Detailed Estimation & Costing of G+5 Building

A Project report
On
“DETAILED ESTIMATION & COSTING OF G+5

BUILDING”
A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
By
MAHANKALI ABHINAY 17QA1A0140
MUNUKUNTLA NETHAJI 17QA1A0153
T RAJAN KUMAR 17QA1A0138
CHITLAPALLY LAXMIKANTH 16QA1A0121

Under the esteemed guidance of
B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY

(Assistant Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BRILLIANT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated To JNT University, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), RANGA REDDY (D)-501505
2020 – 2021
ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), RANGA REDDY (D)
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “DETAILED ESTIMATION & COSTING OF G+5
BUILDING”, being submitted by MAHANKALI ABHINAY -17QA1A0140, MUNUKUNTLA
NETHAJI -17QA1A0153, T RAJAN KUMAR -17QA1A0138, CHITLAPALLY
LAXMIKANTH -16QA1A0121 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, , in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor Of Technology Degree in Civil Engineering at JNTU Hyderabad is an authentic
work carried out by them under my personal supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge
the matter embodied in this project review report has not been submitted in any college/institute for
awarding degree or diploma.
B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY
Internal Guide HOD, Dept. of CIVIL

Asst. professor Asst. professor
Dr. SHAIK RUSTHUM

EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL
Professor
(Affiliated To JNT University, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), RANGA REDDY (D)-501505
Department of Civil Engineering
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Report of the Project Work entitled “DETAILED ESTIMATION &
COSTING OF G+5 BUILDING” which is being submitted to the Brilliant Institute of
Engineering & Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, is a
bonafide work carried out by us. The material contained in this Report has not been submitted
to any University or Institution for the award of any degree.
By:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our
Head of the Department .B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY (Department of Civil
Engineering, BRIL), for his valuable suggestions and unflinching cooperation
throughout course of the project work.
We also thank our principal Dr. SHAIK RUSTHUM, of “BRILLIANT

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY” for permitting this training.
We express our sincere gratitude to B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY, Project

Guide for supporting us and spending his valuable time in completing this project
work.
We also thank all teaching and non- teaching staff of Dept. of Civil Engineering
for their direct or indirect co-operation and encouragement.
Finally we express our sincere gratitude to all the members of faculty and our
friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to complete the project work
successfully.
By:

INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT 1-2
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION OF ESTIMATION AND
COSTING 3-5
1.1 Historical Data 4
1.2 Literature 5
CHAPTER 2 : DEFINITION OF ESTIMATION AND 8-10
COSTING
2.1 Definition of Estimation And Costing 9
2.2 Need For Estimation And Costing 9
2.3 Procedure 9
2.4 Data Required To Prepare An Estimation 10
2.4.1 Drawing 10
2.4.2 Specification 10
2.4.3 Rates 10
2.5 Complete Estimation 10
2.6 Lumpsum 11
2.7 Cost Estimating 12
2.8 Types of Cost Estimate 12
2.8.1 Conceptual Estimate 12
2.8.2 Detailed Estimation 13

INDEX
2.9 Accuracy 13
2.10 Inclusions And Exclusions 13
CHAPTER 3 : COMPONENTS OF WORK 15-18

3.1 Earth Work Excavation 16
3.2 Concreting in Foundations 16
3.3 Masonry 17
3.4 Reinforced Cement Concrete Works 17
3.5 Flooring 17
3.6 Roofing 17
3.7 Plastering 17
3.8 Pointing 18
3.9 Doors and Windows 18
3.10 White Washing,Colour Washing and Distempering 18
3.11 Painting 18
CHAPTER 4 : UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS 19-30

4.1 Principles of Measurement 20
4.2 Rules for Measurement 20
4.3 Units of Measurement 21-29
4.4 Methods of Taking out Quantities 29-30

INDEX
CHAPTER 5 : TYPES OF ESTIMATES 31-37
5.1 Detailed Estimate 32
5.1.1 Factors to be Considered While Preparing Detailed 33
Estimate
5.2 Data 33
5.2.1 Fixing of Rate Per Unit of An Item 33
5.3 Methods of Preparation of Approximate Estimate 34
CHAPTER 6 : PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING 38-45

6.1.1 Problem 1 - Choice of Work Method 39
6.1.2 Problem 2 - Output of Crew 40
6.1.3 Problem 3 - Cost of Labour 40
6.1.4 Problem 4 - Cost of Material 40
6.1.5 Problem 5 - Addition for Overheads and Profit 40
6.2 Location 41
6.3 Communication Problems 42
6.4 Transportation Problems 42
6.5 Increased Material Cost 42
6.6 Power And Water 43
6.7 Confined Sites 43
6.8 Labour Availability 44
6.9 Weather 44
6.10 Design Consideration 45

INDEX
CHAPTER 7 : RATE ANALYSIS 46-49
CHAPTER 8 : PLAN DRAWING 50-62

8.1 Electrical Drawing 51
8.2 Car Parking 52
8.3 Columns Details 53
8.4 Excavation Drawing 54
8.5 Footing Drawing And Details 55
8.6 Plinth Beam Details 56
8.7 Plinth Beam Drawing 57
8.8 Roof Beam Details 58
8.9 Roof Beam Drawing 59
8.10 Staircase Cross Section 60
8.11 Slab Thickness 61
8.12 Working Drawing 62
CHAPTER 9 :CALCULATIONS FOR WORK TO BE 63-74
DONE AND MATERIAL NEEDED FOR
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION
INDEX
CHAPTER 10 : CONCLUTION 75-78
CHAPTER 11 : REFERENCE 79-80

Detailed estimation & costing of G+5 building
ABSTRACT
Estimating has taken on a new significance in today’s competitive construction

market place. If you consider new technology, the size in both scope and money of
today’s construction projects, and the creative delivery systems employed by today’s
construction professionals, estimating is perhaps the most important function of the
successful construction company. From the time a construction project is a proposed,
and throughout its life, the estimate provides information that is critical to its success.
A construction professional should understand the need to create, organize format,

and deliver an estimate for use in budgeting for a project, developing a plan or detailed
schedule, and managing the project. The estimate is essential to the execution off all
work and for maintaining project control.
The key to producing an accurate estimate lies in the organization of the

information that will be used to determine the amount of material, labour, and
equipment required for the project. Based on this information, the estimator can apply
prices, contingencies and then profit. The estimating process does not end here. Once
awarded and the work begins, reviewed, referred to, praised, criticized, second-guessed,
and, yes, even cursed as the project progresses. And in the end, it will be put to the final
test of profitable or not.
Department of Civil Engineering Page 1

STATEMENT OF PROJECT
SALIENT FEARTURES:
1. Utility of building Residential Building
2. No. of floors Stilt + 5 Upper floors
3. Shape of building Rectangular
4. No. of stair case One
5. Type of construction R.C.C framed structure
6. Thickness of walls Outer walls 230mm and Inner walls 115mm
7. No. of lifts One
8. Geometric details:
Stilt floor 2.5 m for parking
Floor to floor height 2.95 m
Height of Plinth 0.45 m above G.L
Depth of footing 1.80 m Below G.L
9. Materials:
Concrete grade M20
Steel grade Fe415

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION
For all engineering works it is required to know before hand the probable cost of
construction known as the estimated cost. If the estimated cost is greater than the money
available, then attempts are made to reduce the cost by reducing the work or by changing
the specifications. In preparing an estimate, the quantities of different items of work are
calculated. One who understands and can read drawing may find out the dimensions-
lengths, breadths, heights, etc. from the drawing without difficulty and may calculate the
quantities. The calculations mainly consists of, length*breadth*height. Student, who is
weak in drawing, will gain in power or understanding of drawing and his knowledge of
drawing will be much improved. In preparing an estimate one has to go into details of
each item, big or small, nothing can be left or missed. Estimating makes one thorough,
superficial work does not do, one has to go deep into details.
Accuracy in estimate is very important, if estimate is exceeded it becomes very difficult

problem for engineers to explain, to account for and arrange for the additional money,
inaccuracy in preparing, omissions of items, change in designs, improper rates, etc. are
the reasons for exceeding the estimate, though increase in the rates is one of the main
reason. In framing a correct estimate, care should be taken to find out the dimensions of
all the items correctly, and to avoid omissions of any kind of work or part thereof. The
rate of each item should also be reasonable and workable. The rates in the estimate
provide for the complete work, which consist of the cost of materials, cost of transport,
cost of labour, cost of scaffolding, cost of tools and plants, cost of water, taxes,
establishment and supervision cost, reasonable cost of contractor, etc.
1.1 Historical Data
Historical Data is used frequently by estimators when compiling cost estimates, with their
attendant advantages and disadvantages. There are some rules to be followed, which are
extremely important:
 Always understand the source of the historical data.
 Always understand what the historical data represent
 Always understand what time period the historical data reflect.
 Always understand fully how to update and project the historical data to the present time.
 Always understand how to manipulate the data to represent your particular project, since
no
 Two projects are the same.

