ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN PROCEDURE

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(2) ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN PROCEDURE

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN PROCEDURE
2.1 Preliminary Design

The design procedure has the following rules:
(a) Determine Scope of Building

Different building are summarized as follows:
1. Administration buildings
2. Hospitals
3. Shopping Centers
4. Touristic
5. Luxuries residential buildings
6. Factories
7. Educational buildings (Schools, Universities, Institutes)
8. Research Centers
9. Hotels
10.Sports stadiums
11.Landscapes
12.Swimming Pools
13. etc.
(b) Data Collection

The required data can be collected from:
1- Owner (employer)
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Graduation Project: 1st Term (1433-1434H)-(2012-2013G)
Design of Electrical Power System Distribution in Modern Buildings (5 )
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The designer have to ask about:

Power and normal outlets (200 watts): power sockets are required for
heaters, pumps, air conditioning & x-ray machine in case of hospitals,
….etc while the normal sockets for general use.
Lighting: the designer need to determine the type of lighting, normal or
decorative and this depending on regulation standard.
Emergency loads.
Critical loads: critical loads should have special supply that consists of
normal supply + back up supply + back up. The three ways supply
constitutes [normal + diesel generator + UPS].
Emergency loads: the emergency loads are fed from two ways supply
(normal + back up).
Connection to utility grid.
Required low current systems: intercom system, telephone system, fire
alarm system, fire fighting system, data network system, video
conference system, sound system, monitoring and control system, and
nurse call system for hospitals.
Fire alarm system for example can be:
Conventional: which determine the region.
Addressable: each component has address on computer & there
are communication control.
2- Architecture
The designer have to ask about the description of building.
3- Mechanical Engineer
The designer have to ask about the air conditioning and pumping systems.
2.1.1 Load Estimation

Before starting the load estimation, area and load density of each place should
be known. Load density differs from place to another as follow:
For residential applications 4 to 8 KVA for 100 m².

For commercial applications, shops, 10 KVA for 100 m².
For offices 6 KVA for 100 m².
For corridors 4 KVA for 100 m².
For parking 0.5 to 1 KVA for 100 m².
o Taking area of the place and getting the load in KVA from the relation
between area and the load density from the following relation.
S (KVA) = (A*D)/100
o The current will be calculated from the relation:
I=S/ (√3*V)
Taking safety factor for the current from 25% to 30% above the calculated
current.
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Depending on the value of current, the switchboard can be designed for each
place.
o For residential applications, estimate the number of risers used in each
building.
The current rating and cross section area of each feeder are designed and then
the values are selected from catalogues.
o The selection of power transformers ratings depends on the total
estimated electric load in KVA, then the capacity and number of
transformers are determined.
2.1.2 Single Line Diagrams

The designer should draw the single line diagrams for all panel boards as well
as the main power station with transformers, main distribution boards, and sub-
distribution for the overall project. The distribution of the lighting fixtures,
lighting controls, sockets, power sockets, load brake switches for air
conditioning units, … etc.
2.1.3 Equipment Selection

2.1.3.1 Transformers
The transformer is a passive device that changes voltage, current or impedance
to the required parameters. A transformer is composed of a core, windings, and
insulation, which are determined by the power requirements and the frequency
of operation.
♦ Distribution Transformers
Main Parts of Distribution Transformers
The Iron Core
The core represents the magnetic circuit of the transformer. It is fabricated from
first choice 0.3mm thickness, cold rolled grain oriented silicon lamination,
which characterized with low losses these laminations are coated on both sides
with insulating material which endures heat and scratch and not affected by
transformer oil.
Parts of Transformer
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The Winding
They are manufactured from high conductivity copper wires. They are provided
with vertical ducts to improve the cooling efficiency. The internal insulation of
the winding is designed to give full protection against power-frequency and
impulse voltage stresses.
Types of Winding
Low Voltage Winding
For the transformers with ratings up to 200 kVA, paper insulated rectangular
copper wires are used. The windings are of the multi-layer helical type. For
large transformers with ratings of 300-2000 kVA, copper foils are used to
obtain multi-layers cylindrical windings that are characterized with complete
mechanical balance during short circuit stresses.
High Voltage Winding

The windings of the transformer up to 1500 kVA are manufactured from round
copper wires which are insulated with special type of varnish which has a good
resistance to heat and transformer oil. The windings in that case are of the multi-
layers helical shape. The winding of the transformers of the rating 2000 kVA,
are made from paper insulated rectangular copper wire and are of multi-layers
helical shape.
Tank
The steel side radiators of the transformer tank are corrugated in order to
increase the cooling surface area. The tank made from sheet of suitable
thickness. The cover is bolted and sealed to the tank and provided with
thermometer pockets,lifting lugs , tap changer –operation on handle. Terminal
bushings and connection pipe to the conservator.
Oil Conservator
It is fabricated from sheet with appropriate size and is connected to the tank to
ensure the filling of the transformers with oil to a certain level.
Tap Changer
All transformers are equipped with circuit tap changer on H.V side (+2.5% &
+5%) which can only work after switching-off the transformer. When a
transformer is to be used in a circuit, more than just the turns ratio must be
considered. The voltage, current, and power-handling capabilities of the primary
and secondary windings must also be considered. The maximum voltage that
can safely be applied to any winding is determined by the type and thickness of
the insulation used. When a better (and thicker) insulation is used between the
windings, a higher maximum voltage can be applied to the windings. The
maximum current that can be carried by a transformer winding is determined by
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the diameter of the wire used for the winding. If current is excessive in a
winding, a higher than ordinary amount of power will be dissipated by the
winding in the form of heat. This heat may be sufficiently high to cause the
insulation around the wire to break down. If this happens, the transformer may
be permanently damaged.
Termination
The terminals of the low and high voltage windings are connected through
porcelain bushings for the rated voltage and current and for indoor or outdoor
mounting, as shown in the following Figure. The bushing insulators are fixed on
the tank cover such that they can be changed without opening the tank cover.
Termination
Cooling of Transformers
Different Methods of Transformer Cooling: Liquid immersed transformer
cooled by both forced air ventilation and by means of oil forced circulation
through a heat exchanger between oil and air. Liquid immersed transformer
using self-cooling liquid as well as forced ventilation and forced liquid
circulation. Liquid immersed transformer, using water-cooled liquid this takes
place by passing the oil over a cooling surface cooled by means of water outside
the transformer.
Measuring Devices Equipped with Transformers:

Current measurement.
Voltage measurement.
Power factor.
Protection Devices:
Under voltage protection.
Over voltage protection.
Short circuit protection.
Earth leakage protection.
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Oil temperature protection.

Windings temperature protection.
Buchhloz relay protection.
♦ Instrument Transformers
Protective relays are connected to the power system through current and voltage
transformers. The instrument transformers function is to:
• Protect personnel and apparatus from high voltages.
• Permit lower insulation levels and lower current carrying capacity.
• Provide standard values of current and voltage to the relays.
The nominal voltage of potential coils of the relays is 120V. The nominal value
for the current coils is 5 A. Instrument transformers are used to reduce the
voltages and currents from the high voltages and currents of the power circuits
to the nominal values for relays.
Current Transformer
Current transformers are connected in series to the power system. The primary
current of current transformers is not determined by the load (burden) on the
secondary, but by the load on the power circuit.
Circuit Potential Transformers

