:
 Colour-Black.
 Size-Angular.
 Texture- rough.
 Size of course aggregate-. >4.75mm.
 Size of fine aggregate-. <4.75mm.
4. Admixture:
 Concrete: RMC
 Grades of concrete:-
As per IS456:2000, concrete is graded into 15 types:
1) Ordinary Concrete M10, M15, M20.
2) Standard concrete M25, M30, M35, M40, M45, M50, M55.
3) High strength concrete M60, M65, M70, M75, M80.
 On actual site:
1) m25 concrete grade is used.
2) Admixture: Plasticiser
3) Capacity of concrete mixer truck:6m³ or 8m³.
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4) Ratio of concrete is :1:1:2.

5) Concrete gives compressive strength after 28days:25MPa or 25N/mm².
2.8.4 Properties of concrete:-
 Workability
 Strength of concrete
 Durability
 Creep
 Shrinkage
 Unit weight
 Modular ratio
 Poisson’s ratio
2.8.5 Requirement of Concrete:-
 The concrete should be mixed thoroughly to from a homogeneous mix.
 Concrete should be compacted properly to prevent it from being porous.
 Sufficient curing of concrete is required for developing full strength.
 The water cement ratio should be appropriate, considering the strength and workability
criteria.
 The concrete mix should be designed properly and should have all the ingredients in right
proportions.
 water used for mixing should be free from all harmful organic substances.
 The aggregate should be hard, durable and properly graded. For most R.C.C. works, 20mm
size of aggregate is suitable.
 The cement used for R.C.C. work should be of good quality and measured by weight only,
and not by volume.
2.8.6 Procedure of slab casting
a) Preparation of formwork.
b) Preparation of reinforcement
c) Surface cleaning by water
d) Transportation of concrete through concrete pipe line
e) Filled the concrete in column & beam
f) Compaction with vibrator
g) Compaction with rammering
h) Level the surface
i) Cured the concrete slab.
j) After 28days remove the formwork
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Preparation of formwork. Preparation of reinforcement Surface cleaning by water
Transportation of concrete Filled the concrete in Compaction with vibrator

through concrete pipe line column & beam
Compaction with Level the surface Cured the concrete slab.

rammering
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After 28days remove the formwork
2.8.7Procedure of column casting:-

1) Centering the column
2) Fixed starter to the column. 3) Filled the starter.
4) Column reinforcement covered with stirrup 5) Oiled the surface of formwork.
6) Fixed the formwork carefully 7) Poured the concrete mix
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8) Compaction with vibrator 9) After 48 hours remove the

formwork concreting of staircase:-
2.8.8 Advantages of concreting:-

 Very durable.
 Low maintenance.
 Does not rust, rot, or burn.
 Absorbs & retains heat (increases efficiency in buildings and cuts heating/cooling bills).
 Wind and water resistant.
 Non-combustible (fire safe).
 Effective soundproofing material.
6) Disadvantages of concreting:-
 More expensive
 Heavy & difficult to transport (although lightweight concrete does exist)
 Limited versatility
 Slower to build with
 Susceptible to efflorescence
2.8.9 Precautions while concreting:-
 Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly lines.
 To avoid sticking of concrete, formwork should be oiled before concreting.
 While placing concrete, the position of formwork and reinforcement should not get
disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped from a height more than 1 meter.
 Concrete should not be placed during rain.
 The thickness of the concrete layer should not be more than 15 – 30cm in case of RCC and
30 – 40cm in case of mass concrete.
 Walking on freshly laid concrete should be avoided.
 It should be placed as near to its final position as practicable.
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 Equipment for concreting:-