 Always be wary of working with historical data that you are not familiar with.
Various sources of historical data are available, such as published price books, cost
information publication services, trade journals, and, most important, cost feedback from actual
projects that the estimators firm has been involved with and therefore most knowledgeable of.
Actual cost feedback is the best information to use if it were recorded and documented
properly. The feedback cycle (see Fig 1.5) is of critical importance. In order for estimating to be
effective, feedback from the job site must occur. Actual costs should be compared with
estimated costs to inform the estimator of his or her performance during the estimating phase.
Unfortunately, the feedback process is not carried out effectively within the industry. To quote
the Business Round Table Report on modern management systems7: “Even within companies, a
feedback of actual costs is not consistently used to review and adjust the basis for estimating
future projects.”
Sound estimates are produced from a combination of experience and recorded cost data
of similar work previously performed. The cost data, if proper feedback procedures have been
adopted, will have been refined over time to reflect accurate costs for performing certain
operations. The estimator can use these data to formulate estimates accurately for future work.
If the data to formulate are incorrectly used or formulated, then mistakes will undoubtedly occur.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Ahuja et al. (1994) state that estimating is the primary function of the construction
industry; the accuracy of cost estimates starting from an early phase of a project through the
tender estimate can affect the success or failure of a construction project. They also state that
many failures of construction projects are caused by inaccurate estimates.
A cost estimate establishes the base line of the project cost at different stages of
development of the project. As Hendrickson et al. (1989) point out, a cost estimate at a given
stage of project development represents a prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator
on the basis of available data. Gould (2005) defined estimate as an appraisal, an opinion, or an
approximation as to the cost of a project prior to its actual construction. According to Jelen et al.
(1983), estimating is the heart of the cost engineer’s work and consequently it has received
appropriate attention over the years.

Holm et al. (2005) lists several reasons for making estimate, including:
o Feasibility studies
o Selection from alternate design
o Selection from alternate investment
o Appropriation of funds
o Presentation of bids and tenders
A number of cost prediction models have been developed. Bell (1987) developed multiple
linear regression models for preliminary cost estimating to be used by Alabama Highway
Department (AHD) for long range cost forecasting. The total project cost per mile is the function
of a list of probable predictors comprising line items, such as quantities of work items per mile.
Mahamid et al. (2010) developed multiple linear regression models for preliminary cost
estimating of road construction activities as a function of project’s physical characteristics such
as terrain conditions, ground conditions and soil drill ability.
Hegazy et al., (1998) used a neural network approach to manage construction cost data and
develop a parametric cost estimating model for highway projects. They introduced two
alternative techniques to train network’s weights: simplex optimization (Excel’s inherent solver
function), and GAs (genetic algorithms).
Three cost prediction models were developed by Christian and Newton (1998) in order to
determine an accurate cost for road maintenance. These models were developed in the province
of New Brunswick based on historical data during the period 1965–1994. Based on the models
and the management review, it was concluded that maintenance funding needed to be increased
by 25%.
Lowe et al. (2006) developed linear regression models in order to predict the construction
cost of buildings, based on 286 sets of data collected in the United Kingdom. They identified 41

potential independent variables, and, through the regression process, showed five significant
influencing variables such as gross internal floor area (GIFA), function, duration, mechanical
installations, and piling.
Han et al (2008) investigated the actual budgeting process in highway construction
projects, under the research collaboration of the Korean Ministry of Construction and
Transportation. They then developed two-tiered cost estimation models of highway construction
projects, considering the target goals for forecasting, allowable accuracy, and available
information at each phase of a project budgeting and initiation.
Recent work reveals that there are still many problems in cost estimation at the conceptual
stage of a project cycle. The World Bank had developed an international database for road
construction cost in developing countries; the data was yielded in form of ROad Costs
Knowledge System (ROCKS). It was designed to develop an international knowledge system of
road work costs to obtain average and range unit costs based on historical data that could
ultimately improve the reliability of new cost estimates. In that study, data from 65 developing
countries were used to make comparisons between estimated costs at appraisal and actual cost at
completion. Among these projects 62% were overestimated, and the rest underestimated
(ROCKS, 2002).

CHAPTER-2
DEFINATION OF ESTIMATION AND

COSTING

2. WHAT IS ESTIMATING AND COSTING

2.1 DEFINATION OF ESTIMATING AND COSTING
Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities

and the expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.
In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part
or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirement are
necessary for preparing an estimate.
a) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.
b) Detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials etc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
2.2 NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be
determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds
available or not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.
2.3 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATION.
Estimating involves the following operations
1. Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work
3. Preparing abstract of estimate

2.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
2.4.1 DRAWINGS
If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the
preparation of estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential
before preparing an estimate.
2.4.2. SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of work. It helps no form a
general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the varies items
of work laying down the quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the
method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.
2.4.3 RATES:
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.,
2.5 COMPLETE ESTIMATE:
Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost
of materials and labour, but many other direct and indirect costs included and
is shown below.

The Complete Estimate
Cost of land L.s.and Legal expenses Cost of Structure

Contingencies between owner
at 5% and contractor
Actual cost of cost of Brochorage Cost of Permits fee for

cost of surveying verification if any Labour construction water,
land of deeds and Electricity from
execution of Cost of Consulting authorities

Deeds materials Engineer fees
cost for Cost of

preparation supervision
of plan,
estimate and
design
2.6 LUMPSUM:
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of

petty items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum
items or simply L.S. items.
The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.(8% to10%)

2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,(8% to 10%)
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above L.S
.Items Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual
cost should not exceed the L.S. amounts provided in the main estimate.
2.7 COST ESTIMATING

Cost estimating is a well-formulated prediction of the probable construction cost of a

specific building project. A cost estimate can be an important management tool to library
planners during the design phases of a project providing information about the facility and the
project budget.
All projects begin with an idea and end by filling a need. Most projects at conceptual
design require changes to present an acceptable workable solution. The conceptual cost estimate
is becoming more important to owners, architects, and builders. It is a tool for determining
required funding and to gauge the needs of a project. This tool continues to be refined during the
design stages of the project.
The cost estimate accounts for all items that will generally be included in the general
contractor’s bid. The cost estimate is prepared by breaking down the items of work using a
standard format and determining the cost of each item from experience and a database of
current construction cost information.
A cost estimate should not be confused with a project budget. A project budget will include
the total of the cost estimate, and will also include what are known as “soft costs”. These soft
costs will specifically be excluded from the cost estimate and will typically include land
acquisition, architectural and design fees, movable furniture and equipment, building permits and
fees, fire and all risk insurance. The project budget will also include non-construction related
costs such as fundraising and moving costs.
2.8 Types of Cost Estimate

Cost estimates fall into two groups: conceptual estimates and detailed estimates. Each can
be broadly defined as follows:
2.8.1 Conceptual Estimate
Conceptual estimating or parametric estimating is the process of establishing a project’s
cost, often before any graphical representation of a facility has been developed.
2.8.2 Detailed Estimate
The detailed construction estimate is the product of a process whereby the cost of a
proposed construction project is predicted. The estimate is prepared by breaking down the items
of work in an orderly and logical basis, determining the cost of each item from experience, and

summarizing the total...

2.9 Accuracy
The cost estimate is based on the measurement and pricing of quantities wherever
information is provided and/or reasonable assumptions for other work not specifically covered
in the drawings or specifications. Unit rates are based on historical data and discussions with
contractors and sub-contractors. The unit rates reflect current bid costs in the area. All unit
rates relevant to subcontractor work include the subcontractors’ overhead and profit unless
otherwise stated. The mark-ups cover the costs of field overhead, home office overhead, and
profit and range from 15% to 25% of the cost for a particular item of work.
Pricing reflects probable construction costs obtainable in the project locality on the date of
cost estimate of probable costs. This estimate is a determination of fair market value for the
construction of the project. It is not a prediction of low bid. Pricing assumes competitive bidding
for every portion of the construction work for all subcontractors and general contractors, with a
minimum of four bids for all items of subcontracted work and six to seven general contractor
bids. Experience indicates that a fewer number of bidders may result in higher bids, conversely
an increased number of bidders may result in more competitive bids.
Since the cost estimator has no control over the cost of labor, material, equipment, the
contractor's method of determining prices, or the competitive bidding or market conditions at the
time of bid, the cost estimate of probable construction cost is based on industry practice and the
estimator’s professional experience in the construction industry, and represents the professional
cost estimator’s best judgment. The accuracy clearly is dependent on various external factors, but
it is typically expected to be within 5% of the average bid.
2.10 Inclusions and Exclusions

A cost estimate includes all items that will typically be in the general contractor’s
bid. A list of exclusions might include:
• Professional design, testing, inspection and management fees
• Assessments, taxes, finance, legal or development fees
• Building permits and fees

• Fire and all risk insurance

• Scope changes and post contract contingencies for change orders and/or claims
• Land and easement acquisition
• Owner supplied and installed furniture, fixtures and equipment
• Movable furniture and equipment
Since the exclusions to a cost estimate are project specific, it is very important that all
parties involved make a point of studying the list of exclusions to ensure that they have a clear
understanding of the scope of work accounted for in the cost estimate.

CHAPTER-3
COMPONENTS OF WORK

3. COMPONENTS OF WORK
In case of preparation of detailed estimate, the whole project is divided in to various stages. Each
stage is divided into items of work. A main or principle items of Civil Engg. Works are explained
below.
3.1 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION:

Earth work excavation includes excavation and filling both. Both are considered in different items
and quantities of both are calculated, separately. The rates for both items are also different in S.S.R.
a) Before excavation of foundations of structure , the site is leveled, after cleaning the site,
such as bushes, trees, grass, etc. Making convenient for marking with lime for actual
excavation.
b) The marking in the lime lines are made on the grounds as per plans in the drawings, and
makes ready for excavation with required width an depth.
c) The trenches for foundations should be excavated to the required width, the sides of
trenches are vertical, and top width and bottom width should be equal.
d) All the inner and outer measurements of trenches are measured accurately. The cross
measurements are tallied equally on both sides.
e) The loose earth on the trenches are removed and rammed and sprinkle the water.
f) The removed earth may be damped to the maximum distance possible to the outer side of
excavation, without causing inconvenient for further construction works.
g) If the soils of loose or collapsible nature, sides are protected by timber shuttering and
shoring.
h) During excavation care is being taken with out causing damage or loss to the pipe lines,
swear lines, telephone lines.
i) After construction items ie. Concreting, R.R. masonry in the foundations and up to plinth
beam level, the gaps in foundations are filled with excavated earth. Balance earth is use for
filling basement, with watering and ramming
3.2 CONCRETING IN FOUNDATIONS.

