MTH 102 and MTH 106 Lecture Notes On Differential Calculus and Its Applications

30 80 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Course Code: MTH 102/106.

Semester/ Session: Rain Semester / 2019/2020
Prof. Amos O. Popoola.

Department of Mathematical Sciences
Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
College of Science, Engineering and Technology
Topics to Teach:
Applications of Differential Calculus.
Course Objective:
To educate students in the areas of applications of differential calculus
Grading Policy
 Assignments, Quiz, Tutorial-15%
 Mid-Semester examination - 15%. , Examination - 70%. Total scores - 100%.
Class Policy
Attendance of lecture is important and punctuality to classroom is very compulsory.
Every student should therefore endeavor to meet the required 70% minimum attendance.
1 Prof. Amos O. Popoola Dept. of Mathematical Sciences of Osun State University, Osogbo Nigeria
PREAMBLE: Review of Techniques of Differentiation
Calculus
Calculus was invented independently and simultaneously by an English mathematician, late sir Isaac
Newton and a French mathematician, William Leibnitz in the 17th century.
Calculus could be traditionally classified into integral calculus (Integration) and differential calculus
(Differentiation). Differential calculus studies the rate at which quantities change while its reverse is
called “integral calculus”.
Differential Calculus
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)explains 𝑦as a function of 𝑥in a manner specified by𝑓. An important property of 𝑓(𝑥)is
the rate at which it changes with the independent variable 𝑥. Here y is called the dependent variable.
Consider the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
y(x)
y =2x+1
The graph of the function is a straight line with the intercept 1 on the y-axis.
If 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦
( ) ( )
So that the average change in the interval 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 denoted by is 𝑜𝑟
Obviously, no matter the value of 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 , the average change always have the same value. This
average change is called “slope” of the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1.
Thus, the rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 , is the value as 𝑥 tends to 𝑥
We therefore write as lim → 𝑜𝑟 lim

→
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦) − 𝑦
= lim = = lim
𝑑𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦
= lim
→ 𝛿𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥; 𝛿𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑐orresponding to 𝛿𝑥, increase 𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
Note that the process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.
Techniques of Differentiation
A. Differentiation from the First Principle
1. Find from the first principle the velocity at the time 𝑡 if the distance at time 𝑡 is given by
𝑠(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 1
Solution
The velocity V at time 𝑡is given by
𝑉 = lim {𝑠(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡)𝛿𝑡}
→
𝛿𝑠
= lim (1)
→ 𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡)

= 2(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) + 1 − 2𝑡 + 1
= 2𝑡 + 4𝑡𝛿𝑡 + 2(𝛿𝑡) + 1 − 2𝑡 − 1
= 4𝑡𝛿𝑡 + 2(𝛿𝑡) (2)
𝛿𝑠 4𝑡𝛿𝑡 + 2(𝛿𝑡)
𝑛𝑜𝑤 = = 4𝑡 + 2𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑡 𝛿𝑡
𝑉 = lim (4𝑡 + 2𝛿𝑡) = 4𝑡
→
Hence; 𝑉 = = 4𝑡. This is an example which shows the rate of change of 𝑆at time 𝑡.
Derivatives of Polynomial
A polynomial functions is the partial sums or the terms or the form 𝑎𝑥 where 𝑎 and 𝑛 are real
numbers.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) − 𝑥
By binomial expansion
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) + ⋯ 𝑥
2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) + ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
𝛿𝑦 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝛿𝑥 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤,
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦
= lim = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑖. 𝑒. = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
This formula is time for all real numbers 𝑛.
B. Derivative of Sin X and Cos X

1. Let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin 𝑥
2 sin cos
=
𝛿𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
= cos
2 2
𝛿𝑦 𝑄
lim = 1. cos 𝑥; (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 lim sin = 1)
→ 𝛿𝑥 → 𝑄
= cos 𝑥
𝑑
∴ (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝛿𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) − cos 𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
= −2 sin sin
2 2
( )
𝛿𝑦 ∙ 2 sin
=−
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
( )
sin
=
𝑛𝑜𝑤
= lim → = − sin 𝑥 ∙ 1 =>− sin 𝑥
𝑑
∴ (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
C. Differentiation of the sum of function

Theorem: If 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣are functions of 𝑥 then
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢 + 𝑣) = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof
Let 𝛿𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑣 be increment in 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 respectively converging to increment 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
Then;
𝑑 (𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢) + (𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣)
(𝑢 + 𝑣) = lim
𝑑𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑢 + 𝛿𝑣
= lim
→ 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣
= lim + lim
→ 𝑑𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
D. Differentiation of a Quotient function