1) Crane. 2) concrete mixer
 Tools :
1) Plumb bob. 2) Vibrator 3) Phawra
4) Hand gloves 5) Shoes 6) Wooden float
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2.9 PAINTING
2.9.1 What is Painting?
Paints are coatings of fluid materials which are applied as a final finish to surfaces like walls,
ceiling, wood and metal works. Painting is done to protect the surface from the effects of
weathering, to prevent wood from decay and metal from corrosion, to provide a decorative
finish and to obtain a clean, hygienic and healthy living atmosphere.
2.9.2 Different Types of Paints
Asbestos Paints
Asbestos paint is a special purpose paint which is made of
fibrous asbestos. It is used for covering leakage in metal
roofs, for patch works, for protecting surfaces from acid
gases and steam. Rusting of pouts, flashings, gutters etc.
can also be prevented using asbestos paint coating.
Anti-Corrosive Paints
Anti-corrosive paints are used to resist corrosion. So, this
type of paint is widely used for metal surfaces like pipe,
external structures which may allowed to corrosive nature
etc. Linseed oil is generally used as vehicle and along with
it a strong drier is used to make anti corrosive paint. It is
very cheap and lasts longer.
Cement Based Paints
Cement based paints contains cement as the base material.
These paints contain cement, accelerator, pigment and
other additives. They are available in powder form. By
mixing water to this powder and stirred to the required
consistency the paint is obtained. Cement based paint is
water proof and can be applied in internal or external
surfaces.
Silicate Paints
Silicate paint is a mixture of silica and resinous
substances. Silica gives good adhesion to the paint which
will form hard surface after drying. This surface can resist
extreme heat with great resistance. Silicate paints never
reacts chemically with the metals. So, this type of paint
can be used in hot conditions and for metal structures.
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Plastic Paint
Plastic paints contain plastic as the base. Plastic paints dry
very quickly, provides better appearance and have high
covering power. They are used for coating walls, slabs,
decks etc
Casein Paints
Casein is a protein which is available in milk curd, is taken and is mixed with white pigments to
get casein paints. It is available in powder form or paste form. Colored pigments can be used to
get required color. Casein paints are used for coating walls, ceilings, wood works etc. But for
exterior usage, this paint should be mixed with driers.
Enamel Paints
The main constituents of enamel paints are metallic oxide, petroleum spirit, oil and resinous
matter. Enamel paint dries very slowly but after drying it forms very hard, impervious and
smooth layer. This layer cannot be affected by acids, alkalis, gas fumes, water etc. Different
colored enamel paints are available in the market. So, they are widely used for painting doors,
windows, stairs, decks etc.
Oil Paints
Oil paints are nothing but normal paints which usually contains
a base and vehicle. General base constituents used for making
oil paints are white lead, zinc white, lithopone, red lead and
titanium oxide. General vehicles used in oil paints are linseed
oil, tug oil etc. Along with base and vehicle, driers and color
pigments are also used. The driers used may be litharge, red
lead, zinc sulphate and manganese sulphate etc. Oil paints are
very economic and they can be applied in easy manner. They
are generally applied in three coats of varying composition.
2.9.3 Advantages of painting