The measurements taken in volume by measuring length*breadth*thickness. The length and width
up earth work item is same for concreting. The thickness of concrete varies from 20 cms to 40 cms.
The normal thickness is 30 cms. The propositions are cement concrete 1:4:8 or 1:5:10 with utility
of 40 cms sizehb metal.
The desired quantity of materials like cement, sand and 40mm size HB metal and water will be
procured confirming to I.S. and workmanship may carried out as per standard procedure, in
mixing, placing, compacting, curing etc; to attain the required quality.

3.3 MASONRY(STONE MASONRY AND BRICK MASONRY)

The measurements are taken length*width*height to arrive the quantity
In cubic meters. The measurements in foundations and in basement up to plinth is taken as unit and
beyond plinth up to roof slab another unit, in first floor next unit and so on. The work is carried
with desired quality of materials with required workmanship in horizontal layers, vertical using
plumbob, avoiding continuous vertical joints, using through stones with desired proportion of
mortar. The necessary deductions are made for doors, windows, cupboards, ventilators from the
masonry quantity of R.R.C.
3.4 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE WORKS

The R.R.C works may be used for columns, plinth beams, lintels, verandah beams sunshades,
racks, T.beams, bed blocks, roof slabs etc. the quantities are calculated in cubic meters. The length,
breadth, thickness are measured accurately and quantities are calculated including the steel
reinforcement in position. The reinforcement and its bending is taken up separately and is
measured in length and the total weight is calculated considering unit weight of each diameter rod.
The volume of the steel is not required to be deducted from the measured quantity of R.R.C.
R.R.C works are also estimated for complete work inclusive of steel, centering and
shuttering. Theframe works are separately be done for each item of work. EX:lintels with sufficient
bearing in walls, sunshade racks with monolithic connected from lintels or beams, for T.beams
over bed block restingon masonry walls, roof slabs, with suitable vertical and horizontal supports
with out gaps. Over it grass is spread over it clay wil spread and plastered with cement mortar and
cured for 2 or 3 day, and prepare to lay concrete over desired reinforcement is arranged on the
framework. The concrete is prepared with suitable ingredients like 20 cm size HB metal, sand,
cement and water which confirms to I.S.
3.5 FLOORING
Generally flooring in ground floor, basement is filled with sand, watering ramming is done. Over it
the slabs of 4 to 5 cms thick were laid duly cutting edges to the required level and edges of
cuddapah slabs are pointed with cement mortar (1:3) to full depth of cuddapah slabs for suitable
stabilization of cuddaph slabs. The quantity of work is calculated in square meters taking length
and breadth of room.
3.6 ROOFING:
The roofing is generally made with R.R.C. slab of suitable thickness 10 to 12 cms.
With required reinforcement. In some cases roofing is done, with Kurnool Terrace, Madras Terrace
with A.C sheet , mangalore tiles, pot tiles and pan tiles etc. the quantity of work is calculated in sq.
mts. In case of R.R.C slab is calculated in sq. mts, if thickness of slab is specified.
3.7 PLASTERING:
The plastering is done on either side of masonry to protect and improve the site of structure. For
stone masonry out side is pointing is done instead of plastering. The thickness of plastering and the
type of mortar are mentioned in the specification. Normally 12 mm thick plastering is done for
brick masonry and 20 mm thick for stone masonry with the cement mortar proportion of 1:4. The

pointing is done with cement mortar 1:3. Deductions are made for plastering for doors, windows,
ventilators, caboards, etc; one side only, considering vertical cross sections soffits and sells which
are not taken in to account.
3.8 POINTING
Generally pointing is done to external faces of masonry. The proportion of cement mortar adopted
in cement mortar is 1:3. Deductions are made similar to the case of plastering.
3.9 DOORS AND WINDOWS:

Generally the doors and windows adopted are of teak wood or country wood of suitable wood of
suitable dimensions. The wood selected for frames and shutters conform to I.S. the sizes of doors
are normally 1.00*2.00m or 0.90*1.80m keeping in view the utility of the structure. Necessary
painting with desired paint and workmanship is allowed for the utility and t improve the life of
doors and windows.
3.10 WHITE WASHING,COLOUR WASHING AND DISTEMPERING:

This items white washing, colour washing, and distempering are measured in sq. mts. The area is
taken same as plastering. Inside is usually made white washing ad outside is usually colour
washing and its area is taken same as for outside plastering. These items need not be calculated
separately.
3.11 PAINTING:
The item of painting is calculated in sq. mts. For painting and varnishing the doors and windows
dimensions should be taken for outer dimensions of the chowkat. The area is measured flat,
separate measurements is taken for the chowkat, the area is same as the area of wall opening. For
iron grills etc; the area of clear opening inside the chowkat is taken. For both faces of doors and
windows, the single area as measured above is multiplied by the following factors, called
coefficients.
1 Flush door =2times

2 Fully glazed door =1 time
3 Fulley paneled and party =2times
glazed
4 Fully paneled door 2.5 times
5 Fulley paneled window 2.75times

CHAPTER-4
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

4.UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
4.1 PRICIPLES OF MEASURMENTS:
1.Massive or volumetric items of work such as eart work, concrete for foundations,
R.R.masonry , brick masonry etc. the measurements length, breadth, height/depth shall be taken
to compute the volume or cubical contents.
2. Shallow thin items of work are expressed in areas , in sq.mts , the measurement of length and
breadth or height shall be taken to compute the areas.
Ex: plastering , white washing etc;
3. linear measurements of items ae expressed in linear or running units or in running meters.

Ex: fencing, ornamental borders, rain water pipes etc;
4.single unit of works are expressed in numbers.

Ex: doors, windows, trusses, rafter etc;
4.2 RULES FOR MEASUREMENT:

The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS1200. However
some of the general rules are listed below.
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item
shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and plant and all types of
overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or thickness.
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
i) Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separately under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and
accurately represent the work to be executed.
6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be
measured separately and the heights shall be described:
a) from foundation to plinth level
b) from plinth level to First floor level
c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
4.3 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:

The units of measurements are mainly categorised for their nature, shape and size and
for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of measurements
normally consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses the etc., are expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail,
bands of specified width etc., are expressed in (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earthwork, cement
concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.
[BASED ON IS 1200 REVISED]

Sl. Particulas of item Units of Units of
No. Measurement payment
I Earth work: cum per cum

1. Earth work in Excavation cum per cum
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation-
Trenches cum per cum
3. Earth work in filling in plinth
II Concrete: cum per cum
1. Lime concrete in foundation cum per cum
2. Cement concrete in Lintels cum per cum
3. R.C.C.in slab
cum percum
4. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja, Sun-shade
5 L.C.in roof terracing sqm per sqm
(thickness specified)

6. Cement concrete bed cum per cum

7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified cum 1rm
Width & Height
III Damp Proof Cource (D.P.C)
sqm per sqm
(Thickness should be
mentioned) IV Brick work:
1. Brickwork in foundation cum per cum
2. Brick work in plinth cum per cum
3. Brick work in super structure cum per cum
4. Thin partition walls sqm per cum
5. Brick work in arches cum per cum
6. Reinforced brick work cum per cum
(R.B.Work)
V Stone Work:
Stone masonry cum per cum
VI Wood work:
1. Doors and windows frames cum per cum
or chowkhats, rafters beams
sqm per sqm
2. Shutters of doors and window
3. Doors and windows fitting. Number per number
VII Steel work

1. Steel reinforcement bars
etc in R.C.C. and R.B Quintal per quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel Reinforcement Quintal per quintal
3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, Anchor Quintal per quintal

bolts, Holding down bolts.
Quintal per quintal
4. Iron hold fasts
Quintal per quintal
5. Iron railing (height and types specified)
6. Iron grills sqm per sqm

VIII Roofing
1. R.C.C. and R.B. Slab cum per cum
roof (excluding steel)
2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick
or stone slab etc (thickness specified) sqm per sqm
3. Centring and shuttering sqm per sqm
4. A.C.Sheet roofing sqm per sqm
IX Plastering, points &finishing
1. Plastering-Cement or Lime Mortar sqm per sqm
2. Pointing
sqm per sqm
3. White washing, colour
sqm per sqm
washing cement wash (number of
coats specified)
4. Distempering (number of
coats specified) sqm per sqm
5. Painting, varnishing(number of
coats specified) sqm per sqm
X Flooring
1. 25mm cement concrete
over 75mm lime concrete sqm per sqm
floor (including L.C.)
2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor sqm per sqm
3. Doors and window sills(C.C. or cement sqm per sqm
mortar plain)
XI Rain water pipe /Plain pipe
1RM per RM
XII Steel wooden trusses
1No per 1No
XIII Glass pannels(supply)
sqm persqm
XIV Fixing of glass panels No per no.
or cleaning

STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR VARIOUS ROOMS:
The height of parapet wall should not be less than 0.60 m and more than 1.2 m above the
finished floor level.
1. Height of building components

Room Minimum Dimension Area in sq.m
Drawing 1.00 X 3.10 m 9.25

3.20 X 4.00 m
Living 10.50
3.00 X 3.50 m
Bed Room 1.20 X 2.40 m 9.25
1.20 X 2.10 m
Kitchen 6.25
Toilet 2.52
DOORS:
A door is a framework of wood, steel, aluminum, glass, low cost materials or a
combination of these materials. The purpose of door is to provide access to the inside of a
building or rooms of a building. Hence, doors should be placed in such a way that free of
movement into and outside the structure is ensured.
WINDOWS:
Windows are provided for lighting and ventilation in the building and for good prospect.
It is desirable that windows be located opposite to each other to give a rapid exchange of
air in the room.
Minimum Sizes of Doors and Windows:

Name Notation Size Height
Main Door MD 1.05 2.10
Door 1 D1 0.91 2.10
Door 2 D2 0.76 2.10
Window W 1.50 1.22
Window 1 W1 1.22 1.22
Kitchen Window KW 0.91 0.76

Ventilation V 0.76 0.45

PERMISSIBLE SETBACKS & HEIGHT STIPULATIONS FOR ALL TYPES OF NON-
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
(Buildings below 18 m in height inclusive of stilt/plot Floor):
(a) The height of buildings permissible in a given site/plot shall be subject to some
restrictions.
(b) The minimum setbacks and permissible height as per TABLE –III and other conditions
stipulated below shall be followed.
Sl. Plot size (in Parking Height Minimum

No sq.m)above- provisions (in m) Building Line or Minimum Front Setbacks setbacks
Up to permiss to be left (in m) on
ible up Up to Above Above Above Abo remaining
to 12 m 12m & 18m & 24m & ve sides (in
up to up to up to 30m m)
18m 24m 30m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Less than50 - 7 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 -
2 50-100 - 7 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 -
10 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 0.5
3 100-200 - 10 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 1
4 200-300 Stilt floor 7 2 3 3 4 5 1
10 2 3 3 5 6 1.5
5 300-400 Stilt floor 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 1.5
12 3 4 5 6 7.5 2
6 400-500 Stilt floor 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 2.5
12 3 4 5 6 7.5 2.5
7 500-600 Stilt floor 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 2.5
12 3 4 5 6 7.5 3
15 3 4 5 6 7.5 3.5
8 750-1000 Stilt + one 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 3

cellar floor 12 3 4 5 6 7.5 3.5

15 3 4 5 6 7.5 4
9 1000-1500 Stilt + 2 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 3.5
cellar floors 12 3 4 5 6 7.5 4
15 3 4 5 6 7.5 5
18 3 4 5 6 7.5 6
10 1500-2500 Stilt + 2 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 4
cellar floors 15 3 4 5 6 7.5 5
18 3 4 5 6 7.5 6
11 Above 2500 Stilt + 2 or 7 3 4 5 6 7.5 5
more cellar 15 3 4 5 6 7.5 6
floors 18 3 4 5 6 7.5 7
Stilt floor meant for parking is excluded from the permissible height in the above table.
Height of the stilt floor shall not be less than 2.5m. In case of parking floors where mechanical
system and lift are provided, height of such parking floors shall not be less than 4.5m.
4.4.METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES:

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
a) Long wall-short wall method:
In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while
the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the length of long
wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the
length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end
to its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be
found by deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end. The length of
long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the
short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.

b) Centre line method:
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre
line length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity
at a time. When cross walls or partitions or veranda walls join with main wall, the centre
line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. such junction or joints are
studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates prepared by
this method are most accurate and quick.
The center line length of room =sum length of long wall and short wall
The C.L.of room =2(C.L.of long wall+C.L.of short wall)
The C.L of long wall =0.5*wall thickness*length*0.5wall thickness.
The C.L of long wall =0.5*wall thickness*width*0.5wall thickness
c) Partly centre line and partly cross wall method:
This method is adopted when external (i.e., all-round the building) wall is of one
thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, centre line
method is applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to internal
walls. This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of
foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this
method.

CHAPTER-5
TYPES OF ESTIMATES

5.1 DETAILED ESTIMATE:

The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various items
of work and then determine the cost of each item. This is prepared in two stages.
i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work concreting,
brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are taken from drawings
and entered in respective columns of prescribed proforma. the quantities are calculated by
multiplying the values that are in numbers column to Depth column as shown below:
Details of measurements form
Length Breadth Depth/
S.No Description (L) (B) Height Quantity Explanatory
of Item No M M (D/H)m Notes
ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost :

The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already computed
in the details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is worked out in the
prescribed form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4%of estimated Cost is allowed
for Petty Supervision, contingencies and unforeseen items.

The detailed estimate should accompanied with

i) Report
ii) Specification
iii) Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv) Design charts and calculations
v) Standard schedule of rates.
5.1.1 Factors to be considered While Preparing Detailed Estimate:

i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the requirement
of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be purchased and
transported definitely at cheaper rate.
ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage
or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials.
iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local labours are
considered while preparing the detailed estimate.
5.2 DATA:
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data. In
preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from current standard
scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labour required for one unit
of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B)
5.2.1 Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item:

The rate per unit of an item includes the following:
i) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of materials are taken strictly in of
accordance with standard data book (S.D.B). The these includes first cost, freight,
cost insurance and transportation charges.

ii) Cost of labour: The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the
multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment, tools and
plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided.
iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries
of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
5.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE:

Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of
project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of commercial projects,
whether the net income earned justifies the amount invested or not. The approximate
estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The estimate is
accompanied by a report duely explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site
or layout plan. A percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the
methods used for preparation of approximate estimates.
a) Plinth area method
b) Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method.
a) Plinth area method: The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with
plinth area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of
building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in
respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of
building, roof, wood work, fixtures, number of storeys etc.,
As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of building.
a) Area of walls at floor level.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2, lifts, air conditioning ducts etc.,
c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side constructed
on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include

a) Area of lofts.
b) Unenclosed balconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.

b) Cubical Contents Method: This method is generally used for multi-storeyed buildings. It is
more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The
cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of
buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x
breadth x depth or height. The length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the
plinth off set. The cost of string course, cornice, corbelling etc., is neglected.
The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume.
c) Unit Base Method: According to this method the cost of structure is determined by
multiplying the total number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools and
colleges, the unit considered to be as 'one student' and in case of hospital, the unit is
'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure incurred or cost
of similar building in the nearby locality by the number of units.
Approximate cost of a hostel building for 100 students @ Rs. 10,000/- per student
works out as Rs. 10 lakhs.
Approximate cost of a two roomed quarter may be Rs. 60,000/- a three roomed quarter
may cost Rs.1 lakh.
Approximate cost of a 100 bed hospital @ Rs.50,000/- per bed comes to Rs. 50 lakhs.

Problems on Plinth Area Method

Example 5.1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with total plinth area
of all building is 800 sqm. and from following data.
i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm
ii) Cost of water supply @7½%of cost of building.
iii) Cost of Sanitary andElectrical installations each @ 7½% of cost of building.
iv)Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.
v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.
vi)Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost.
Determine the total cost of building project.
Solution

Problem on Cubical content Method:
Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial complex for a municipal
corporation for the following data.
Plinth Area =
500m2/floor Ht of
each storey = 3.5m
No. of storeys = G+2
Cubical content rate = Rs. 1000/m3
Provided for a following as a percentage of structured cost
a) water supply & Sanitary arrangement -8%
b) Electrification -6%
c) Fluctuation of rates - 5%
d) Contractors profit - 10%
e) Petty supervision & contingencies - 3%
Sol : Cubical content = No. of storeys (Plinth Area x height of each storey)
= 3(500x3.5) = 5250m3
Structural cost = Cubical content x cubical content rate
= 5250 x 1000 = 52.5 Lakhs
other provisions:-
a) Water supply and sanitation = 52.5x8/100 = Rs.4.2 Lakhs
b) Electrification = 52.5 x 6/100 = Rs.3.15 lakhs
c) fluctuation of rates = 52.5 x 5/100 = Rs.2.625
Total = Rs. 9.975 Lakhs
Structural cost = Rs. 52.500 Lakhs
Total = Rs.62.475 Lakhs
d) P.S./& contingencies = 62.475 x 3/100 = Rs.1.874 Lakhs
e) Contractors Profit = 62.475 x 10/100 = Rs.6.247 Lakhs
Total Cost = Rs.70.596 Lakhs
Problems on Unit Base Method:
Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of a hospital building for 50

beds. The cost of construction altogether for each bed is Rs. 60,000/-. Determine the
total cost of hospital building.
Solution:
No. of beds = 50
Cost of construction = Rs. 60,000/-
Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 60,000= Rs. 30,00,000/-

CHAPTER-6
PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING

6. PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATION
How does an estimator estimate the cost of a construction project? For those reader’s not
familiar with cost estimating, the process involved is complex. Learning about cost estimating
will help non-cost-estimators understand what is involved and what limitations exist when
reviewing cost data generated by cost estimators.
estimates attempting to hit the target, which is the actual cost. The subjective value chosen by
each estimator was considered to represent the resources required by each firm to complete an
example office-building project. We can see that the estimates are all scattered around the target
of actual cost. Hitting the target is not a common occurrence and is an inbuilt problem of
estimating.
Briefly, let us consider an estimator pricing a brickwork item.
What are the difficulties presented? They are as follows:
1. Choice of work method.
2. Output of crew (given the firm’s unique efficiency).
3. Cost of labor
4. Cost of material and selection of an appropriate wastage allowance.
5. Addition of overheads and profit
6.1.1 Problem 1 - Choice of work Method

There may be many or only a few work methods available. For instance, should the
estimator assume a three-man or a four-man crew, composed of two or three bricklayer with
either one or two laborers? Will there be central mortar mixing or individual mixers for each
crew? How will the brickwork be constructed? Will trestles or proper standing scaffolding be
used? Where will work commence from? What restrictions will the other trades impose on the
masonry work?
All possibilities must be investigated, and the most economical possibility should be
chosen.