Potential transformers are shunt connected to the power systems. With no
burden connected to the secondary, the potential transformers will draw only the
current needed to magnetize the core.
♦ Types of Transformers
According to Application
• Power transformer.
• Distribution transformer.
According to Connection
• star/star connection.
• delta/delta connection.
• delta/star connection.
• star/ delta connection.
The transformer used in our project is delta / star connection as it provides the
neutral connection in the star side.
♦ Protection of Transformers
Primary and Secondary Over Current Protection
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An over current protective device on the primary or secondary side of a

transformer is intended to protect the transformer against general faults (failure
internal to the transformer).
The interrupting rating of the primary or secondary protective device should be
rated for the maximum short-circuit current at the transformer primary or
secondary. The primary protective device coordination curve should be below
the through fault protection point but greater than the inrush excitation current
reduction.
Differential Protection
Differential protection is applied for transformers. The difference in the current
magnitudes of the primary and secondary windings of the main transformers is
corrected and taken into account by adjusting the turn is ratio of the current
transformers. For three phase transformers, the connection of the current
transformers depends on the connections of the main transformer. The
following Figure shows a typical scheme for a y/∆ transformers. In order to
account for the phase shift of current in the secondary winding of the main
transformer, the C.Ts are connected as ∆/y, i.e on the dalta connected side of the
main transformer, the C.Ts are connected to star and vice versa. It can be proven
that the currents in the pilot wires are exactly in phase opposition. Hence their
summation at the relay (R) will be zero i.e. no current will pass in the relay.
Thus under normal conditions no current will pass in the relays.
Protection of Y/∆ Transformer
For Y/Y as shown in the following Figure, the C.Ts is connected as ∆/∆ . For an
internal fault, the relays will operate and the tripping coils (T.C) at the both
ends will be energized hence C.Bs at both ends will trip.
Protection of Y/Y Transformer
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Buchhloz Relay
This relay is connected to most oil filled transformers. It is fitted between the
transformer tank and the oil conservator.
Operation
In normal condition:
relay is full of oil, and hence the mercury switch MSI is open, when the Ball
float (B) is at its highest position.
In Fault Condition
If There is any partial failure of the insulation any where inside the transformer,
gas will accumulate at the top of the relay and so the ball float will drop down
causing operation of the alarm mercury switch MSI. If there is a S.C inside the
transformer, the explosion will instantly forced the oil against the plate (P)
causing operation of mercury switch MS2.
There are two types of transformers dry type and oil type.
Dry Type Transformers are available for voltages up through 34.5KV and
KVA rating up to 10000 KVA. The ANSI/IEE dry type transformer standards
were split into two sections:
1. Distribution transformers that serve a utility customer “from 1 to 500
KVA”.
2. Power transformers that serves an area “above 500KVA”.
Dry type transformers have more noise than oil filled type transformer.
Dry type transformers are most adaptable to indoor service.
Dry type transformers are available in three standard temperature rises: 80ºC,
115ºC or 150ºC.
Oil Type Transformers have the following features:

1. Excellent electrical insulating properties.
2. The oil helps cool the transformer.
3. Cheaper.
Available ground space should be exist.
liquid filled transformers come in two standard temperature rises of 55ºC and
65ºC.
2.1.3.2 Cables
A cable is one, two or more wires or optical fibers bound together, typically in a
common protective jacket or sheath. The individual wires or fibers inside the
jacket may be covered or insulated. Copper cables are usually used due to its
high conductivity but aluminum is sometimes used due to low cost.
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(a) Conductors
Conductors that used in cables may be copper or aluminum wire are single wire,
standard wires are made of twisted number of small wires.
(b) A Comparison of Copper Versus Aluminum Electrical Wire and Cables

Copper has earned its position as the most efficient and reliable electrical
conductor for commercial and industrial wire and cable over decades of reliable
service
o Copper wins the conductivity contest.
o Copper is strong.
o Copper is easier to install.
o Copper is corrosion resistant.
(c) Design of Cables

Design of Cable Depends on:
o Economic load
o Short circuit
o Voltage drop
o Thermal load
(d) Cable System

The primary function of cable is to carry energy between sources and utilization
equipment in carrying this energy there are heat losses generated in the cable
that must be dissipated. The ability to dissipate requirement and duration, fault
clearing time, voltage drop and ambient temperature.
(e) Construction Conductor Cable

The general construction of the cable is given below.
(i) Core
All cables have one central core or a number of strand copper or aluminum
conductor having lightest conductivity.
(ii) Insulation
The types of insulators used to insulate the conductors are paper, varnished
cambric for low voltages. But mostly impregnated paper is used as an insulating
material.
(iii) Metallic Sheath

A metallic sheath is provided over the insulation so as to prevent the entry of
moisture into the insulating material. The metallic sheath is usually of lead and
in case of cables having a copper conductor sometimes aluminum is used for
providing metallic sheath.
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(iv) Bedding
Over the metallic sheath comes a layer of bedding that consists of paper tape.
The function of providing the bedding is to protect the metallic sheath from
mechanical injury from the armoring.
1- Armoring: Armoring is provided to avoid mechanical injury to the
cable. It consists of a layer of galvanized steel wire.
2- Serving: over armoring a layer of fibrous material to protect
wmoring from mechanical injury.
(f) Types of Insulations

There are many types of insulation. The famous types are:
1- XLPE.
2- PVC.
PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC has been the polymer of choice in power cable
construction due to its easy processing and good insulation performance.
XLPE: Cross Linked Polyethylene
This type of insulation is used in power transmission cables. It depends on the
final application and voltage range.
PVC Type
XLPE Type
V/Ror VRI (vulcanized India rubber)

Absorbs water, corrosive action of rubber on copper
Varnished Cables
Does not have flexibility, taff, so rarely used
Butyl Rubber
Used for high temperature such as heaters or lighting unit inside oven.
Silicon Rubber
Resist to moisture, used from 60°C to 150°C, used in hospitals equipments such
as boiling water but destroyed by fire.
Glass Fiber
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High temperature, used in inner connections for ovens and discharge light
fitting. Used up to 200°C.
Asbestos
Like pervious type.
Paper
Used in power systems such as tap-changer in transformer when saturated with
oil to voltage level.
Micc (mineral insulated copper cables)
Used for hazard areas.
Consists of copper conductors then oxide magnesium then outer lation PVC,
and carries the double rating for similar conductor size, as sell termination to
isolate arcs, high protection against mechanical damage, may be used in planes
or ships put exposed on wall.
(g) Cable Insulation may be Arranged as Follows

v/pvc
Each phase is coated by PVC layer then cable is coated by another PVC laye.
PVC/SWA/PVC
PVC layer on each conductor then steel wired armored then PVC on the
collective insulator .
o Steel Wire Armored Cable (SWA) PVC.
(SWA)PVC
o Core Cable: Phase + Neutral
Core Cable: Phase +Neutral
o Core Cable: 3-phase
Core Cable 3-ph
o Core Cable: 3-Phases + Neutral
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Core Cable 3-ph+Neutral
o Co-axial Cable
Does not take large current or voltage but used for high frequency such as TV
circuits or antenna.
For cables subject to mechanical stresses, armoring is required. XLPE or a PVC
sheath is extruded over the metal sheath to provide a mechanical stress and
chemical insulation between it and the armoring.
Under Ground Power Cable (Steel wire armored – PVC sheathed)
(h) Factors Affecting Cable Choice

o Application and environment in which the cable will operate
(Choice of cable type)
o Working Voltage (low - medium).
o Load current or max rated current for continuous Operation
(Choice of cable size)
o Installation data (underground – in air – in pipes).
o Short circuit current and time of release when the cable will short
circuited.
(i) Circuit Breakers and Cable Size Selection

Circuit breaker ratings and the corresponding cable size are given in Table 2.1.
(j) Power Cables Classifications:-

1. Low voltage cables < 1 KV single- and multi-cores, PVC or XLPE
insulated, indoor and outdoor.
2. Medium voltage cables (6-36KV).
3. High voltage cables (40 KV up to 72 KV) with XLPE insulation.
4. Extra high voltage cables (up to 400 KV) with XLPE insulation.
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Table 2.1 Standard Current and Cable Size for Circuit breakers
3-Phase Circuit Breaker (A) Cable Size (Cupper mm2)
16 5×6
20 5×6
25 5×6
32 5×6
40 5×16
50 4×25+16
63 3×35+16+16
80 3×35+16+16
100 3×50+25+25
125 3×70+35+35
160 3×95+50+50
200 3×120+70+70
250 3×185+95+95
300 3×240+120+120
400 3×300+150+150
630 2(3×240+120+120)
800 2(3×300+150+150)
(k) Special Cables Types:

• Fire resistant and Fire alarm cables.
• Telephone cables.
• LAN cables.
• Coaxial cables.
• Pilot cables.
• Flat cables.
• Audio cables.
• Irrigation cables.
• Indoor wires.
• Automotive wires.
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(l) Specification of Selection Power Cables:-

Important cables performance specifications considered when searching for
power cables:
• Numbers of Conductors.
• Nominal outer diameter.
• Rated voltage.
• Rated amperage.
• Operating temperature.
(m) Safety consideration when choosing a cable:

1. Use cable rating more than needed.
2. Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of
electrical interference.
3. If it is necessary to run cable across the floor cover the cable with cable
protectors.
4. Label both ends of each cable.
5. Use cable ties to keep cables in the same location together.
(n) Voltage Drop for Multi-Core L.V Cables:

When the voltage drop on the cable increase, the cross sectional area of the
cable should be increased too. Increasing the cross sectional area of the cable
decreases its resistance so the voltage drop on the cable is reduced to the
required limits.
Table 2.2 Voltage drop for multi-core L.V cables

PVC (max 70°C) XLPE (max 90°C)
Conductor CSA (mm²)
Voltage Drop (mV/A/m) Voltage Drop (mV/A/m)
1.0 29.451 31.231
1.5 20.345 20.341
2.5 12.397 13.197
4.0 7.741 7.731
6 5.199 5.191
10 3.101 3.094
16 1.988 1.982
25 1.280 1.276
35 0.959 0.955
50 0.720 0.715
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70 0.524 0.520
95 0.398 0.394
120 0.341 0.337
150 0.285 0.282
185 0.244 0.241
240 0.204 0.201
300 0.180 0.177
400 0.157 0.155
2.1.3.3 Diesel Generator

Components of diesel generator set:
1- Diesel engine.
2- Alternator (synchronous generator to generate electric energy)
3- Control panels
4- ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch).
Uses:
It’s used in places without connection to the power grid or incase of power
supply failure.
Essential loads and critical loads

Essential loads include the loads, which should have a reliable Supply and are
secure from power failure such as:
1. About 20-30% of public lighting
2. Elevators
3. Ventilation system.
4. Pumps
5. Stair lighting
6. Computer system.
Generator Type and Feature

Generator sets produce either single or three phase power. Choose a single
phase set if you do not have any motors above five horse power. Three phase
power is better for motors starting and running .Most home owner will require
single phase where as industrial or commercial usually require three phase
power. Three phase generators are set up to produce 120/208 or 277/480 volt
.Single face sets are 120 or 120/240 volt .Use the low voltage to run domestic
appliances and the high voltage for your motors, heaters, stoves, and layers and
dryers.
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Important Note
For important loads there is always an emergency diesel generator supply. This
stand-by supply will feed the essential loads in case of a power failure. The
essential loads usually present ascertain percentage of the total loads about 20-
30%. Under voltage relays will detect any loss of supply voltage or even any
considerable drop of voltage magnitude and hence, will initiate the automatic
vibration of the stand by diesel generator supply. When the voltage output of
emergency supply reaches its rated magnitude and frequency, the essential bar
will be disconnected from the normal supply. This is usually achieved by the
automatic transfer switch (ATS).
Alternator
• AC brushless type, three/phase, with self (with electronic voltage
regulator).
• Engine and alternator are direct connected by means of housing
and flexible coupling.
• Standard voltage: 3801220 volt, 4wires.
• Class (H) insulation.
• Motor starting capacity: 3 full load.
• Voltage regulation + 2% of rated voltage (from no load to full
load).
• Voltage drop < 13% of rated volt. Recovery to rated voltage shall
occur in 2sec .
Engine
It is a prime mover to alternator
• It must be know KW (h.p) o/p of engine and r.p.m (1500 r.p.m) at
6O'C
• A governor shall control the speed the engine to maintain
alternator frequency.
• Engine electric system shall include 12 volt DC charging system
and voltage regulator, safety shutdown devices assure engine
stopping as soon as sensing to high water temperature, low oil
pressure and over-speed.
Control Panels
Generator Control Panel
1. AC ammeter ( 1 per phase).
2. AC voltmeter (with selector switch).
3. Voltage regulator with voltage adjustment.
4. Running hour/meter .
5. Frequency meter .
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6. One automatic C.B. with thermal / magnetic trip.
Engine Control Panel

1. Manual start bottom.
2. Ignition switch.
3. DC charging ammeter.
4. Oil pressure gauge.
5. Manual of bottom .
How to Select the Generator Set Sizing

For the Selection of the Correct Size Generator Set Some Factors Must be
Considered
• The load (kW) requirements are the most important factor.
• The generator set must have sufficient capacity to supply
maximum load conditions after the load factor have been
considered.
• It should have a reserve capacity to allow for motor starting and
for some future expansion in load. The generator set have 20-25%
mre capacity than required maximum power.
Problems for Selection of Generator Set

• The problem of single phase load may be unbalanced on the phases
of three phase generator set.To overcome this problem a larger
capacity generator may be required to handle extra KVA load on
the phases carrying single-phase circuit in addition to the normal
three phase load.
• Power factor (P.F.) of the load is below the value at which the
generator set Kw output is rated.So a large capacity generator may
required to supply the additional KVA line current of load <line
current of generator.
Motor Starting Requirements

The generator must be capable of motor starting KVA load without excessive
reduction in volt and excessive speed So over sized generator is useful where
KVA demand is high in relation to actual Kw (KVA/Kw) is high.
Conclusion
For a given engine o/p of on oversized generator set supply the same Kw o/p
but the alternator able to a higher value of KVA because of its greater current -
carrying capacity so in technical specification we use (KVA/Kw). operating at
rated KVA and P.F. Usually sustained short circuit = 3 full load current.
Over Speed
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Synchrouns generators shall be so constructed that in an emergency they will

withstand an over-speed of 25% without mechanical injury.
Automatic Transfer Switch

• An A.T.S. transfers electrical loads from a normal source to an
emergency source (generator set).
• When a normal power is restored, the switch automatically re-
transfers to the normal source.
• A.T.S. include voltage sensing relays to trip the switch when the
voltage of the incoming prime source falls below a specified value,
normally 70% of rated volt.
• A.T.S. senses power interruption and signals the engine cranking
panel to start. It monitors generator voltage and frequency and
transfers the load when are acceptable.
• The A.T.S. continuous to sense normal power and when restored, it
re-transfers to normal position and shutdown the generator set after
(15) minutes in case that any interruption occurs again.
Options on A.T.S.
Time Delay Relay
• A.T.S. with time delay relay for a delay of 1 to 3 seconds can
prevent A.T.S. to operate when momentary interruptions.
• Time delay can also prevent the A.T.S. from reconnecting the load
to the normal power source until its stability is happened.
Test Switch
It allows the operator to simulate a prime source failure for proposes of
equipment testing.
A.T.S. and by Pass – Isolation Switch

