⑳

Introduction -ane
In this 10th
very first chapter of Going to see
Class
history
we are a very
I
small

part of the world History which connects with the Rise of Nationalism Europe and
in

movements Related to it for of you this chapter is a BIGTASKto Understand

many
but on "Padha, AK Mazza "I am confident that this chapter After this notes & lecture on

BMS-Brain
PNM will be set
permanently in Brain ma Sets

The First Paint

T ERN
A X
R X
X

liberty tunch of
of
Statue is
Enlightenment

~FranceamanAustin
Rights
--
e

of men

↓
...

US,
Switzerland

-------
I
-are
shattered Remains
of the symbols of
Mazza the Absolutist (Monarchial)
Institutions

In 1848 Frederic French Artist prepared

sories a this paints
Representing his
Dream of a world made up of Democratic and Social Republics and Call them the
First Paint his Utopian Vision
Representing (Society that is so idel that is
unlikely
to exist in
Reality)
This Chapter Deals with visualised
by sories And During 19th
century
YOU !

MISSING many issues

Nationalism Emerge as a force which came with lot

A of Drastic
changes in the
Political & Mental World of Europe
Nation State
The End Result of the Changes the of Nation State Place of Multi-
O PS was
Emergence in

Dynastic Empires of Europe

In early the concept was more of centralised power over a Defined territory, but
Nation State was a concept which was more Dependent on sense of Collective

belonging, common identity, shared history this concept was

clearly Explained by
Ernst Renan

Ernst Renan ,Nation?

Ernest Ronan gives the Defination of Nation State as

Citizens of nation State the sense of collective belonging and common

a
Enjoys
Identity
Nation State is evolved from Common
A History of Struggles and Common Actionsof
Leaders

French Revolution And Idea Of Nation

The first clean out Face of the Nationalism came with the French Revolution of 1789

The Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who can make the natio

Cover ofa German almanac -

Designed by
Andreas Repmann -
shows the French

Bastille Stormed by Revolutionary crowd

2-
Accompanying by
seize their own
the
freedom"
slogan "the people must
fig E
French Revolution paved the for modern
way
Nation State the political and constitutional
Changes

And French Revolution led to the

transfer of
monarchy to the body Govern by
french citizens and the nation united
community.
also
emphasising as a

French Revolution also introduce some new Ideas let's discuss about them

Ideas introduce by French Revolution

There were various steps taken by french Revolutionaries to Promote Idea of
Nationalism

1
The ideas of "La patrie"(the fatherland) and "La Gitoyen"(The Citizen) emphasised

2 A
new French flag the
tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard
 3 The Estate General Citizens
was elected
by the body of Active and renamed as the

national assembly
4 New hymns were composed baths-taken and
martyrs commemorated all in the name

of the nation

5 A centralised Administrative System was put in place and uniform laws were formulated for all

Citizens

6 Internal Customs duties and dues uniform of and

were abloshed and a system weights
measures was Adopted.

7 French was promoted as a national

language adhaimk
Mazza
Jacobin clubs ·sus MORE
For

When the news of events in France reached the different Cities of europe students

and of educated began Jacobin clubs.

T
other members middle classes
setting up
ME O U
A TI
TA K E

Their activities and

Campaigns pared the For French Armies which
way move

into Switzerland in the

Holland, Belgium, and much of Italy 1790s

Napoleonic Code OR Civil Code Of 1804

SIN G OU !

Through return to
monarchy Napoleon had, doubt Destroyed
Y

MIS a no

Democracy in France

But in the had

Administrative field he Incorporated Revolutionary
DEADLINE

Principles in order to make the whole system more rational and

efficient.

The Civil Code of 1804 -

usually known as the Napoleonic code

has the
following Rules

·Did
away with all
privileges based on Birth. 13

2 Established the
before Law.
equality L

3 secured P
Trick= BPL
the
might to property.

This code was exported to the regions under french control

In the Dutch Republic Switzerland, in Italy Napoleon simplified

in and
Germany
Administrative Divisions, abolished the feudal system and face peasents
from manorial Duties

-a
Mazzane
MORE
 Transport and Communication systems were improved

Peasents, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom

↑

However in the areas

conquered the reactions of the local population to french rule

was mixed

In such Cities Brussels

many places
as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in Contain like

Mainz, Milan and

Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as
harbingers of
liberty
But the initial enthusiasm soon turned into
hostality (Against) as it become clear that

the arrangements did not freedom

new administrative
go hand in hand with political
Increased taxation Censorship, forced conscription into the French armies acquired to conquer
the rest of Europe

Making of Nationalism in Europe

Have you wondered Germany
ever what we know
today the countries like Italy
Switzerland as
they were lific as we see
today the answer is NO in mid-19th

Century these were divided into

kingdoms whose rulers as their autonomous tanitories.