6.1.2 Problem 2- Output of crew

The output chosen will be based on past performance, since the estimator will assume
that this performance will be repeated in the future. As will be explained later, recording and
properly documenting job site performance is helpful to the estimator when he or she considers
future projects. Manipulation of these historical data may occur; for example, decreasing output
to allow for restricted working condition. Whatever manipulation occurs, the estimator is faced
with the difficulty of trying to assess what output will be achieved.
6.1.3 Problem 3- Cost of labor

How much will the contractor be required to pay for labor? The estimator must predict
this cost. The labor cost will vary depending on job location, availability of skilled labor,
contract wage regulations, union or open shop labor requirements, general market conditions,
and so on.
6.1.4 Problem 4- Cost of Material

This can be predicted with a fair degree of accuracy if the material in question is in ready
supply and is frequently purchased. The quantity of material required must be accurately
measured from the drawing and is not dependent on the crew performance or work method
adopted. Although the estimator must not only consider the finished in -place quantity of
material, but also must allow for a wastage factor, this factor can vary dramatically and is highly
dependent on the performance and work procedures adopted by the crew.
6.1.5 Problem 5 - Addition for overheads and profit

This amount will depend on company policy, market condition, and many other variables
that will be discussed later. It is, as you can imagine, very important to incorporate overhead and
profit into the final estimate.
Problems 1-5 have been presented simply, but you can begin to imagine their complexity.
An estimator has to posses the skill and expertise to assemble the known facts and rationally
solve the estimating equation. The estimator selects a range of most likely values and, after a
process of fine tuning and “weighing up” of the situation, the estimator modifies his or her initial
crude selection and finally selects a value that he or she considers to be ‘most likely.”
The thought process previously described and shown in fig.1.2 and 1.3 applies to our
hypothetical brickwork example, but generally indicates how and estimator arrives at a solution
for each separate item of the cost estimate. A total cost estimate consists of numerous line items
and specific sections relating to various trades and specialists subcontractors. This thought
process will usually be repeated on numerous occasions during the compilation of one single
estimate or bills of quantity.
6.2 Location
Since a construction project’s location affects the final cost, an estimator must understand
what particular locational factors will be encountered and what considerations should be taken
into account when formulating the estimate. Estimators are aware that costs in Boston are
different that costs in Miami, but not everyone is aware that the locational variation within the
Boston area or within the Miami area also influence construction costs. For example, the project
location may be a restricted city center infill site or a remote country site, each having its own
particular difficulties that the contractor must overcome.
Various locational difficulties are described:

1. Remoteness
2. Confined sites
3. Labor availability

4. Weather
5. Design considerations (related to location).
6. Vandalism and site security
Remoteness
A remote construction site, for example, a project site located high in the Blue Ridge
Mountains of Virginia, poses a contracting organization with a difficult set of problems to cope
with.
6.3 Communication Problems

If adequate communications such as telephone are not available, then a radio or cellular-
type installation is required. A telephone is a requisite to any construction project: lack of
communication during the construction process can result in major, costly errors. In addition,
because the project location is further away from the head office, additional long-distance
telephone charges will be incurred.
6.4 Transportation Problems

All material and labor must be transported to the building site. If the transport route is
poor (if, indeed, any route exists at all), then delays in material deliveries may occur; large
vehicles may damage narrow bridges or other items of property, whose replacements costs must
be borne by the contractor.
It may be necessary for the contractor to widen the existing route or construct a bridge to
allow material trailers access into the job site. The route that is proposed should be studied
carefully by the estimator. Existing capacity of existing bridges on route should be established to
verify if equipment loads can be accommodated of if the bridge needs to be strengthened by the
contractor. Finally, the cost of hauling items of equipment to the job site increases as the
distance increases. Given these considerations, the requirement for management to make the
correct equipment selections becomes very important.
6.5 Increased Material Cost

Increased material cost is primarily due to increased transport charges such as when
distance for haulage from the depot to a remote job site is longer than the haulage associated
with other construction projects the estimator has previously worked on. Avery 4 found that if
the material was fragile or hazardous, then transport costs fluctuated widely depending on

distance. He also discovered that the bulk materials with low initial cost, such as sand and
gravel, tend to be the most adversely affected by distance and difficult transport conditions.
Ferry crossing or bridges with tolls increase the basic cost of materials.
6.6 Power and Water

Power and water are a necessity for building construction. Water is needed for materials
such as concrete, for cleaning the building, and for many other uses. Salt water is not acceptable
in most specifications for concrete or mortar mixing, so remote projects without a convenient
domestic water supply, even if the site has access to thousands of gallon of seawater; require
water to be trucked to the job site. The cost of water depends on the hauling costs. In some
instances wells can be dug to pump water to the surface; of course, the costs involved must be
considered in the estimate.
If no power source is available, then power must be provided by generators.
6.7 Confined Sites

The problems associated with confined sites generally take the form of congestion
resulting in restricted working areas resulting in low productivity from labor and equipment.
These difficulties are generally associated with downtown sites, but this need not always be the
case.
In extreme cases, congestion can limit the choice of work methods, types of equipment
used, and size of crew to be employed. Careful investigation of the problems likely to be
associated with each particular site will allow a realistic assessment of factors such as
productivity to be made. Project startup requires a careful utilization of resources in order to
provide production outputs that maximize profits. Confined sites create logistical problems.
Material movement should be minimized: each time an item of material is moved, its cost to
install in place increases. When materials are delivered to a confined site, the material should be
used immediately. If this is not possible, a storage area should be available to receive the
material, or, if possible, the material should be offloaded directly at its intended utilization point.
The estimator needs to consider the unique logistical problems associated with each job
site. These problems, including restricted access, restricted material lay down area, restricted
equipment storage areas, and restricted location for site trailers, affect the type of equipment that
can be used, the effective management of the job, the worker productivity, and the amount of

labor involved in handling material. Since confined sites nearly always pose logistical problems,
the unit prices used by the estimator must account for the increased costs.
6.8 Labor Availability

Each location has varying amount of available skilled and unskilled labor, depending on
the condition of the local economy. If labor of any kind is not available locally (as may be the
case in remote areas), then labor must be imported from other location. In order to move labor
from one area to another, a financial incentive is usually required. The magnitude of this
incentive will vary depending on the state of the labor market. If labor is imported,
accommodations may have to be provided. Labor camps comprising full time kitchen staff,
dormitories, leisure facilities, etc., have been set up on major construction project to house the
contractor’s labor force. The leisure facilities keep the labor force relaxed and occupied during
any rest periods. Living and working on a remote construction site can be very demoralizing,
after a while, and by keeping the morale level high, labor turnover is reduced. Generally, the
cost of importing labor will follow the laws of supply and demand.
6.9 Weather
Since the building process is highly weather dependent, extreme conditions can greatly
affect building costs. These extreme weather conditions include large amount of rain or snow,
occurrences of ice and frost, and high humidity and heat. Their effects on cost include the
following situation. Concrete pours in temperatures below 40 degrees Fahrenheit require special
precaution. With cold weather concreting, the cost of admixtures, insulation the formwork,
removing ice from formwork, and protecting the freshly placed concrete from dropping below
the specified temperatures must be taken in to account by the estimator. Not only does cold
weather affect concrete, but hot weather concreting has its associated problems as well. During
periods when the temperature exceeds 80 degrees Fahrenheit, special precautions are required to
reduce and maintain the concrete below this temperature. For example, ingredients such as the
water may be cooled or chopped ice can be utilized. Another alternative is to use liquid nitrogen
to cool the concrete. Admixtures and low heat cement can be used to control the set and
hardening times of the concrete to achieve the design strength and quality. All these precautions
and procedures increase the cost of pouring, placing, and curing concrete.

Exposed sites may have problems associated with high winds, which affect crane and
hoisting operations, and the contractor’s dust control program. Additional temporary bracing to
partly completed structures may be required to prevent a collapse due to high wind gusts. In
areas where hurricanes occur, the estimator should consider the cost of temporary measures
required to prevent damage to a structure before, during, and after a hurricane. It would be
prudent to allow for the costs involved in bracing, tieing down structures providing sand banks,
garaging equipment, and storing particular materials such as doors and windows off the job site,
unless safe, dry, and secure storage exists on the project.
Labor productivity is also associated with the weather. During poor weather when it is
cold, damp, and windy, the morale of workers exposed to adverse elements, drops, which in turn
results in a decline of productivity. During days when it may be impossible to work, such as
during a torrential rain, the productivity is zero.
6.10. Design Considerations (related to location)

The location of a project has certain aspects that must be considered by a designer. For
example, in historic Frederick, Maryland, all designs must harmonize with the existing historical
buildings. Planning committees may dictate the material selections and configurations that
designers must abide by to suit certain local conditions.
These design considerations can create estimating problems in historic districts. The
estimator must know if the materials specified are, in fact, locally available of if local labor
exists to carry out complicated historical work, such as ornate plaster work; if not, a specialist
will be required. Traditional building techniques tended to be labor intensive. If the same
techniques must be repeated, then the estimator must be familiar with the procedures involved. If
workers are required to use traditional, building methods with which they are unfamiliar, then a
learning curve cost needs to be built into any unit price.
The local climate also dictates the designer’s choices in mechanical and electrical
systems and in the choice of materials and design of the building envelope. Material resources
will fluctuate from location to location throughout the country, and the designer must investigate
what materials are locally and economically available.
Finally, each locality tends to have its own construction trade practices, and the estimator should
be familiar with them.

CHAPTER-7
RATE ANALYSIS

7.RATE ANALYSIS
Definition: In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate
of that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process
of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rates of particular item of work depend on the following.

1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local taxes and
other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond, but are
to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour or due
to change in technique.
Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates

The labour can be classified in to
1) Skilled I class
2) Skilled II Class
3) un skilled
The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30% of the skilled labour
provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as II class. The rates of materials for
Government works are fixed by the superintendent Engineer for his circle every year and approved
by the Board of Chief Engineers. These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.