The automatic transfer and bypass – isolation switch shall provide means for
bypassing and isolating tile automatic transfer switch without interruption to the
load. The bypass switch shall capable of bypassing a load from either the
normal or alternate source of power the isolation switch shall provide complete
isolation of the automatic transfer switch. The entire Automatic transfer bypass
– isolation switch shall be contained in single common enclosure furnished
completely factory connected and tested. Indications shall be provided on tile
bypass switch when tile switch is bypassed either source of power. The isolation
switch shall have three positions: closed, test, open. The closed position shall
allow for normal operation of the automatic transfer switch. The open position
shall electrically isolate the automatic transfer switch from both line and load.
When the isolation switch is in the open position, it will allow for completed
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removal of the transfer switch for inspection and maintenance without the loss
of power to the load. The test position will allow for a completed electrical test
of the automatic transfer switch without loss of power to the load. While the
isolation switch is in the test or open position, the bypass switch shall operate as
a manual transfer switch. The automatic transfer switch shall be of double throw
design which is inherently mechanically interlocked to prevent simultaneous
connection of both power sources. The main contacts shall be mechanically held
and electrically operated. The main contacts shall be a silver alloy capable of
making or breaking any load within the rating of the switch.The automatic
transfer switch shall be compatible for use with an engine – generator or a
utility alternate source of power.The control module shall be of a solid state
design and provide complete automatic operation.
Specification
An automatic transfer switch shall be supplied for use in an electrical system
whose normal source or supply is rated 380 volts, 60 hertz, 3 phase(s), and 4
wires; and whose alternate source of supply is rated 380 volts, 60 hertz, 3 phase
(s), and 4 wires. It shall be rated for a continuos load of ~ 1000KVA; and shall
be suitable for motor loads as well as lighting loads. The automatic transfer
switch shall consists of two contactors, electrically and mechanically
interlocked to prevent simultaneous connection of both sources of power to the
load. These contactors shall be mounted on steel panel and shall have all wiring
on the front of the switch. Insulating panels with rear wiring and/or live parts
extending to the rear are not acceptable. All main contactors shall have enclosed
silver alloy double break main contacts capable of making or breaking any load
within the rating of the switch. Auxiliary power arcing contacts shall not be
acceptable. An electrical neutral position shall only be allowed in applications
where motor loads may cause over current protection problems. In such cases,
an imposed momentary neutral position shall be required to allow for decay of
transients. The automatic transfer switch shall provide voltage sensing of all
ungrounded lines of the normal source of power. The voltage sensing relays
shall have fixed pickup at 90% of nominal voltage fixed dropout at 70% of
nominal voltage.
Upon failure of the normal source, the engine generator shall be

signaled to start.
Immediately.
After an adjustable time delay (180 seconds maximum).
Upon return of the normal source, within the prescribed limits of the voltage
sensing relays, the automatic transfer switch shall re-transfer the voltage sensing
relays, the automatic transfer switch shall re-transfer the load to the normal
source.
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Immediately.
After an adjustable time delay of 1 to 180 seconds with provistion for
bypassing the time delay in the event of failure of the alternate source
when the normal source is available.
After re-transfer to the normal source has occurred, the alternate

source engine driven generator shall:
Shut down immediately.
Continue to run for an adjustable period of up to 5 minutes.
The load shall be transferred to the alternate source:

Immediately.
After an adjustable time delay (180 seconds maximum).
After the alternate source has attained 90% of nominal voltage.
In addition, tile transfer switch shall continue tile following features

as specified:
Indicating light, red to indicate switch is in the alternate position.
Indicating light, green, to indicate switch is in the normal position.
Indicating light, amber, to indicate availability of the alternate source.
Indicating light, blue, to indicate availability of tile normal source.
Test push button.
Four position selector switch for system test, engine test, an engine start
circuit isolation for maintenance, and a position for automatic
operation.
2.1.3.4 Switch Gear

Electricity is a common workplace hazard and is a frequent cause of electric
shocks. Some of these shocks have been fatal, so the fault should be cleared in
the shortest possible time. Interrupting devices used to switch on/off during
normal and abnormal operating condition in case of:
Overload (is a situation where the wiring to or within a machine
or system is subjected to a greater electric current load than it was
designed to carry, leading to excessive heating of the wires and a
possibility of fire.which is a situation where a machine or system is
subjected to a greater load)
Short Circuit (which is a fault in electrical apparatus whereby
electrical current is allowed to flow between a phase and the
electrical earth or between two phases)
This kind of fault can cause significant damage to electrical installations.
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Reasons for Using Switch Gears in Any Power System:

Power system needs switch gear in order to achieve the following:
♦ Continuity of service
♦ Safety
♦ Reliability
Switching Devices:
The main components forming a switch gear are:
♦ Isolating switches
♦ Fuses
♦ Load break switches
♦ Circuit breaker
o Isolating switches (Isolator, safety switch):

♦ Used to switch on/off at no load conditions.
♦ Used in case of replacement or maintenance of equipments.
♦ Used on both sides of circuit breakers.
o Fuses
♦ Used to disconnect the circuit in case of over load fault.
♦ The problem with fuses is they only work once. Every time you
have to replace it with a new one.
♦ A circuit breaker does the same thing as a fuse; it opens a circuit as
soon as current climbs to unsafe levels, but you can use it over and
over again
o Load Break Switch (L.B.S)

♦ Open and close the circuit at load condition.
o Circuit Breakers (C.B):
♦ A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which is designed to

protect an electrical apparatus from damage, unlike a fuse which
operates once and then has to be replaced.
♦ A circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. The breaking capacity of a circuit break
is more important than carrying or breaking the system rated
current. The breaking capacity of a circuit breaker is therefore must
correspond to the short circuit MVA at the location of the circuit
breaker in the power system.
o Types of circuit breaker:
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MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): rated current not more

than 100 A.
MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker): rated current up to
1000 A.
Vacuum circuit breaker: rated current up to 3000 A.
Air circuit breaker (ACB): rated current up to 10,000 A.
Oil–filled circuit breaker
Both miniature& moulded circuit breaker commonly used in domestic,

commercial and light industrial applications at low voltage (less than1000V)
♦ Current rating of MCB not more than 100 A (10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40,
50, 63 A) .Trip characteristics normally not adjustable.
♦ Current rating of MCCB up to 1000 A (80, 100 , 125, 160, 250,
320, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1000, 1250, 1600, 2500 A). Thermal or
thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable.
Electric power systems require the breaking of higher currents at higher

voltages. Examples of high-voltage AC circuit breakers are:
♦ Current rating of Vacuum circuit breaker up to 3000 A, they can
practically applied for voltages up to about 35,000 V.
♦ Current rating of Air circuit breaker up to 10,000 A.
2.1.4 Panel Boards

A single panel, or a group of panel units as show in the following Figure,
designated for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses. It comes
with or without switches and/or automatic overcurrent protective devices for the
control of light, heat, or power circuits of small individual as well as aggregate
capacity; it is designed to be placed in a cabinet or a cutout box and placed in or
against a wall or partition and is only accessible from the front.
Panel Boards are
Used to control light, heat, or power circuits.
Placed in a cabinet or cutout box.
Mounted in or against a wall.
Accessible only from the front.
Distribution Board
Distribution boards is a panel used to distribution inside the floor which is
divided to two main type:
o Floor Main Panel

It's the panel beside the risers and contains main circuit breaker and many
circuit breakers, its numbers depend on the number of sub-panel in one floor
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and the input of main panel is 3ø cables from riser tap-off to moulded –case
circuit breaker as a main breaker and the main breaker feed smaller moulded
case circuit breaker depends on the number of sub-panel. Main panel as
showing in Fig.5.4, provide protection against over current fault and short
circuit fault which can be controlled by the rating selection of breakers and short
level which it's depend on the load rating and board distance from supply.
o Sub-Panel Boards
The sub-panels is panels which it's distributed inside the floor and it's number
depend on the floor geometry and floor loads (sockets, lighting, appliance). The
sub-panel is nearly look like the main floor panel in construction it's consists of
main breaker 3ø and sub-breakers 1ø which feeds directly to the loads through
wires to the loads. Although the main panel provides good protection but the
sub-panel improves over all system reliability because it's avoiding trip all floor
in case of fault in any area inside the floor and trip only for local fault in it's
area.
Main Medium Voltage Distribution Boards
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Main Medium Voltage Distribution Boards
Main Low Voltage Distribution Boards

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Sub Distribution Boards
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Components of Panel Board

The main use of panel boards is to provide protection for overall system
connected and make control by using many component .
o Fuse
A fuse as show in the Figure below is a one-short device. The heat produced by
over-current causes carrying element to melt open, disconnecting the load from
the source voltage.
Fuse
o Non-Time-Delay Fuses
Fuses provide excellent short-circuit protection. When an overcurrent occurs,
heat builds up rapidly in the fuse. Non-time-delay fuses usually hold 500% of
their rating for approximately one-fourth second, the current after which
carrying element melts. This means that these fuses should not be used in motor
circuits which often have inrush currents greater than 500% .
o Time-Delay Fuses
Time-delay fuses usually allow five times the rated up to ten seconds to allow
motors to start current for up to ten seconds to allow motors start.
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o Circuit Breakers
Air Circuit Breakers