 Increase Your Home’s Value
 Lift Your Spirits at Home
 Safeguard and Avert Damage to Your House
 Improve Your Interior
2.9.4 Disadvantages of Painting
 Only a very small range of finishes, including matte and glossy, can be produced by paint.
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 Additionally, paint develops cracks over time, necessitating more frequent reapplication
and touch-ups.
 Applying paint to walls can be untidy, and it’s simple to get stains on your floors, ceilings,
furniture, or appliances.
 You may not be able to apply heavy oil-based paint yourself because it dries more slowly
than you would expect and frequently needs to be applied by a professional. Oil-based
paints are also less heat resistant and tend to flow when applied.
 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are bad for the human body, can also be
released by paint.
 There is a greater likelihood that you will repaint more periodically even though paint lasts
5 to 10 years.
2.9.5 Process of Painting
First painters will clean building walls and ceiling
1. Apply primer.
2. Apply wall putty.
3. Apply wall putty — second coat.
4. Apply selected paint coat.
5. Apply selected paint coat — final one.
1. Applying Primer:
This is the first step in painting process.
2. Applying Putty:
This process will bring smooth surface to the walls. To identify/test smoothness you can take
a tube light and wall under that lighting, you will come to know smoothness of wall.
If plastering was not done properly then you will end up spending more amount on wall putty.
3. Applying paint:
Once putty was applied then paint quote will start. Once you finish one quote of painting
electrical people will fix switches. Carpenters can start working on wardrobes and kitchen
wood work. Once you finish all the works in house you can go for second quote.
You can paint second quote once after Gruha Pravesham because of home paint color may
change.
2.9.6 Tools required for painting work
Scraping patti, Ladder, Ghoda, Zula, distemper
brush, wash brush, oil paintbrush, fine brush; scraping
papers 60 No., 80 No., 100 No., 120 No., scraper
(metallic sheet), measuring jar, weighing balance, spray
for whitewash, burning stove, fine chisel, and hammer.
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Industrial Training
2.10 ROOFING
2.10.1 What is roofing?
The cover at the top a building the upper part of a cavity for surface or bed of rock immediately
overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein roof synonyms thatch is called as roof.
2.10.2 Roofing materials
 Country tiles
 Mangalore tiles
 A.C sheets
 G.I sheets
 Slates
 Lime stone slab & tiles
 Sand stone slab &tiles
 Earthen wave & stone wave
 Glazed earthen wave tiles
2.10.3 The process of roofing installation
And we’re moving directly to the process of building the roof. Let’s also assume that we’re
building a Gable roof, as opposed to a “flat” or other type of roof. A Gable roof is the most
common and popular design in the U.S., and looks like an upside down ‘V’. Assuming all
those things, our roof construction is going to involve four general categories. There will be
many tasks in each of these categories, but knowing these four steps will go a long way toward
enhancing our understanding of roofing.
1. Framing
This is the actual frame of the roof that goes up when the house is built, or is rebuilt for an
existing home. The most basic and rudimentary first step toward building a roof is having a
frame in place, and if this is not done correctly, a whole litany of future problems come into
play.
2. Sheathing
This is the first solid layer of roofing material attached to the frame of the roof. The sheath
most often consists of wood paneling cut with precision and carefully attached to the trusses
of your roof’s frame.
3. Installing the “underlayment”
A second (and very important) layer of protection is known as underlayment. This is most
often made of a material called roofing felt, which is actually an asphalt product that resembles
tar paper. As you can imagine, the primary purpose of this layer is to waterproof your roof.
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Industrial Training
4. Installing the roof cover

The outer layer of roofing, consisting of shingles, is known as the roof cover. This is your first
line of defense against wind, rain and other elements. There’s a definitely logic and system for
installing shingles properly, and many DIY roofers run into problems during this stage.
2.10.4 Precautions to be taken during the construction of roofing
1) Always begin with your pre-start talk
2) Work only during good weather conditions and avoid extreme heat/hot
3) Ladders should be stable and properly secured or tied of
4) Wear proper PPE
5) Carefully position ropes and extension cords so they're not understood.
2.10.5 Advantages of Flat roof
1) The construction and maintenance of flat roof is simpler.
2) It provides better architectural appearance to the building.
3) It avoids the need of false ceiling
4) It possesses good insulating properties
5) Pitched roof need greater area of roofing material than flat roofs.
2.10.6 Disadvantage of flat roof
1) Self weight of the flat roof is considerable which makes the roof construction more
expensive.
2) It initial cost is much more than that of pitched roof.
3) In the areas of heavy rainfall, the flat roofs are not suitable.
2.10.7 Advantages of pitched roof
1) Style
2) Thermal insulation
3) Energy savings
4) Protection against environmental hazards.
5) Longer lifespan.
2.10.8 Disadvantage of pitched roof
1) Pitched roofs place a greater burden on the foundations of the building and demand a
greater depth of the footings
2) Not feasible for buildings with multiple levels or complex plans
3) More expensive to install and maintain.
2.10.9 Necessary of a roof
A roof is the uppermost part of building, which is supported on structural members and covered
with roofing material. The main function of a roof is to enclose the space or building and to protect
the same from the damaging effect of weather elements, such as rain, wind, heat, snow, etc.
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Industrial Training
2.10.10 Tools used in Roofing
Galvanized steel sheet:-
Steel sheet Steel sheet