Lead statement:
The distance between the source of availability of material and construction site is known as
"Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of conveyance of material depends on lead. This
statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It includes first cost, conveyance
loading, unloading stacking, charges etc. The rate shown in the lead statement are for
metalled road and include loading and staking charges . The environment lead on the
metalled roads are arrived by multiplying by a factor
a) for metal tracks - lead x 1.0

b) For cartze tracks - lead x 1.1
c) For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4
Note: For 1cum wet concrete = 1.52m3 dry concrete approximately
Specific weight of concrete= 1440

kg/m3 (or) 1.44 t/m3 1 bag of cement =
50 Kg
Overhead costs
Overhead cost includes general office expenses, rents, taxes, supervision and
other costs which are indirect expenses and not productive expenses on the job.
The miscellaneous expenses on overheads may be under the following heads:-

A) General overheads
i)Establishment(office staff), ii) Stationary, printing and postages etc.,
ii) Travelling expenses, iv) Telephone v) Rent and Taxes
B) Job overheads
a) Supervision, b) Handling of materials, c) Repairs, carriage, depreciation, d)
Amenities of labour e)
workmen’s compensation and insurance etc., f) Interest on investment, g) Losses
on advances

RATES OF MATERIALS LABOUR DURING 2014

PARTICULARS RATES AT PARTICULARS RATES
SITE
MATERIALS LABOUR
1.Brick I class Rs.4500/- per 1.Head mason Rs.350/- Per day
1000
2.Brick II class Rs.4000/- per 2.Manson Rs.300/- Per day
1000
3.Brick ballast(rora) Rs.650/-per cum 3.mazdoor Rs.220/-per day
40mm guage
4.Brick ballast Rs.700/-per cum 4.Boy or women Rs.200/-per day
25mm coolie
5.Stone ballast Rs.1800/-per cum 5.Bhisiti Rs.200/-per day
40mm
6.Stone ballast Rs.1800/-per cum 6.carpenter Rs.300/-per day
20mm
7.Stone ballast Rs.1700/-per cum 7.blacksmith Rs.300/-per day
12mm
8.stone ballast 8mm Rs.1500/-per cum 8.painter Rs.300/-per day
9.cement Rs.260/-per cum TRANSPORT
10.steel Rs.4400/-per cum 1.Bullock cart of two Rs./-per day

bullocks with driver
11.white or stone Rs650./-per cum 2.Transport of road Rs./-per day
lime(unslaked) metal including
loading and
unloading
12.white or stone Rs800./-per cum Rs./-per day
lime(slaked)
13.surkhi Rs.500/-per cum Rs./-per day
st
14.sand fine Rs.700/-per cum 1 km Rs./-per day
15.sand coarse Rs.1500/-per cum 2nd to 3rd km Rs./-per day
16.teak wood Rs.40000/-per 4th to 5th km Rs./-per day
cum
17.shisham wood Rs.30000/-per 6th to 10th km Rs./-per day
cum
18.salwood Rs.40000/-per 11th to 12th km Rs./-per day
cum

CHAPTER-8
PLAN DRAWINGS













CHAPTER-9
CALCULATIONS FOR WORK TO

BE DONE & MATERIAL NEEDED
FOR PROPOSED CONSRUCTION

DETAILED ESTIMATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
GROUND FLOOR
S.No. Description Nos L B D/H Qty Units

1 Earth work excavation & depositing
in bank with initial lead and lift in
all kinds of soil except in hard rock
etc., complete for columns pits
and walls
for column pits
C1 5 5.00 5.00 6.00 750.00 cft
C2 13 5.00 5.00 6.00 1950.00 cft
C3 3 5.50 5.50 6.00 544.50 cft
C4 1 4.00 4.00 6.00 96.00 cft
Total 3340.50 cft
2 Providing & laying of PCC bed (1:4:8)
proportion with 40 mm ramming and all
other operational & column pits and wall
for column pits
C1 5 5.00 5.00 0.33 41.25 cft
C2 13 5.00 5.00 0.33 107.25 cft
C3 3 5.50 5.50 0.33 29.95 cft
C4 1 4.00 4.00 0.33 5.28 cft
Total 183.73 cft
3 RCC work in (1:1.5:3) with 20 mm HBG metal
including cost of conveyance
of materials, labour charges etc.,
complete.
a) Straight portion
C1 5 5.00 5.00 1.00 125.00 cft
C2 13 5.00 5.00 1.23 399.75 cft
C3 3 5.50 5.50 1.23 111.62 cft
C4 1 4.00 4.00 0.75 12.00 cft
Total 648.37 cft
b) Taper portion
C1 5 2.75 3.00 1.00 41.25 cft
C2 13 2.75 3.00 1.23 131.92 cft
C3 3 3.00 3.38 1.23 37.36 cft
C4 1 2.75 3.38 0.75 6.97 cft
TOTAL 865.87 cft
c) columns up to plinth beams level

C1 5 0.75 1.50 3.70 20.81 cft

C2 13 0.75 1.50 3.00 43.88 cft
C3 3 0.75 1.75 3.00 11.81 cft
C4 1 0.75 1.00 4.12 3.09 cft
TOTAL 79.59 cft
d) columns up to roof level

C1 5 0.75 1.50 9.00 50.63 cft
C2 13 0.75 1.50 9.00 131.63 cft
C3 3 0.75 1.75 9.00 35.44 cft
C4 1 0.75 1.00 9.00 6.75 cft
TOTAL 224.44 cft
e) Plinth beams
7 37.00 0.75 1.00 194.25 cft
3 66.38 0.75 1.00 149.36 cft
1 7.00 0.75 1.00 5.25 cft
TOTAL 348.86 cft
f) Roof beams
7 37.00 0.75 1.50 291.38 cft
4 66.38 0.75 1.50 298.71 cft
1 7.00 0.75 1.00 5.25 cft
TOTAL 595.34 cft
g) roof slab 1 37.00 66.38 0.38 933.30 cft
Dedecuct stair case 1 12.38 7.00 0.38 32.93 cft
1 5.00 7.00 0.38 13.30 cft
Total 887.07 cft
4 Back fiiling with gravel and useful earth
upto plinth beam level with compaction
complete.
Columns pits 5 5.00 5.00 3.00 375.00 cft
13 5.00 5.00 3.00 975.00 cft
3 5.50 5.50 3.00 272.25 cft
1 4.00 4.00 3.00 48.00 cft
Underflooring 6 10.00 23.15 1.00 1389.00 cft
6 10.00 11.65 1.00 699.00 cft
Total 3758.25 cft
5 Supply & Fixing of SS Steel
Staircase railing for stpes including
cost and conveance of all materials
labour charges etc., complete.

4 8.16 3.00 ---- 97.92 sft
6 Providing & Fabrication of HYSD bars

for footings, columns,beams & slabs including
1 37.00 66.38 3.50 8596.21 Kgs
7 Compound wall
1) Excavation 2 50.00 2.00 2.00 400.00 cft
2 86.00 2.00 2.00 688.00 cft
Total 1088.00 cft
2) P.C.C bed 2 50.00 2.00 0.33 66.8 cft
2 86.00 2.00 0.33 114.896 cft
Total 181.696 cft
3) C.R.S. Masonery 2 50.00 2.00 1.75 350 cft
2 86.00 2.00 1.75 602 cft
Total 952 cft
4) Brick work 2 50.00 0.75 5.00 375 cft
2 86.00 0.75 5.00 645 cft
Total 1020 cft
Deduction of gate 1 16.00 0.75 5.00 60.00 cft
Net
Total 960.00 cft
5) Plastering to walls 2 50.00 ---- 5.75 575 sft
2 86.00 ---- 5.75 989 sft
Total 1564 sft
Deduction of gate 1 16.00 ---- 5.00 80.00 sft
Net
Total 1484.00 sft
6) Supply & fixing of Gate and hold past
with concrete bed 1 18.00 ---- 5.00 90.00 sft

DETAILED ESTIMATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF BULIDING
FIRST FLOOR
S.No. Description Nos L B D/H Qty Units

1 RCC work in (1:1.5:3) with 20 mm HBG metal
complete.
columns up to roof level
C1 3 0.75 1.50 9.00 30.38 cft
C2 5 0.75 1.50 9.00 50.63 cft
C3 3 0.75 1.75 9.00 35.44 cft
C4 1 0.75 1.00 9.00 6.75 cft
TOTAL 123.19 cft
Roof beams
7 37.00 0.75 1.50 291.38 cft
4 66.38 0.75 1.50 298.71 cft
1 7.00 0.75 1.00 5.25 cft
TOTAL 595.34 cft
roof slab 1 37.00 66.38 0.38 933.30 cft
Dedecuct stair case 1 12.38 7.00 0.38 32.93 cft
1 5.00 7.00 0.38 13.30 cft
Total 887.07 cft
2 Superstructure in brick
masonry in (1:6) for
walls
with best bricks locally available,
including cost and conveyance
of all materials & labour curing,
scaffolding etc., as per ISI specifications.
2 37.00 0.75 10.00 555.00 cft
2 32.89 0.75 10.00 493.35 cft
2 37.00 0.75 10.00 555.00 cft
2 26.50 0.75 10.00 397.50 cft
4 37.00 0.38 9.00 506.16 cft
2 32.89 0.38 9.00 222.01 cft
2 26.50 0.38 9.00 181.26 cft
7 8.00 0.38 9.00 191.52 cft
7 4.00 0.38 9.00 95.76 cft
1 6.00 0.38 9.00 20.52 cft
Total 3218.08 cft

Deductions (-)
Doors
M/D 2 3.50 0.75 7.00 36.75 cft
D 6 3.00 0.38 7.00 47.25 cft
D1 11 2.50 0.38 7.00 72.19 cft
Windows cft
W 1 5.00 0.75 4.00 15.00 cft
W1 4 4.00 0.75 4.00 48.00 cft
W2 2 2.00 0.75 4.00 12.00 cft
KW 2 3.00 0.75 2.50 11.25 cft
V 5 2.50 0.75 1.5 14.06 cft
Total 256.50 cft
Net total 2961.58 cft
3 Plastering to brick masonery wall