Theorem
Let 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 be a function of 𝑥 and let
𝑦 = , then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
Proof:
Let 𝛿𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑣 be the small increment in 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 respectively due to some increment
𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑥.Then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 −
= = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 → 𝛿𝑥
( ) ( )
( )
lim
→ 𝛿𝑥
𝑣𝛿𝑢 − 𝑢𝛿𝑣 𝑣𝛿𝑢 − 𝑢𝛿𝑣
= lim = lim
→ 𝑣(𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣)𝛿𝑥 → (𝑣 + 𝑣𝛿𝑣)𝛿𝑥
𝑣 −𝑢
lim
→ 𝑣 + 𝑣𝛿𝑣
Now, 𝛿𝑣 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
Example:
Obtain 𝑖𝑓 (𝑖)𝑦 = (𝑖𝑖)𝑦 = tan 𝑥
Solution
𝑥 −1
𝑦=
𝑥 +𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 −1 (𝑥 + 𝑥) (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 𝑥)
= =
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑥)
(𝑥 + 𝑥)(2𝑥) − (𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 1)
=
(𝑥 + 𝑥)
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − {3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1}
=
(𝑥 + 𝑥)
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1
=
(𝑥 + 𝑥)
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1
=
(𝑥 + 𝑥)
(ii) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) − sin (cos 𝑥)

=
(cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (−sin 𝑥)

=
(cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 1

= = = = sec 𝑥
(cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
E. Differentiation of a Product of Functions

Theorem:
Let 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 be the function of 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
Proof:
Let 𝛿𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑣 be increment in 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 respectively corresponding to variable 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
( )( )
Then; (𝑢𝑣) = lim → = lim →
𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒖 +𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣)
→ 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
Clearly, 𝛿𝑣 > 0 𝑎𝑠 𝛿𝑥 → 0. 𝑆𝑜
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
Example
Obtain 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
=𝑥 (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ∙ (2𝑥)
= 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Note that if 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions of x, then
𝑑 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑤 + 𝑣𝑤
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
And this is similar to product with more factors.
In general, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤are functions of 𝑥.then
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
(𝑢 ± 𝑣 ± 𝑤 ± ⋯ ) = ± ± ±⋯
Example
Obtain 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 =
Solution
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= = + =𝑥 +𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) = (𝑥 )+ (𝑥)
= −1 ∙ 𝑥 + 1
1
=− +1
𝑥
Assignment 1
1. Differentiate w.r.t x from the first principle
If y is (a) 𝑥 (b) cos (c)
2. Differentiate if y is
(a) (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
F. Differentiation of constant
Theorem:𝑖𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 (𝑐) = 0
Proof:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑐, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
For a small increase 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝛿𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 is zero since y is a constant
Thus; = =0
Hence (𝑐) = 0
G. Differentiation of a function of a function

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . Then 𝑔(𝑥) is a function of x and f is a function of 𝑔(𝑥).therefore, f is a function
of a function of x.
F is called a functional.
Theorem:
Let y be a function of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 a function of x. that is, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
And 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥); 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛; = ∙
Proof:
Corresponding to a small increased 𝛿𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 there will be a small increase 𝛿𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑢. Corresponding to
the increase 𝛿𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑢, is an increase 𝛿𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑦.
So, = lim →
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑢
lim = ∙
→ 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑥
Now, 𝛿𝑢 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝛿𝑥 → 0
So, = lim ; lim ; lim 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.
→ → →
Examples
1. Let 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1). Obtain
Solution
𝑦 = sin(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1)
Let 𝑈 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 2𝑥 − 2
Now, 𝑦 = sin 𝑢. = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
∴ = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑢 ∙ (2𝑥 − 2) = (2𝑥 − 2) cos 𝑢
= 2(𝑥 − 1) cos(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1).
2. Find 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = (2 − 3𝑥)
Solution
𝑦 = (2 − 3𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = (2 − 3𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = −3
Now, 𝑦 = 𝑢 , = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
∴ = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 3
𝑢 ∙ (−3) = − 𝑢
2 2
3
− (2 − 3𝑥)
2
H. Differentiation of Exponential function