They did not share Collective

Identity OR Common Culture some important factors are

there which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe

adhaimk
1
Rise of the new middle class
2 The spread of
Ideology of Liberalism

Mazza
-suc
3 The rise of revolutionaries
4 Liberal Nationalism
For

Liberalism oR Liberal Nationalism

The term Liberalism Derived from Latin root Liber Free
meaning

It Has Different Meaning For Different Society’s

The of for
meaning
Liberalism new Middle class is individual
freedom and equality
before Law

Politically Liberalism emphasizes the concept of Government by people

Zolleverin
In 1834 a custom union zolleverin was formed at the initiative of Persia and

joined by the most of the German State this

union abloshed tariff barriers

and reduce the no of currencies from 30 to 2

-a
Mazzane
MORE
A New Conservatism After 1815
After the defect of napoleon in 1815 European government were driven by the split of
conservatism.

Conservatism:A philosophy that preferred gradual development instead of quick

Change

conservatives believe that

establishing a traditional Institution of State and
society

The European powers like Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had defect
collectively
Napoleon met at Vienna for Europe draw treaty of
to drop settlement as
then Vienna

Treaty of vienna
Let's Discuss the
major points
of treaty of Vienna

7
The Bourbon
dynasty which has been disposed during the French revolution was restored

to
power

2 France lost the territories which he gain the

under Napoleon.

3 A series State
of was set up boundaries france
of
prevented for expansion in Future.

4
German Confederation of 39 state that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

Greek war of independence

An event that mobilized Nationalist
feeling amongthe Educated Elite across

Europe was Greekwas of independence

Greek has been the part the

of Ottoman Emperor Since the 19th century the
growth
Revolutionary
of Nationalism in Europe is part Our
of struggle for independence
the Greekwhich began in 1821
among

thestruggleforindependence startedin lowand the treaty

constantinop
of
ten

REMINDER adhaimk
Mazza
sus MORE
For
The Revolutionaries
liberal
During the 1815 the fear of repression drove
many
nationalists underground. The secret

states to train specad their ideas.

sprang up in
many curopean revolutionaries and

To be
revolutionary that time ment a commitment
to oppose monarchial forms that

had been established After Vienna Congress

One Such Individual was Italian Revolutionary

Gluseppe Mazzini
&

Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807 he became the

secret
member of
societyof the Carbonami

As of 24 he to
sent exile in 1831 for
young
a man was

attempting a revolution in Liguria

He founded two more

underground societies, first, Young Italy
in Marseilles and then
Young Europe Banc
in whose
Mazzini
-

members were like minded

Young man
from poland, France and Italy and the German States. Mazzinibelived

that God had Intended nations to be the natural units of mankind

Mettarnish describe him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our Social order"

The Age Of Revolutions 1830-1848

The first upheaval took
place in France in
July 1830

The Bourbon
kings who had been restored to
power during the conservative reaction

after 1815, were now overthrown by Liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional

monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head

When France sneezes,' Metternich Once remanked, 'The rest of Europe catches cold'

Emergence of Nationalist Feelings

The Development territoral
of nationalism did not come about
only by wars and

expansions. important of
Culture plays an role in
locating Idea nation.

Art and
poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape the nationalist feelings

Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of reason and science.

create
Focussing on Emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings they tried to a sense of

Collective heritage. Ex: Frederic Sommier, John

Gottfried
-

Hender.
Hunger Hardship And Revolt
Note

The the handship

1830s were
years of great economic in Europe. Because of

The
first half ofthe 19th century saw an enormous increase in population all over the

Europe Population from mural Ancas migrate to cities to live in overcrowded

slums

The of the workers in town was extreme in 1845, wearers of Silesia village had
misery
led contractors them material and
a revolt against who supplied raw
gave them

Order for finished textiles but drastically reduce their payments

In 1848, food
shortage and Widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris
Out on roads

1848: The Revolution of Liberals -are Mazza

In parts of europe liic Germany, Italy, poland, the

Austro-Hungarian Empire,
men and woman the
of liberal middle class combine their demands for Creation

ofa nation State

May Revolution
TA K
ATE
IM E

UT
O

On 18th 831 elected representatives marched festive

May, 1848, in a procession to take

their places in the frankfurt Parliament convenced in the Church of St Paul.