& ceiling in CM (1:5) of 15mm thick for
first coat in CM (1:3) of 5mm thick for
second coat, including cost and
conveyance of all materials, labour
charges curing, scaffolding etc.,
complete.
A). Out side walls 2 37.00 ---- 10.38 767.75 sft
2 32.89 ---- 10.38 682.47 sft
2 37.00 ---- 10.38 767.75 sft
2 26.50 ---- 10.38 549.88 sft
B). Inside plastering
Dining 4 10.10 ---- 10.00 404.00 sft
4 8.38 ---- 10.00 335.20 sft
Hall 4 15.10 ---- 10.00 604.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
Bed room 1 4 12.00 ---- 10.00 480.00 sft
4 10.62 ---- 10.00 424.80 sft
Bed room 2 4 12.00 ---- 10.00 480.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
Bed room 3 4 10.00 ---- 11.00 440.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 12.00 480.00 sft
Kitchen 4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
4 10.50 ---- 10.00 420.00 sft
Drawing 2 10.10 ---- 10.00 202.00 sft
2 10.00 ---- 10.00 200.00 sft
Balcony 3 10.00 ---- 10.00 300.00 sft
3 4.00 ---- 10.00 120.00 sft
wash area 2 3.50 ---- 10.00 70.00 sft

2 7.00 ---- 10.00 140.00 sft

storer room 2 8.00 ---- 10.00 160.00 sft
2 5.62 ---- 10.00 112.40 sft
Toilet 1 8 7.00 ---- 11.00 616.00 sft
8 4.50 ---- 12.00 432.00 sft
Toilet 2 2 8.00 ---- 13.00 208.00 sft
2 4.00 ---- 14.00 112.00 sft
C). Plastering to ceiling
Drawing 1 10.00 10.00 ---- 100.00 sft
Dining 2 10.00 8.00 ---- 160.00 sft
Living 2 15.00 10.00 ---- 300.00 sft
Bed room 1 2 12.00 10.62 ---- 254.88 sft
Bed room 2 2 12.00 10.00 ---- 240.00 sft
Bed room 3 2 10.00 10.00 ---- 200.00 sft
Kitchen 2 10.00 10.62 ---- 212.40 sft
Toilet 1 2 7.00 4.50 ---- 63.00 sft
Toilet 2 2 8.00 4.00 ---- 64.00 sft
wash room 2 3.00 10.00 ---- 60.00 sft
storer room 2 8.00 5.62 ---- 89.92 sft
Total 12452.44 sft
Deductions (-)
Doors
M/D 2 3.50 ---- 7.00 49.00 sft
D 6 3.00 ---- 7.00 126.00 sft
D1 11 2.50 ---- 7.00 192.50 sft
Windows 0.00
W 1 1.42 ---- 4.00 5.68 sft
W1 4 4.00 ---- 4.00 64.00 sft
W2 2 2.00 ---- 4.00 16.00 sft
KW 2 3.00 ---- 2.50 15.00 sft
V 5 2.50 ---- 1.50 18.75 sft
Total 486.93 sft
Net total 11965.51 sft
4 Providing of lintels and sunsheds (1:2:4)
with 20 mm HBG metal including
cost of conveyance of materials,
labour charges etc.,complete.
Lintels
D1 17 3.00 0.75 0.50 19.13 cft
W1 7 4.50 0.75 0.50 11.81 cft
V 5 3.00 0.75 0.50 5.63 cft
Total 36.56 cft

Sunshedes
W1 7 5.00 1.50 0.25 13.13 cft
Total 49.69 cft
5 Laying of ceramic Tiles in bathroom
and kitchen walls and bathroom flooring
of
all materials & labour, curing
etc.,
complete.
Toilet (1) wall 1 8 7.00 ---- 7.00 392.00 sft
Toilet (1) wall 2 8 4.50 ---- 7.00 252.00 sft
Toilet (2) wall 1 2 8.00 ---- 7.00 112.00 sft
Toilet (2) wall 2 2 4.00 ---- 7.00 56.00 sft
Toilet (1) Flooring 4 7.00 4.50 ---- 126.00 sft
Toilet (2) Flooring 1 8.00 4.00 ---- 32.00 sft
kitchen wall tiles 2 10.00 ---- 2.00 40.00 sft
Total 1010.00 sft
Deductions (-)
D1 7 2.50 ---- 7.00 122.50 sft
6 Laying Marble stone flooring over

a bed of 12mm thick in CM (1:4)
of
etc.,
complete.
Drawing 1 10.00 10.00 ---- 100.00 sft
Dining 2 10.00 8.00 ---- 160.00 sft
Living 2 15.00 10.00 ---- 300.00 sft
Bed room 1 2 12.00 10.62 ---- 254.88 sft
Bed room 2 2 12.00 10.00 ---- 240.00 sft
Bed room 3 2 10.00 10.00 ---- 200.00 sft
Kitchen 2 10.00 10.62 ---- 212.40 sft
Toilet 1 2 7.00 4.50 ---- 63.00 sft
Toilet 2 2 8.00 4.00 ---- 64.00 sft
wash room 2 3.00 10.00 ---- 60.00 sft
storer room 2 8.00 5.62 ---- 89.92 sft
Balcony 1 18.00 7.00 ---- 126.00 sft
Total 1870.20 sft
7 Laying Marble Skirting to walls
with 12mm thick in CM (1:4)


of
etc.,
complete.
ToTal Skirting 2 10.00 10.00 ---- 40.00 Rft
2 10.00 8.00 ---- 36.00 Rft
2 15.00 10.00 ---- 50.00 Rft
2 12.00 10.62 ---- 45.24 Rft
2 12.00 10.00 ---- 44.00 Rft
2 10.00 10.00 ---- 40.00 Rft
2 10.00 10.62 ---- 41.24 Rft
2 7.00 4.50 ---- 23.00 Rft
2 8.00 4.00 ---- 24.00 Rft
2 3.00 10.00 ---- 26.00 Rft
2 8.00 5.62 ---- 27.24 Rft
Total 396.72 Rft
Skirting deductions(-)
M/D 2 3.50 0.00 ---- 7.00 Rft
D 6 3.00 3.00 ---- 36.00 Rft
D1 11 2.50 2.50 ---- 55.00 Rft
Total 98.00 Rft
Total 298.72 Rft
8 Supply & fixing of teak wood frames
& teak wood shutters of section 4"x3"
and necessary fittings, including cost of
all materials & labour charges etc.,
complete. 2 3.50 ---- 7.00 49.00 sft

& flush shutters of section 4"x2.5"
and necessary fittings, including cost of
all materials & labour charges etc.,
complete. 6 3.00 ---- 7.00 126.00 sft
11 2.50 ---- 7.00 192.50 sft
Total 318.50 sft

& with glazed teak shutters of section 4"x2.5"
with safety MS grills and necessary fitting,
of
all materials & labour charges etc., complete.

W 1 1.50 ---- 4.00 6.00 sft

W1 4 4.00 ---- 4.00 64.00 sft
W2 2 3.00 ---- 4.00 24.00 sft
KW 2 3.00 ---- 2.50 15.00 sft
V 5 2.50 ---- 1.50 18.75 sft
Total 127.75 sft
11 Painting to external walls, sunshades
with cement based paint two costs
over a primer, including cost of
all
materials & labour charges etc., complete.
A). Out side walls 2 66.38 ---- 10.38 1377.39 sft
2 37.00 ---- 10.38 767.75 sft
Total 2145.14 sft
12 Applying two coats of lappum &

painting to walls, ceiling, sunsheds/lofts,
with primer, including cost and conveyance
of all materials, labour charges etc.,
complete.
a). Inside painting
Dining 4 10.10 ---- 10.00 404.00 sft
4 8.38 ---- 10.00 335.20 sft
Hall 4 15.10 ---- 10.00 604.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
Bed room 1 4 12.00 ---- 10.00 480.00 sft
4 10.62 ---- 10.00 424.80 sft
Bed room 2 4 12.00 ---- 10.00 480.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
Bed room 3 4 10.00 ---- 11.00 440.00 sft
4 10.00 ---- 12.00 480.00 sft
Kitchen 4 10.00 ---- 10.00 400.00 sft
4 10.50 ---- 10.00 420.00 sft
Drawing 2 10.10 ---- 10.00 202.00 sft
2 10.00 ---- 10.00 200.00 sft
Balcony 3 10.00 ---- 10.00 300.00 sft
3 4.00 ---- 10.00 120.00 sft
wash area 2 3.50 ---- 10.00 70.00 sft
2 7.00 ---- 10.00 140.00 sft
storer room 2 8.00 ---- 10.00 160.00 sft
2 5.62 ---- 10.00 112.40 sft
Toilet 1 8 7.00 ---- 11.00 616.00 sft
8 4.50 ---- 12.00 432.00 sft