Let 𝑦 = 1 + =𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞
i.e. 𝑦 = lim →∞ 1+ =𝑒
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 1+𝑥+ + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= (𝑒 ) = 1+𝑥+ + + +⋯
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2! 3! 4!
2𝑥 3𝑥 4𝑥
= 0+1+ + + +⋯
2! 6 24
𝑥 𝑥
= 1+𝑥+ + +⋯
2 6
𝑥 𝑥
= 1+𝑥+ + +⋯
2! 3!
=𝑒
So that (𝑒 ) = 𝑒
Example: Find 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒
Solution
𝑦=𝑒
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎; =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
Therefore, = 𝑎𝑒
I. Differentiation of Natural logarithm and inverse Trigonometry functions
We illustrate this by examples
Examples:
1. Obtain 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = log 𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = log 𝑥; then; 𝑒 = 𝑥; =𝑒
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ = = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
2. Find 𝑖𝑓 (𝑖)𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖) cos 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)tan 𝑥

Solution
(i) 𝑦 = sin x
Then x = sin 𝑦: = cos 𝑦
Therefore; = =
dy 1
∴ =
dx √1 − 𝑥
𝑑 1
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Then 𝑥 = cos 𝑦; = − sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥
Hence, (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) =
Higher Derivatives
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). The derivatives of y are
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
𝑦 = , 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = ,…,𝑦 =
Example
Obtain the first, second and third derivatives of
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑦
= 12𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= 36𝑥 − 18
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= 72𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Tutorial questions
1. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 satisfy the equation
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−4 + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + + 15. Obtain , and
3. Assume that 𝑢 = cos 𝑡. Prove that +2 + 𝑡𝑢 = 0

4. Obtain the derivatives of the following w.r.t x
(i) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) log (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑖𝑣)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (log 𝑥) (v) 𝑥𝑎
( )
5. Obtain 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 (𝑎) cos 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑏)
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

1) Tangent and Normal
Consider the plan 𝑥𝑦 as shown below
The equation of the tangent at (𝑥, 𝑦) can be obtained by using the formula
𝑑𝑦
𝑦−𝑦 = | (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Similarly, the equation of the normal at the point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the curve is the line perpendicular to the
tangent at that point.
Its gradient is − (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
Example: find the equation of (i) the tangent (ii) the normal at the point where 𝑥 = 3 on the curve
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=| = 6𝑥 − 2| = 6(3) − 2 = 16
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3(3) − 2(3) = 27 − 6 = 21
(i) Equation of the tangent at (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3,21)

By definition:
𝑑𝑦
𝑦−𝑦 = | (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
 𝑦 − 21 = 16(𝑥 − 3) => 𝑦 − 21 = 16𝑥 − 48
 𝑦 = 16𝑥 − 27
(ii) Equation of the normal at (3,21)

By definition
1
𝑦−𝑦 =− (𝑥 − 𝑥 )
1
=> 𝑦 − 21 = − (𝑥 − 3)
16
=> 16𝑦 − 336 = 3 − 𝑥
1
=> (339 − 𝑥)
16
2) Rate of Change Problems

Examples
If the circumference of a circle is increasing at the rate 2𝑐𝑚 per second then find
(i) The ratio of change of the area when the circumference is 10𝑐𝑚.
(ii) The rate of change of the area when the radius is 3𝑐𝑚.
Solution
The circumference of a circle 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

𝑑𝑐 𝜕𝑐 𝑑𝑟
= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑟
= = 2𝜋 (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑐
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
2 = 2𝜋
𝑑𝑡
= (2),
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜋𝑟
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = ∙ = 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ (∗)
(i) when circumference C is 10𝑐𝑚 =?

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
𝑖. 𝑒. = 10
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 10
10 ∙ = 𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜋 𝜋
(ii) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚 =?

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (∗)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋(3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑞𝑐𝑚
= 6𝜋 ∙
𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 6𝑐𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
EXTREMA : (Maxima and Minima)

Consider the functions
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the XY plane below
Points A, C, E are minimum points while B,D are maximum points
Definition:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) is relatively maximum at 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) < 0
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) is relatively minimum at 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) > 0
Remark: It is possible for 𝑓(𝑥) to be either maximum or minimum at 𝑥 if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0. The following