Air circuit-breakers can be used both as circuit-breakers for general protection
(of plants, of user complexes, of electric lines) and as protection circuit-
breakers of electrical machines (generators, motors, transformers, capacitors).
They are used in all types of plants (civil, industrial, and in the service sector)
as well as in the equipment on-board ships, in mines, in prefabricated
substations, and for primary and secondary distribution in general.
Moulded-Case Circuit Breakers

Moulded-case circuit-breakers guarantee an extremely high performance level
while being progressively smaller in size, simple to install and able to provide
increasingly better safety guarantees for the operator. In addition to being ideal
for the secondary distribution of alternate and direct current, they feature
dedicated solutions for all application requirements. Moulded-case circuit-
breakers can be used in low voltage civil and industrial installations with 1 to
3200 A operating current. The family includes 9 circuit-breaker sizes in three-
or four-pole versions:
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All the moulded-case circuit-breakers in the SACE FORMULA family are

constructed in accordance with the following construction characteristics:
o double insulation;
o positive operation;
o isolation behaviour;
o electromagnetic compatibility;
o tropicalization;
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o power supply from the top towards the bottom or vice versa;
o versatility of the installation. It is possible to mount the circuit-
breaker either in the horizontal.
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)

MCBs protect installations against overload and short-circuit, warranting
reliability and safety for operations. They have two different tripping
mechanisms, the delayed thermal tripping mechanism for overload protection
and the magnetic tripping mechanism for short circuit protection. They are
available in different characteristics (B,C,D,K,Z), configurations
(1P,1P+N,2P,3P,3P+N,4P), breaking capacities (up to 25 kA) and rated currents
(up to 63A).
2.1.5 Standard and Codes

Lux Criteria:
It’s a standard show the lux of each place.
Please refer to Appendix 1.
IEC Standards:
Stand for International Electric Code, their number range was shifted in 1997 by
adding 60000. So what used to be called IEC 27 is now officially IEC 60027,
and so on. However, the old numbers remain commonly used.
For codes please refer to Appendix 1.
NEC Standards:-
The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70, is a U.S standard for the safe
installation of electrical wiring and equipment. It is part of the National Fire
Codes series published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
British Standards:-
BSI British Standards is a division of BSI group which also includes BSI
management systems.
For codes please refer to Appendix 1.
2.2 Lighting Systems

Light is the prime factor in the human life as all activities of human beings
ultimately depend upon the light. Where there is no natural light, use of
artificial light is made. Artificial lighting produced electrically, on account of its
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cleanliness, ease of control, reliability, steady output, as well as its low cost, is
playing an increasingly important part in modern every day life. Apart from its
aesthetic and decorative aspects, good lighting has a strictly utilitarian value in
increasing production, reducing workers fatigue, protecting their health, eyes
and nervous system and reducing accidents. The science of illumination
engineering is therefore becoming of major importance.
Good lighting has many advantages:

o Reducing worker fatigue.
o Protecting eyes and nerves systems
o Reducing accidents.
o Increases production
2.2.1 Definitions of Terms Used in Illumination

Lamp:
The lamp is an energy conversion device that converts electrical energy into
light.
Luminous Flux (lumen):

It is the energy in the form of light wave radiated per second from a luminous
body. Its symbol is (F) and is measured in lumens.
Lumen:
It is the luminous flux per unit solid angle from a source of candlepower. It is
also the international unit of luminous flux of quantity of light.
Lumen = (candle power) x (solid angle)
Illumination
When the light falls on any surface, this the phenomenon is called the
illumination. It is defined as the number of lumens, falling on the surface per
Unit area.
Illumination (E) = Lumens (F)/Area (A) (lux)
LUX:
It is defined as the illumination on a sphere plane of radius 1 m at the center of
which there is a source of 1 Candle power. In addition, it is the international
system (SI) unit of illumination. One lumen uniformly distribute over an area of
one square meter and the lux of each room depends on the application of the
room itself, the required lux is determined from the following table.
Luminous Intensity (candela):

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It is the luminous flux emitted by the source of light per solid angle measured in
the direction, which the intensity is required.
Lamp Efficacy or Efficiency (η):

It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux in lumen to the power in wattage.
It is expressed in lumen per watt.
Utilization Factor (UF):

It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane (LR) to the
total lumens given out by the lamp (LT). Its value lies between 0.3 & 0.5 and it
is affected by:
o Colors of walls and ceilings
o Room dimension.
o Type of lamp
UF = LR/LT
LR : Total lumen giving out by the lamp

LT : Total lumen reaching the working plane
Maintenance Factor (MF):

The effective candle power of all lamps deteriorates due to the aging of the
lamps and accumulation of dust, dirt and smoke on lamps, this fact is taken into
account by including the maintenance factor. It is varied between 0.9 for indoor
applications and (0.7–0.9) for outdoor applications.
MF=EA/EC
EA : Illumination due to actual conditions

EC : Illumination when every thing is perfectly clean
Space Height Ratio (SHR):

It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent lamps and
bright of their mountains. This is ratio depends on the type of the reflector.
SHR=HD/HM
HD : Horizontal distance between two adjacent lamps

HM : Mounting height of lamps above working plane
Candlepower Distribution Curve:

It id a graphic presentation of distribution of light intensity of a lamp or
luminaries.
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Foot-lambert Equation:
Unit of luminance or brightness equals to one lumen uniformly reflected or
omitted by an area of one square foot.
Quantity of Light:
Luminous flux is the quantity of light that leaves the lamp, measured in lumens
(lm). A number of factors affect a lamp's light output over time, including lamp
lumen depreciation, supply voltage variations, dirt or dust on the lamp, and the
ambient temperature in fixture.
Quality of Light:
Luminance (Photometric Brightness). The light that we actually see, brightness
can be measured as the light leaving a lamp, or the light reflecting from an
object's surface. If not controlled, brightness can produce levels of glare that
either impair or prevent a desired task being performed. Glare can be described
as direct or reflected glare, which can then result In discomfort or disability.
Direct glare comes straight from the light source. Reflected glare shows up on
the task itself, such as a computer screen. A popular example is holding a glossy
magazine at certain angle.
2.2.2 Types of Lighting Schemes:

The lighting schemes are mainly classified into two categories indoor and
outdoor lighting schemes. The lighting scheme should be designed such that it
may:
o Provide adequate illumination
o Provide light distribution all over the working plane as
uniform as possible.
o Provide light of suitable color.
o Avoid glare and hard shadows as much as possible.
The interior or indoor lighting schemes may be classified into:

Direct lighting
Semi-direct lighting.
Semi indirect lighting.
Indirect lighting.
Direct Lighting:
It is most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this lighting scheme more
than 90% of total light flux is made to fall directly on the working plane with
the help of deep reflectors. Though it is most efficient but causes hard shadows
and glare. It is mainly used for industrial and general out door lighting.
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Semi Direct Lighting:

In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of the total light flex is made to fall
down wards directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors, remaining light is
used to illuminate the ceilings and walls. Such a lighting system is best suited to
rooms with high ceilings were a high level of uniformly distributed illumination
is desirable. Glare in such units is avoided by employing diffusing globes,
which not only improve the brightness towards the eye level but also improve
the efficiency of the systems with reference to the working plane. In this
lighting scheme, a percentage of (60 % to 90 %) of the total light flux is made to
full downwards directly
Semi Indirect Lighting:

In this lighting scheme, a (60 % to 90 %) percentage of total light flux is thrown
upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working
plane directly except for some absorption by the bowl. This lighting scheme is
with soft shadows and glare free. It is mainly used for indoors light decoration
purposes.
General Diffusing means that the total light flux thrown upward =total light
flux falls downwards
Indirect Lighting:
In this scheme more than 90% of total light flux is thrown upwards to the
ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or blow reflectors. In such
system the ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare is reduced minimum.
The resulting illumination is softer and more diffused, the shadows are less
prominent and the appearance of the room is much improved over that which
results from direct lighting. It is used for decoration purposes in cinemas,
theatres and hotels etc. and in workshops where large machines and other
obstructions would cause trouble (some shadows) if direct lighting were
employed. It is used for decoration purpose in cinemas, theaters and hotels and
workshops. Types of lighting schemes is shown in the following Figure.
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Types of Lighting Schemes
2.2.3 Types of Lamps:

A lamp is an energy converter. Its prime purpose is the transformation of
electrical energy into visible electromagnetic radiation. The lighting designing
process in its most basic form entail identifying a task & then providing a light
source that will provide proper quantity & quality of light for the task. The
fixture protect, connect it to the power source & distributes its light. The light
source is the actual light-producing component of the lighting system. It may
operate simply as a lamp (incandescent/halogen) or as a lamp powered by
ballast (fluorescent and high-intensity discharge, metal halide, …. etc).
Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent light source is an example of the first method, called
incandescence. Current is passed through a filament, which heats until it
glows, as shown in following Figure.
Incandescent Lamps
♦ Uses:
It is widely used in domestic applications as (table lamps, some car headlamps
and electric flash lights).
♦ Advantages:
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o Low initial cost.

o Numerous sizes.
o Great color.
o Instant starting.
♦ Disadvantages:
o Poor efficiency.
o Produce high heat compared with light.
o Short life time.
o Cause glaring.
♦ Rating:
60W, 100W, 150W, 300W.
It don’t require a ballast because it don’t need power factor correction (it has
unity power factor). The life hours of the incandescent lamp 750-1000 hrs and
the initial lumens 4000 lms.
Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamps have an efficiency of about 40%, meaning that for the same
amount of light generated, they use ¼ the power and produce 1/6 the heat of a
regular incandescent. It is considered the best known gas discharge lamp;
fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to regulate the flow of power.
♦ Uses:
Usage is low in residential because it’s belongs to kitchens, bathrooms &
hallways, but it is used strongly in schools, business & offices due to cost
saving.
♦ Advantages:
1. High efficiency.
2. High initial cost but saving in energy.
3. Low temperature &brightness-diffuse light.
4. Various color range.
♦ Disadvantages:
1. Require ballast to stabilize the lamp &to start the arc discharge so the
cost is increased.
2. Sensitive to low air temperature.
♦ Rating:
20W, 40W.
Tube length 60 cm, 120 cm.
It needs power factor correction because of ballasts (p.f is mostly near to 0.6)
♦ Comparison Between Fluorescent & Incandescent Lamps:
Incandescent filament Fluorescent

Lamp Lamp
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Initial cost per lamp is quite low Initial cost per lamp is more
Luminous efficiency per watt Luminous efficiency per watt
increases with increase in voltage increases with increase in tube
of lamp length
Normal life time 1000 working Less bright
hours
More bright Normal life of the tube is about
4000 working hours
Principle utilization shops, Stairs, Principle utilization :Office, Store,
Terrace, Reception Toilet, Kitchen, hotel Room
Instant starting Fluorescent lamps require a
ballast to stabilize the lamp
Small size Fluorescent lamps are sensitive to
low air temperatures.
Simple to operate and install Not simple to install
Require no ballast Require ballast
Very inefficient source of light Very efficient source of light
Fluorescent Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compact fluorescent light
bulb or an energy saving light bulb, is a type of lamp (light bulb) designed to
fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp, but with the
advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Compared to incandescent lamps of the
same luminous flux, CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy. The
initial purchase price of a CFL is higher than an incandescent lamp of the same
output. Modern CFLs typically have a life span of between 6,000 and 15,000
hours whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a life span
of 750 hours or 1000 hours. Incandescent lamps are less efficient than CFLs
because incandescent lamps convert approximately 90% of the energy they
consume into heat (compared to 30% for a CFL). CFLs can have built-in
electrical ballast.
♦ Uses:
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Usage is in residential because it’s belongs to kitchens, bathrooms & hallways,

but it is used strongly in schools, business & offices due to cost saving.
♦ Advantages:
1. High efficiency.
2. High initial cost but saving in energy.
3. Low temperature & brightness-diffuse light.
4. Various color range.
♦ Disadvantages:
1. Require ballast to stabilize the lamp & to start the arc discharge so the
cost is increased.
2. Sensitive to low air temperature.
♦ They are specified by the following:
o It is a new and advanced lightning technology.
o More efficient than incandescent lamps.
o Use 70–75 % less energy than their incandescent equivalents. When
replacing a 100 watt incandescent lamp a 28 watt CFL is used.
o CFL last approximately 10,000 hours, which is 10 to 13 times the life of
an incandescent lamp (expected life approximately 750 hours).
o Compact fluorescents are most cost-effective when used at least 2-3 hours
per day.
o Although CFL may appear different than the common incandescent, they
fit most standard fixtures found in homes today. The screw-in base is the
same on both lamps.
o The typical incandescent lamp wastes 90% of the energy it uses,
producing heat rather than light.
o CFL will provide the same amount of light (or lumens) at a fraction of the
electricity used.
CFL Lamps
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps:

They are specified by the following
o They require a ballast.
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o Ambient temperature does not affect light output, although low ambient
temperatures can affect starting, requiring so special ballast.
o Compact light source.
o High lumen packages.
o Point light source.
o Range of color temperatures and color rendering abilities depending on
the lamp type.
o Long service life.
o Highly efficacious in many cases.
o Line voltage variations, possible line voltage drops, and circuits sized
for high starting current requirements must be considered.
HID Lamps
Metal Halide Lamp:

Produce a bright white light &are highly efficient member of HID family.
♦ Uses:
It is used in stadiums, department stores, grocery stores &museums.
♦ Life time:
6,000 → 20,000 hours.
♦ Advantages:
1. Designed for general lighting applications.
2. Long life time.
3. Interchangeable with mercury in many applications.
4. Efficiency from 1.5 to 2.5 times as mercury vapour lamps &6
times as incandescent.
5. Good color c/c’s &light bright white.
♦ Disadvantages:
1. Short life compared to other HID lamps.
2. Require ballasts.
3. Require 2 to 5 minutes to warm up before giving full light &10
minutes to cool down.
4. Color may vary from lamp to lamp.
♦ Rating:
Range from 175 to 1500 watt.
Ballasts must be used so it needs power factor correction.
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2.2.4 Electric Ballasts:

The electric ballast, control gear, is a device needed to energize fluorescent
lamps during operation; it provides the proper voltage to start the lamp and
regulate the current to stabilize the out put.
Types of Ballasts:
There are two types of ballasts:
o Electronic ballasts
o Magnetic ballasts
♦ The ballast serves two functions:
o Provide the starting kick.
o Limit the current to the proper value for the tube you are
using.
Comparison Between the Electronic & Magnetic Ballasts:
Ballast Types
Ballast Electromagnetic Electronic

Characteristics Ballast (Iron Core) Ballast
Heat Wastes internal energy Reduced heat internal losses
which generates about 30° C less than 8 watts results in 5-
more heat. 10 percent less air
conditioning costs.
Light Flicker 60 Hz frequency causes light 20,000-25,000 Hz produces
flicker levels of 30 percent or virtually no detectable
higher; can cause headaches flicker; does not cause
and nausea. headaches and nausea.
Noise Vibration of electromagnetic No audible noise, less
field causes humming noise. distracting.
Weight Heavy components coated in Weighs about half as much
heavy protective material. as electromagnetic type.
Energy Requires 30-40 percent more Requires 30-40 percent less
input for the same amount of input for the same amount of
light output. light output.
Cost Low. High.
Some Examples of Different Ballasts