Toilet 2 2 8.00 ---- 13.00 208.00 sft

2 4.00 ---- 14.00 112.00 sft
C). Plastering to ceiling
Drawing 1 10.00 10.00 ---- 100.00 sft
Dining 2 10.00 8.00 ---- 160.00 sft
Living 2 15.00 10.00 ---- 300.00 sft
Bed room 1 2 12.00 10.62 ---- 254.88 sft
Bed room 2 2 12.00 10.00 ---- 240.00 sft
Bed room 3 2 10.00 10.00 ---- 200.00 sft
Kitchen 2 10.00 10.62 ---- 212.40 sft
Toilet 1 2 7.00 4.50 ---- 63.00 sft
Toilet 2 2 8.00 4.00 ---- 64.00 sft
wash room 2 3.00 10.00 ---- 60.00 sft
storer room 2 8.00 5.62 ---- 89.92 sft
Total 9684.60 sft
Deductions (-)
Doors
M/D 2 3.50 ---- 7.00 49.00 sft
D 6 3.00 ---- 7.00 126.00 sft
D1 11 2.50 ---- 7.00 192.50 sft
Windows 0.00
W 1 1.42 ---- 4.00 5.68 sft
W1 4 4.00 ---- 4.00 64.00 sft
W2 2 2.00 ---- 4.00 16.00 sft
KW 2 3.00 ---- 2.50 15.00 sft
V 5 2.50 ---- 1.50 18.75 sft
Total 486.93 sft
13 Providing costing RCM racks for

shelves, including sponge
finishing
inclusive of cost and convince of all
materials & labour charges etc.,
complete. 5 10.00 1.50 ---- 75.00 sft
5 10.00 1.50 ---- 75.00 sft
5 10.00 1.50 ---- 75.00 sft
5 10.00 1.50 ---- 75.00 sft
Total 300.00 sft
14 Providing & costing RCC Chajjas over

shelves, including sponge
finishing
inclusive of cost and convince of all

materials & labour charges etc.,

complete. 2 10.00 1.50 ---- 30.00 sft
1 10.00 1.50 ---- 15.00 sft
1 10.00 1.50 ---- 15.00 sft
Total 60.00 sft
15 providing cooking plat form counter

with black granite stone,
including
labour charges etc,, complete
2 10.00 2.00 ---- 40.00 sft
Supply & Fixing of SS

16 Steel
Staircase railing for stpes
including
4 8.16 3.00 ---- 97.92 sft
17 Providing & Fabrication of HYSD bars

for footings, columns,beams & slabs including
1 37.00 66.38 3.50 8596.21 Kgs
AS PER THE DRAWINGS QUANTITIES OF WORK, MATERIAL NEEDED WILL

BE THE SAME AS FIRST FLOOR FOR THR REST OF THE FLOORS.

CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION

DETAILED ABSTRACT ESTIMATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
STILT FLOOR
S.No. Description Qty Rate Per Amount
1 Excavation 3340.50 6.00 Cft 20,043.00

2 P.C.C (1:4:8) 183.73 55.00 Cft 10,105.15
3 R.C.C (1:1.5:3)
Footings 865.87 195.00 Cft 1,68,844.65
Columns upto plinth beams 79.59 180.00 Cft 14,326.20
Columns upto roof level 224.44 185.00 Cft 41,521.40
Plinth Beams 348.86 195.00 Cft 68,027.70
Roof Beams 595.34 195.00 Cft 1,16,091.30
Roof slab 887.07 195.00 Cft 1,72,978.65
4 Back filling 3758.25 6.00 Cft 22,549.50
5 SS Railing 97.92 555.00 Sft 54,345.60
6 Steel (hysd bars) 8596.21 55.00 kgs 4,72,791.55
7 Compound Wall
8 Excavation 1088.00 6.00 Sft 6,528.00
9 P.C.C (1:4:8) 181.70 55.00 Sft 9,993.28
10 CRS Masonery 952.00 90.00 Sft 85,680.00
11 Brick work 960.00 85.00 Sft 81,600.00
12 Plastring 1484.00 16.00 Sft 23,744.00
13 Gate 90.00 455.00 Sft 40,950.00
TOTAL 14,10,119.98
Grand
SAY
Total 14,10,200.00
Electrification 12% 1,69,224.00
Plumbing 12% 1,69,224.00
17,48,648.00
SAY 17,48,700.00
RUPEES SEVENTEEN LAKHS FOURTY EIGHT THOUSAND AND SEVEN HUNDRED ONLY

DETAILED ABSTRACT ESTIMATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF BULIDING
FIRST FLOOR
S.No. Description Qty Rate Per Amount
1 R.C.C (1:1.5:3)
Columns upto roof level 123.19 185.00 Cft 22,790.15
2 Roof Beams 595.34 185.00 Cft 1,10,137.90
3 Roof slab 887.07 195.00 Cft 1,72,978.65
4 Brick work 2961.58 90.00 Cft 2,66,542.20
5 Plastering 11965.51 16.00 Sft 1,91,448.16
6 lintels and sunsheds 49.69 160.00 Cft 7,950.40
7 ceramic Tiles 887.50 145.00 Sft 1,28,687.50
8 Italian Marble flooring 1870.20 315.00 Sft 5,89,113.00
9 Marble Skirting 298.72 95.00 Rft 28,378.40
10 teak wood Main doors 49.00 725.00 Sft 35,525.00
11 Teak wood Door Frames 318.50 695.00 Sft 2,21,357.50
12 Teak wood Windows 127.75 858.00 Sft 1,09,609.50
13 Painting (External) 2145.14 12.00 Sft 25,741.68
14 Painting (Internal) 9197.67 12.00 Sft 1,10,372.04
15 RCM Racks 300.00 125.00 Sft 37,500.00
16 RCC Chajjas 60.00 125.00 Sft 7,500.00
17 Kitchen platform 40.00 250.00 Sft 10,000.00
18 SS Railing 97.92 555.00 Sft 54,345.60
19 Steel (hysd bars) 8596.21 55.00 kgs 4,72,791.55
TOTAL 26,02,769.23
Grand
SAY
Total 26,02,800.00
20 Electrification 15% 3,90,420.00
21 Plumbing 15% 3,90,420.00
33,83,640.00
SAY 33,83,700.00
RUPEES THIRTY THREE LAKHS EIGHTY THREE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED ONLY
AS PER PLAN COST WILL BE THE SAME FOR REST OF THE FLOORS

TOTAL ABSTRACT DETAILED ESTIMATION FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF

BUILDING
STILT FLOOR 17,48,700.00
FIRST FLOOR 33,83,700.00
SECOND FLOOR 33,83,700.00
THIRD FLOOR 33,83,700.00
FOURTH FLOOR 33,83,700.00
FIFTH FLOOR 33,83,700.00
MUNICIPAL CHARGES 1,30,000.00
CONSULTANCY CHARGES 95,000.00
BORE AND MOTOR CHARGES 1,50,000.00
TOTAL 1,90,42,200.00
(RUPEES ONE CRORE NINTY LAKHS FOURTY TWO THOUSAND TWO HUNDERED)

CHAPTER-11
REFERENCES

11.REFERENCES:
1. Standard Schedule of rates and standard data book by public works department.
2. I.S. 1200 (parts I to XXV-1974/method of measurement of building and civil
engineering works- B.I.S.)
3. Estimation ,costing and specification by M.Chakraborthi; Laxmi Publications.
4. National building code.
5. Estimation and costing by B.N.Dutta.UBS publishers,2000
6. Estimation and costing by G.S.Birdie
7. American Institute of Steel Construction. Steel Construction Manual 13th

Edition. United States of America: American Institute of Steel Construction,
2005.
8. American Society of Civil Engineers. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures (ASCE 7-02). American Society of Civil Engineers,
2002.
and Other Structures (ASCE 7-05). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
and Other Structures (ASCE 7-10). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
11. Autodesk. AutoCAD 2012. Autodesk, 2012.
12. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI318). ACI Committee
318. Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1983

Detailed Estimation & Costing of G+5 Building

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A Project report

“DETAILED ESTIMATION & COSTING OF G+5

MUNUKUNTLA NETHAJI 17QA1A0153

T RAJAN KUMAR 17QA1A0138

CHITLAPALLY LAXMIKANTH 16QA1A0121

B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Department of Civil Engineering

B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY

Internal Guide HOD, Dept. of CIVIL

Dr. SHAIK RUSTHUM

Department of Civil Engineering

MAHANKALI ABHINAY 17QA1A0140

MUNUKUNTLA NETHAJI 17QA1A0153

T RAJAN KUMAR 17QA1A0138

CHITLAPALLY LAXMIKANTH 16QA1A0121

We also thank our principal Dr. SHAIK RUSTHUM, of “BRILLIANT

We express our sincere gratitude to B S RAKESH KUMAR REDDY, Project

MAHANKALI ABHINAY 17QA1A0140

MUNUKUNTLA NETHAJI 17QA1A0153

T RAJAN KUMAR 17QA1A0138

CHITLAPALLY LAXMIKANTH 16QA1A0121

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION OF ESTIMATION AND

CHAPTER 2 : DEFINITION OF ESTIMATION AND 8-10

2.2 Need For Estimation And Costing 9

2.4 Data Required To Prepare An Estimation 10

2.5 Complete Estimation 10

2.7 Cost Estimating 12

2.8 Types of Cost Estimate 12

2.8.1 Conceptual Estimate 12

2.8.2 Detailed Estimation 13

2.10 Inclusions And Exclusions 13

CHAPTER 3 : COMPONENTS OF WORK 15-18

3.2 Concreting in Foundations 16

3.4 Reinforced Cement Concrete Works 17

3.9 Doors and Windows 18

3.10 White Washing,Colour Washing and Distempering 18

CHAPTER 4 : UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS 19-30

4.2 Rules for Measurement 20

4.3 Units of Measurement 21-29

4.4 Methods of Taking out Quantities 29-30

5.1.1 Factors to be Considered While Preparing Detailed 33

5.2.1 Fixing of Rate Per Unit of An Item 33

5.3 Methods of Preparation of Approximate Estimate 34

CHAPTER 6 : PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING 38-45

6.1.2 Problem 2 - Output of Crew 40

6.1.3 Problem 3 - Cost of Labour 40

6.1.4 Problem 4 - Cost of Material 40

6.1.5 Problem 5 - Addition for Overheads and Profit 40

6.3 Communication Problems 42

6.4 Transportation Problems 42

6.5 Increased Material Cost 42

6.6 Power And Water 43

6.7 Confined Sites 43

6.8 Labour Availability 44

6.10 Design Consideration 45

CHAPTER 7 : RATE ANALYSIS 46-49

CHAPTER 8 : PLAN DRAWING 50-62

8.2 Car Parking 52

8.3 Columns Details 53

8.4 Excavation Drawing 54

8.5 Footing Drawing And Details 55

8.6 Plinth Beam Details 56