definitions must be used if (i) & (ii) above cannot resolve it.
(iii) 𝑥 gives maximum if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) >
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥)
(iv) 𝑥 gives maximum if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 ) >
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥)
Example: Find the maximum and minimum points of the function 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 10𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 10𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 30𝑥 − 30𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= 120𝑥 − 60𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
| = 0 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠)
𝑑𝑥
= 30𝑥 − 30𝑥 = 0
= 30𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) = 0
= 𝑥 = 0(𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±1
At x=0, y=0
Then | =0
We then use definitions M & N
Recall: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Take ±𝛿𝑥 = 0.01; 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑓(0) = 6(0) − 10(0) = 0
𝑓(0 + 0.01) = 𝑓(0.01) = 6(0.01) − 10(0.01) < 0
𝑓(0 − 0.01) = 𝑓(−0.01) = 6(−0.01) − 10(0.01) > 0
Now,
𝑓(0) > 𝑓(0.01) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0) < 𝑓(−0.01)
Hence, x=0 is neither maximum or minimum
At
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 6(1) − 10(1) = −4
𝑑 𝑦
| = 120(1) − 60(1) = 60 > 0
𝑑𝑥
∴ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (1, −4)is a minimum point
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 6(−1) − 10(−1) = 4
𝑑 𝑦
| = 120(−1) − 60(−1) = −60 < 0
𝑑𝑥
∴ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1,4)is a maximum point
POINT OF INFLECTION
Definition:
𝑥 = 𝑥 gives an inflection points if
| = 0 and chances sign
Example
Obtain the inflection points of the function
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 10𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 10𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 15𝑥 − 30𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= 60𝑥 − 60𝑥
𝑑𝑥
For inflection, set =0
60𝑥 − 60𝑥 = 0
60𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −1
(i) Take 𝑥 = 0
𝑑 𝑦
| . = 60(0.01) − 60(0.01) < 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
| . = 60(0.01) − 60(−0.01) > 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
| ± . 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Take 𝑥 = 1
𝑑 𝑦
| . = 60(1.01) − 60(1.01) > 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
| . = | . 60(0.99) − 60(0.99) < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(iii) Take 𝑥 = −1
𝑑 𝑦
| . = 60(−0.99) − 60(−0.99) > 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
| . = 60(−1.01) − 60(−1.01) < 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1
Hence, the points (0,0), (1, −1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,1) are inflection points.
CURVE SKETCHING
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a functional representation of the behavior of the function 𝑦 over values of 𝑥
The curve/graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) may be sketched with the knowledge of the following definitions
(i) X and y intercepts: these are the points at which the graph cuts the x and y areas
respectively.
(ii) Turning points: the point at which the graph bends (i.e. maximum and minimum points). Note
that = 0 at turning points.
(iii) Vertical asymptotes: A vertical asymptotes is a vertical line which the graph approaches
closely, but never touches (set diameter of the function to zero in which to obtain the vertical
asymptotes).
(iv) Horizontal asymptotes: Let 𝑙 = lim →∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 = lim →∞ 𝑓(𝑥). Then 𝑦 =
𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑙 are called horizontal asymptotes.
Examples
1) Sketch the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
Solution
Intercepts
For y- intercept, set x = 0
𝑦 =0 − 0 −0 =0
For x – intercept , set y = 0

0= 𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 -
Solving 𝑥 – 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1 ± √1 + 4 1 ± √5
∴𝑥= =
2 2
1 + √5 1 − √5
= 𝑜𝑟
2 2
= 1.62 𝑜𝑟 − 0. 62
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −0.62, 0 , 1.62
Vertical asymptotes: There are none since the function is defined for all values of x
Horizontal asymptotes: There are none since
𝑦 → ∞ 𝑎𝑠 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → − ∞ 𝑎𝑠 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
→∞ → ∞
Turning points ( Maximum and Minimum points)

𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
For turning points, =0
⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 1 ) + 1(𝑥 − 1) = 0
⇒ (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
−1
⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = .
3
We now find out the minimum or maximum points
At x = 1,
𝑑 𝑦
(𝑥 = 1) = 6(1) − 2 = 4 > 0
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
At 𝑥 = ,
𝑑 𝑦 −1 −1
𝑥= =6 − 2 = −4 < 0
𝑑𝑥 3 3
Here 𝑥 = gives maximum
Note that
i. At 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 − 1 − 1 = −1
∴ (𝑥, 𝑦) = (1, −1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
ii. At 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = − − =
−1 5
∴ (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = , 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
3 27
Sketch
5
27
0 1 1.62
0.62 −1
3
2) Sketch the curve of 𝑦 =