Abestos cement sheet:-
Cement sheet Cement sheet
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Industrial Training
Chapter 3: FEEDBACK
We experienced various activities on site. Industrial Training is really very important for
any civil engineering students because it gives so much knowledge than theory one. It gives idea
about Practical work. The site supervisor also provided good knowledge. They show us how to
calculate quantity of material.
This training gave us the idea about actual site work. Labours also gave us knowledgable
information about site work. This training knowledge is going to be very useful for our future life.
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Industrial Training
Chapter 4: CONCLUSIONS
We have experienced all things and face all the activities at the site with following things:
 Understood the equipment use.
 Understood the organizational structure.
 Known actual concepts, techniques used in construction.
 Known the problem comes on site.
 Known the duties and responsibilities of each person.
 Handling and store of materials.
 Learnt the plans of building.
 Understood the responsibilities of contractor.
 Understood the responsibilities of architecture.
 Learnt the various types of calculations.
 Learnt the various types of conversions.
 Learnt about different processes of construction activities like masonry work, concreting,
plastering, painting, flooring, provision of formwork, plumbing work, electrification work,
bar binding work, etc.
 Learnt about use of tools, equipment and devices at the construction site.
 Learnt to understand and interpretation of drawing.
 Understood the process of taking of measurements of construction components.
Thus, this training has been a very useful experience for me. The two main things
that we learnt after our experience are time management and being self-motivated.
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Industrial Training
Chapter 5: REFERENCES
 Data collection at site.

 A to Z practical building construction and its management by Mr.Sandeep Mantri.
 Building Construction book by Mr. Sushil Kumar.
 https://civilsnapshot.com/process-of-building-painting-work/
 https://constructionor.com/plaster/
57

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Industrial Training

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC RATNAGIRI

Punam Ram Khadke –2200130410

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

This is to certify that the report on

Prof. B. T. Dolas Head of the Department

NO. NAME PAGE

Date: 03/08 /2023

1.2 The Description of building as below:

7th floor: 7th floor:

1.3 Objectives of Industrial Training:

Chapter 2:BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORK

2. Brick masonry wall:

It can also be defined as a wall, fence, or enclosure of a building built on or adjacent to a

2.1.3 Material used in the wall

Step 2: Mix the mortar

Step 3: Lay the first course of bedding mortar

Step 4: Create the brick pillars

Step 5: Cutting bricks

Step 6: Keep the pillars one course ahead

Step 7: Make sure you’re sticking to 10mm mortar joints

Step 8: Add a coping stone

Step 9: Decorative brick soldier course

Step 10: How to finish the mortar beds

Step 11: Clean up

.1.5 Tools of wall

Hand Float Spirit level

2.1.6 Advantages of Masonry Wall

 They can be constructed in a variety of styles.

2.2.2 Plastering Material:

2.2.7 Precautions To Be Taken While Plastering:

Plastering defects Remedies

2. Crazing /dry-out of finish plaster in hot weather The plasterwork should be

2) Cementitious Waterproofing: A cement-based coating that is mixed with water and

4) Precautions during Waterproofing :-

2. Extended lifespan: By preventing water damage, waterproofing can significantly

6) Disadvantages of water proofing:-

2. The polyurethane protective coating shouldn’t be very versatile.

7) Tools used for waterproofing

4. Stone flooring: Granite

2.4.3 Material required for flooring

2.4.8 Disadvantages of tile flooring

 Advantages of Plywood Formwork:

1) It can be used frequently.

2.5.3 Requirement of good Formwork:

7) Formwork removal time as per IS

Sr. No Types of Formwork For Concrete Made For Concrete Made

2.5.4 Formwork for Column:

2.5.5 Formwork for beam:

2.5.6 Formwork for slab:

can suit to a desired cross-sectional area of structures by compensating the “would-be”

1) Mild Steel Bars

2. Cold Worked Steel Bars

2.6.6 Types of deformed steel bars

 It possesses high tensile strength and elasticity.

Reinforcement of lift Reinforcement of column

Reinforcement of slab Binding wire

2.7 PLUMBING AND SANITATION WORK

2.7.2 Necessity of Plumbing:

❖ Straight pipes of various lengths and diameters.

❖ Elbows to make directional changes.

❖ Tee sections for right-angle turns.