The electronic gear with brains
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o Dim and boost Elite Light Boost lamps for energy saving and
attraction lighting
o SOFTSTART allows installation with fewer circuit breakers
o Loop Through allows faster, cost-efficient installation
Capacitors for HID lamp circuits

o Up to 250v 50Hz/60Hz -40ºC~85ºC application
HID-Basic Semi-Parallel
o System design: one ignitor can trigger all lamps from 35 to 600
W
o Long-lasting reliable solution protected from overheating;
better for hot environments than its predecessors; extended
warranty
o Minimal watt losses thanks to orthocyclic winding process
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Electromagnet Ballast
o Reliable electrical and mechanical performance
o Optimum lamp performance under optimum temperature
conditions
o Fits compact luminaires
HF-Regulator Intelligent Touch

o Extremely low stand-by losses, controlled cut-off for dim levels
above 80%, hybrid control dimming (current control at 100%
and power control at 1%), combined with MASTER TL5 Eco:
the most energy-efficient solution
o HF operation improves light quality, lamp lifetime
o Combined with controls, additional energy savings can be
achieved
o Compliant with European and Asian norms and suitable for
emergency lighting systems
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Halogen Transformers
o Low power losses, resulting in increased energy saving
o Constant light output in the case of under-voltage and a full
service life in the case of over-voltage
o ENEC, SELV, CE and EMC-compliant
2.2.5 Luminaries:
Definition:
A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps) together with the parts
designed to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect
them to the power supply. This is sometimes referred to as a "fixture".
Luminaire Efficiency:
The ratio of lumens emitted by a luminaire to those emitted by the lamp (or
lamps) used. There are two ways to look at a light fixture's (luminaire's)
efficiency; one indicate how well the light system transforms electrical input
into useful light output, and the other indicates how well the fixture itself
transmits light from lamp(s) to the work plane.
In light systems efficiency expressed in lumens per watt. To determine a
system's efficiency, divide its lumen output by its rated input wattage.
The light fixture's physical characteristics will affect how much light will leave
the fixture and how much will be directed at task.
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Factors that affect the efficiency of the fixture include its shape, the reflectance
of its materials, how many lamps are inside the fixture (and how close they are
to each other), and whether shielding material such as lens or louver is used to
soften or scatter the light.
Types of Luminaries
o Fluorescent luminaries
o Industrial luminaries
o Hospital luminaries
o Globes & Decorative luminaries
o Emergency lighting
For more details please refer to catalogues
Classification of Luminaries:
The luminaires can be classified according to protection as follows:
o IP: defines various degrees of protection against the ingress of
foreign bodies, dust and moisture.
st
o 1 digit represents protection against solid bodies.
nd
o 2 digit represents protection against liquids.
o IK: defines the degree of protection against external
mechanical impact.
2.2.6 Power Factor Correction of Lamps and Luminaries:

All Discharge Lamps, such as Fluorescent Lamps, High Pressure Mercury
Vapor Lamps, Sodium Lamps, Metal Halide Lamps, etc., require ballasts
(chokes) or transformers for their operation. These devices are inductive in
nature. When a Discharge Lamp is switched on, it draws Apparent Power from
the mains. This Apparent Power (VA) has two components; one is the Active
Power (W) actually being consumed by the lampfor illuminating it, and the
other is the Reactive Power (VAr) feeding the electromagnetic circuit of the
control gear.
Power factor is also denoted by p.f. or cos (φ). Typical p.f. of ballasts is from
0.35 to 0.5.
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Power Factor Correction:

As mentioned above, the inductive components, such as ballasts, draw Reactive
Power (VAr) from the mains. It lags behind the Active Power (W) by 90o. A
capacitor, if connected across the mains, will also draw Reactive Power
[VAr(c)], but it leads the Active Power (W) by 90o. The direction of the
capacitive Reactive Power [VAr(c)] is opposite to the direction of the inductive
Reactive Power (VAr).
If a capacitor is connected in parallel with an inductive load, it will draw

capacitive Reactive Power [VAr(c)]. The effective Reactive Power drawn by the
circuit will reduce to the extent of the capacitive Reactive Power [VAr(c)]
resulting in reduction of Apparent Power from VA to VA1. The phase angle
between the Active Power and the new Apparent Power VA1 will also reduce
from Q to Q1 (Figure 2). Thus the power factor will increase from cos (φ) to cos
(φ1).
The new power factor is given by
p.f. = cos (φ
φ1)= Watt / VA
By selecting a capacitor of an appropriate value, the power factor can be

corrected to 1. However, in practice, the power factor is improved to fall
between 0.9 and 0.95.
Main Advantages of the Power Factor Correction are:

The electrical load on the Utility is reduced, thereby allowing the
Utility to supply the surplus power to other consumers, without
increasing its generation capacity.
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Most of the Utilities impose low power factor penalties. By correcting

the power factor, this penalty can be avoided.
High power factor reduces the load currents.
Connection of Capacitors in Luminaires:

o Parallel (Shunt) Connection:
This is the most popular method of connection. The capacitor is connected in
parallel to the luminaries as shown in Figures below. The voltage rating of the
capacitor is usually the same as (or a little higher than) the system voltage.
Parallel Connection
o Series Connection:
In case of double (twin) fluorescent luminaries, where two lamps are controlled
by two ballasts, it is usual to over-compensate one ballast by connecting a
capacitor in series with it, and to leave the other ballast uncompensated. The
leading power factor on the first ballast, in conjunction with the lagging power
factor of the second ballast, brings the total power factor to near unity. The
scheme is shown in following Figure. The voltage rating of series connected
capacitors is much higher than the supply voltage and must be correctly
selected.
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Series Connection
2.2.7 Lighting Control:

After a layout of lighting design is completed, Control of lighting system is
achieved by:
Manual Switches:
o One way – one gang switch.
o One way – double gang switch.
o Two way – double gang switch "but it’s not preferable ".
These switches usually located at 90 cm height. To achieve flexibility in the
design, 2-way switch can be used (deviator switch)
Contactors:
o Lighting can be controlled by contactors on the circuit or at the
beginning of the board.
o General services control of a building can be achieved by contactors.
Lighting Management Systems:

Control of public lighting (halls, outdoor lighting and receptions) can be
achieved by building management system and it’s very typically in application
of modern building. "It will be studied in a separate chapter".
♦ Lightmaster KNX
o Energy savings of up to 55%
o Increased comfort for the building occupant
o Flexibility to keep the system up to date, now and in the future
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♦ Dynalite User Control Panels

Sophisticated yet simple energy-efficient lighting solutions. A local control
panel allows occupants to adjust the lighting control system to suit their
requirements. There is a wide selection of options to enable the various
functions required of the control system and to help users interact to intuitively
with the many different features.Each panel family offers many different button
configurations, thereby allowing flexible project solutions. All panels utilize the
same low-voltage DyNet port for connecting to the network. They are powered
directly from the network and therefore require no mains wiring.Each panel can
be individually configured via EnvisionProject commissioning software to
perform simple or complex logical functions without the need for additional
network devices. Using any Philips Dynalite panel within a project unlocks the
full power of the control system – at the touch of a button.
♦ Dynalite Leading Edge Dimmers

Sophisticated yet simple energy-efficient lighting solutions. Philips Dynalite
supports a wide selection of dimmer units that are compatible with most lamp
types. By selecting the right dimmer for the different lamp types, an unlimited
number of combinations of dimmer units can be chosen to work together in one
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project. Utilizing the very latest in microprocessor technology, every Dynalite

dimmer has many built-in dedicated features for the lighting control industry.
Industry-leading 16-bit fading resolution allows ultra-smooth dimming in
projects where this is critical for flicker-free scene changes. The dimmers are
capable of fading from one scene to another over a period ranging from one
second to 23 hours, triggered from a single network message. This allows
simpler programming and a smooth transition from one scene to the next – a
feature that is perfect for daylight harvesting in projects requiring energy
management.
♦ Dynalite Relay Controllers