Solution
Intercepts
0
𝑦= =0
0 −4
𝑥
0=
𝑥 −4
𝑥 =0
Vertical asymptotes: Set denominator to Zero
∴ 𝑥 −4=0 , 𝑥 = ±√4 = ±2
Horizontal asymptotes:
𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑙 = lim →∞ = lim →∞ = =0
∞
𝑙 = lim → ∞ = lim → ∞ = =0
∞
Turning Points
𝑥
𝑦 =
𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 4)(1) − 𝑥(2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 4 − 2𝑥 −(𝑥 + 4)
= ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4)
𝑑 𝑦 (𝑥 − 4) {−2𝑥} + (𝑥 − 4){2(𝑥 − 4), 2𝑥}
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 − 4) {−2𝑥} + 4𝑥(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4)
=
(𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 − 4) {−2𝑥} + 4𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
=
(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 16𝑥 6𝑥 + 8𝑥 2𝑥(3𝑥 + 4)
= = =
(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 4)
At turning points , = 0
−(𝑥 − 4)
=0
(𝑥 − 4)
⇒ 𝑥 −4 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = ± 2𝑖
X is complex, therefore there is no minimum and maximum points on the real xy plane.
Sketch
-2 2
Tutorial Questions
Sketch the curve of
i. 𝑦= ii. 𝑦 =
Solution
i) 𝑦=
Intercepts
For y- intercept, set x = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 0
6𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 = 0
𝑥 (𝑥 − 6) = 0
Then 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±√6 -
Vertical asymptotes: None
Horizontal Asymptotes:
𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
Extrema
6𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑦=
9
𝑑𝑦 1
= (12𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 9
𝑑 𝑦 1 12 4
= (12 − 12𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 9 9 3
Turning Points , =0 .
1
⇒ 0= (12𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
9
⇒ 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 = 0
⇒ 4𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = ±√3 .
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 ,
𝑑 𝑦 4
| = (1 − 0) > 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝑑𝑥 3
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = −√3 ,
𝑑 𝑦 4 4
| √ = 1 − 1 − −√3 = (1 − 3) < 0
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = √3 ,
𝑑 𝑦 4 4
| √ = 1 − 1 − √3 = (1 − 3) < 0
𝑑𝑥 3 3
∴ 𝑥 = ± √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦=0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = ±√3 , 𝑦=1
Sketch
-√6 −√3 0 √3
√6
ii. 𝑦=
Intercepts
4
𝑦= = −4
−1
For x – intercept, set y = 0
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 2 (𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒)
Vertical asymptotes: Set 𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

Horizontal Asymptotes:
𝑙 = lim →∞ = lim = ∞
→∞
𝑙 = lim → ∞ = lim = −∞
→ ∞
Extrema
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑦=
𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 4) − (𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑 𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) (2𝑥 − 2) − 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) − 2(𝑥 − 1) ∗ 1
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
2 (𝑥 − 1) − 2𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) 2
= =
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)
Turning Points , =0 .
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
⇒ 0=
(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 =0, 𝑥 = 2 .
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = −4
4−8+4
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦= =0
2−1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 ,
𝑑 𝑦 2
| = = −2 < 0 ∴ (0 , −4) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑥 (0 − 1)
𝑑 𝑦 2
| = = 2>0∴ (2 , 0 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑥 (2 − 1)
Sketch
0 1 2
- 4

MTH 102 and MTH 106 Lecture Notes On Differential Calculus and Its Applications

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MTH 102 and MTH 106 Lecture Notes On Differential Calculus and Its Applications

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30 80 GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Course Code: MTH 102/106.

Prof. Amos O. Popoola.

Consider the function: 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1

We therefore write as lim → 𝑜𝑟 lim

𝛿𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑡 + 𝛿𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡)

B. Derivative of Sin X and Cos X

2. Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

C. Differentiation of the sum of function

D. Differentiation of a Quotient function

cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) − sin (cos 𝑥)

cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (−sin 𝑥)

cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 1

E. Differentiation of a Product of Functions

G. Differentiation of a function of a function

H. Differentiation of Exponential function

2. Find 𝑖𝑓 (𝑖)𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖) cos 𝑥 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)tan 𝑥

(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = tan 𝑦

3. Assume that 𝑢 = cos 𝑡. Prove that +2 + 𝑡𝑢 = 0

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(i) Equation of the tangent at (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3,21)

(ii) Equation of the normal at (3,21)

2) Rate of Change Problems

The circumference of a circle 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

(i) when circumference C is 10𝑐𝑚 =?

(ii) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚 =?

EXTREMA : (Maxima and Minima)

Remark: It is possible for 𝑓(𝑥) to be either maximum or minimum at 𝑥 if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0. The following

𝑓(0 − 0.01) = 𝑓(−0.01) = 6(−0.01) − 10(0.01) > 0

For x – intercept , set y = 0

Turning points ( Maximum and Minimum points)

2) Sketch the curve of 𝑦 =

𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑙 = lim → ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)

Vertical asymptotes: Set 𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 1

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