Sophisticated yet simple energy-efficient lighting solutions. As one of the most
popular forms of lighting control, relay and multi-use devices can have the
greatest impact in terms of energy management and lighting control. Available
in both DIN-rail and wall-box configurations, this Philips Dynalite solution
enables a vast range of relay controllers with a variety of circuit numbers and
sizes to work individually or as part of a system, thus fulfilling any project
requirement. Each device can store over 170 presets, allowing the recall of
complex switching logic from simple network messages. As the required preset
scenarios are stored within each relay device, the commissioning process and
network messages are simplified.
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2.3 Sockets:
All plugs and sockets contain two contacts live or phase and neutral phase,
many plugs and sockets include third contact used for protective earth grounds
which carry current in case of fault in the equipment.
♦ Live or phase
♦ Neutral
♦ Earth "ground"
Types of Sockets:
There are several types of sockets
♦ Type A:
They have 2 flat prongs with a hole near the tip.
In some cases contacts have bumps on them so that bumps fit into the holes and
this prevents the plug from slipping out of the socket due to the weight of plug.
♦ Type B:
(American & Canadian standard)
Plug with 2 flat parallel prongs and grounding pin. It's common for equipment
users to simply cut off the grounding pin that plug can be muted with a 2- pole
ungrounded socket.
♦ Type C:
2 wire plug is ungrounded and has 2 round prongs
It's popularly known as the euro plug, this is probably the single most widely
used international plug. It will mate with any sockets that accept 4:4.8mm round
contacts on 19mm centers. This for application that require 2.5A or less and it’s
unpolarized
This kind of socket is the older and ungrounded variant of socket types.
♦ Type D:
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(British standard)
This plug has 3 large round pins in a triangle pattern
It’s rated at 5A
Type d still found in hotels & theatres in the UK. It's likely to be on a circuit has
a special purpose as for providing d.c current or for plugging in lamps that are
controlled by a light switch.
♦ Type E:
Ground in E socket is accomplished with a round male pin permanently
mounted in the socket. The plug is similar to C plug except that its round and
has the addition of a female contact to accept the grounding pin of the socket.
Plug is polarized. The plug is rated at 16 A.
♦ Type F:
Commonly called schuko plug is similar to c except that it’s round and has the
addition of 2 grounding clips on the side of the plug
It has 4.8 mm round contact on 19 mm centers.
Because the plug can be inserted in either direction into the receptacle the
schuko connection system is unpolarized (line and neutral are connected at
random). It’s used in application up to 16 A.
Above that equipment must either be wired permanently to the mains or
connected via another higher power connector (schuko standard)
Many official standards in Eastern Europe are identical to schuko standard .one
of these protocols DIN&VDE standards.
♦ Type G:
Plug has 3 rectangular prongs that form a triangle British power outlets
incorporate shutters on line & neutral contacts to prevent some one from
pushing object into the socket.
♦ Type H:
This plug and socket used only in Israel, it has 2 flat prongs like type B ,but
they form a v- shape , type H have grounding pin & rated at 16 A.
♦ Type I:
Plug has also a grounding pin and 2 flat prongs forming a v- shape. It’s used in
applications up to 10A, used in Australia, New Zealand.
♦ Type J:
This plug is similar to c except that it has the addition of grounding pin. This
system is rated for application up to 10A, used in Switzerland.
♦ Type K:
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The plug is similar to f except that it has a grounding pin instead of grounding
clips. It’s rated at 10A, used in Denmark & Greenland.
♦ Type L:
They differ in terms of contact diameter and spacing. They earthed by means of
centre grounding pin. & they are unpolarized. It is used in Italy& North Africa,
2styles in Italy rated at 10&16A.
♦ Type M:
Similar to type D but pins are much larger. Type M is rated at 15 A, used in
South Africa
Uses of some sockets:

o Lighting fixtures & lamp sockets: Sockets produce artificial light in
industrial areas or work spaces, and mechanically hold &electrically
connect lamp bulbs to wiring.
o Relay sockets: Relay sockets are devices that accept relays, electro
mechanical switches in which the variation of current in one electric
circuit controls the flow of electricity in another circuit.
o Electrical connectors: Electrical connectors are devices that join
electrical circuits together.
o Electrical connector caps, plugs and covers: They are designed to
provide mechanical protection for electrical connectors.
o Military connectors: They are built in accordance with military
specifications; this design takes into account the need to protect the
connection from environmental factors.
o Power connectors: Power connectors transfer AC to DC through a
variety of electronic devices and are used in a variety of electronic
devices and are used in a variety of commercial, industrial &residential
applications.
o Rectangular connectors: Heavy duty rectangular connectors are
designed to accommodate large electrical loads and direct signals under a
multitude of operating conditions.
o 8- TV sockets:
♦ Right angled coax line socket
♦ High quality coax socket
♦ Standard panel –mounting coax socket with nickel- plated brass
body single hole fixing panel cut out 95 mm diameter.
♦ Wireless scart AV sender.
♦ Watch TV, VCR, DVD, cable, satellite on TV in home without
needing to run a wire between them. Simply plug in the transmitter
into the scart socket on TV.
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♦ The audio and video will be transmitted from the source device to
the second TV wirelessly.
DIN standard:
o DIN originally standardized by Deutsches Institute for Normung (DIN),
GERMAN NATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION.
o DIN exists for large number of connectors.
o So DIN only doesn’t identify certain type, so number is added beside
DIN for determination certain type, DIN refer to a member of family of
circular connectors.
o Some of theses connectors used in analog video applications and for
digital interference such as IBM ps/2 computer key board and mouse
cables.
o MINI DIN Connector: The mini DIN connectors are a family of multi
pin electrical connectors used in a variety of applications, mini DIN is
similar to larger "older DIN connector".
Shuttering
o Power outlets incorporate shutters on the phase &neutral contact to
prevent some one from pushing a foreign object into the socket, on most
sockets these are opened by the earth pin which is longer than the others
and must always be present.
o There are some sockets (systems) depend on the shape of the phase and
neutral pins & doesn’t depend on earth pin. Some older sockets simply
require equal pressure to be placed upon the phase and neutral shutters
(on sockets which use the earth pin to open the shutters , said shutters
can be opened by inserting an object into the earth hole.).
o Electricians do this frequently to allow them to insert test probes into
sockets.
Different shapes of sockets and switches are in the following Figures.
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN PROCEDURE

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN PROCEDURE

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CHAPTER (2

(2) ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN PROCEDURE

2.1 Preliminary Design

(a) Determine Scope of Building

(b) Data Collection

The designer have to ask about:

2.1.1 Load Estimation

For residential applications 4 to 8 KVA for 100 m².

2.1.2 Single Line Diagrams

2.1.3 Equipment Selection

High Voltage Winding

Measuring Devices Equipped with Transformers:

Oil temperature protection.

Circuit Potential Transformers

An over current protective device on the primary or secondary side of a

Protection of Y/∆ Transformer

Protection of Y/Y Transformer

Oil Type Transformers have the following features:

(b) A Comparison of Copper Versus Aluminum Electrical Wire and Cables

(c) Design of Cables

(d) Cable System

(e) Construction Conductor Cable

(iii) Metallic Sheath

(f) Types of Insulations

V/Ror VRI (vulcanized India rubber)

(g) Cable Insulation may be Arranged as Follows

o Core Cable: Phase + Neutral

Core Cable: Phase +Neutral

o Core Cable: 3-phase

Core Cable 3-ph

o Core Cable: 3-Phases + Neutral

Core Cable 3-ph+Neutral

Under Ground Power Cable (Steel wire armored – PVC sheathed)

(h) Factors Affecting Cable Choice

(i) Circuit Breakers and Cable Size Selection

(j) Power Cables Classifications:-

(k) Special Cables Types:

(l) Specification of Selection Power Cables:-

(m) Safety consideration when choosing a cable:

(n) Voltage Drop for Multi-Core L.V Cables:

Table 2.2 Voltage drop for multi-core L.V cables

2.1.3.3 Diesel Generator

Essential loads and critical loads

Generator Type and Feature

6. One automatic C.B. with thermal / magnetic trip.

Engine Control Panel

How to Select the Generator Set Sizing

Problems for Selection of Generator Set

Motor Starting Requirements

Synchrouns generators shall be so constructed that in an emergency they will

Automatic Transfer Switch

A.T.S. and by Pass – Isolation Switch

Upon failure of the normal source, the engine generator shall be

After re-transfer to the normal source has occurred, the alternate

The load shall be transferred to the alternate source:

In addition, tile transfer switch shall continue tile following features

2.1.3.4 Switch Gear

Reasons for Using Switch Gears in Any Power System:

o Isolating switches (Isolator, safety switch):

o Load Break Switch (L.B.S)

o Circuit Breakers (C.B):

♦ A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which is designed to

o Types of circuit breaker:

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): rated current not more