They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subjected

to a parliament

When the deputies offered the crown these terms to Friedrich of Prussia
on Wilhelm in
King
he joined monarchs
rejected it and other to oppose the elected assembly

O PS
The Parliament was dominated by middle class, who resist the demands of workers and

artisans and
consequently lost than support In the end, troops were called in and the

forced to disband
assembly was

Issue of Political Rights to Woman

Rights

The of Liberal
issue
extending political rights to woman was a controvesial one within the movement

in the years.
which large no of woman had participated actively
over

Woman formed their own political associations

founded newspapers and take part in political movements

In 1848 the Conservative forces Able to supress liberal moments but could not restore the Old Order
Unification of Germany
HURRY U P
The first attempt was made
by the middle class who in 1848 try to Unite the different regions
of the President
German
Configuration into Nation state
A
governed by an elected

But they are not able to do this. After the defeat of Liberal middle class the process of

German unification was continued

by Persia chief
it's minister otto von Bismark

Bismarkcarried this
out
process with the help of persian and Bureaucracy
BALANCE
army

The events that time ofunification of Germany

major
occur
during the were

⑦
The with Austria, Denmark and France over 7 years ended with Prussian
was
evening
Victory and completed the process Unification
of

② On 18th
January 1871 German representatives
an
assembly having princes of states,

Army
of Otto von Bismarkproclamed the new German Empire headed
by
Kaiser William I of Prussia

③ The the
currency, banking
new state placed a
strong emphasis on
modernising legal
and Judicial systems in
Germany

Unification of Italy
During the mid 19th
century Italy
was divided into seven States Out of which only
one State Sardinia Pledgment was ruled by an Italia Princely House

Contribution of Famous Personalities

Role of Mazzini

He the leader of
republican in exile in
U!

was
party while 1861
G YO

MISSIN

he founded a new opposition called

Young Italy
It was a secret society.

But
DEADLINE Both
revolutionary uprisings in
1831 and 1848 failed

-a
Mazzane
Mazzini

MORE
Role of Cavour
Cavour became the chief minister of piedmont in 1852

He was neither
Revolutionary not a democratic but
he is

real maker
known as the of
Italy through his tactful

and diplomatic Alliance with france he succeeded in

Defeating Austrian
forces 1859
in

Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi

Central
figure of Unification of Italy

In 1833 he met movement

Mazziniand join the revolutionary young italy

He was the hero of Red Shirt Revolutionary movement in 1860 he march

succeded
into South Italy and
kingdom two slicesof and

support of the to
in
winning the local
agents in order

drive out the Spanish rulers.

In 1861 the first parliament representing the whole Italy

assemble which pomade formulae upon Victor Emmanuel

and title of of
the
King Italy.

Strange Case of the Britain

In the model of nation or the nation state, some scholars have argued is Great Britain
The formation of nation state was not Result of a sudden upheaval or Revolution

There British nation prior to 18th the identities of

was no
century primary people who
the Welsh, Scot ?
inhabited British Isles were Ethnic ones such as
English Irish

The English nation StedilyGrow in Wealth, Importance and power and was able to Extend
influence over the other nations ofthe Islands was the instrument through which
to Force the Act of Union Cox
a nation state with
England came blu
England
C Scotland Resulted in the formation of (UK)

After this England able to

was
impose Restrictions on Scotland and British
Parliament was Dominated English members and Scotland suffer teribal Restrictions
by
Ireland also suffered a similar fate
country was Deeply Divided between -

Catholics & Protestants

 In 1801 A new 'British Nation' was maked
through the
propagation a
of Dominant

English Culture
U
IM E O
T

E AT
TA K

The symboles of new Britain the Flag CunionJack) the National Anthem (God
Save our Noble King)
SIN G OU !

the
English language actively promoted and older nations survived
Y

MIS were

as a subordinate parter in this union

Visualising the Nation

The personification (Mindikuri)ofthe Nation is called
Visualising of the Nation

The
female form that was chosen to
personify the nation

did not stand for in real life

any particular woman

The
female become the allegory of the Nation

In france the female allegory was Marlane and Germania

became the of German nation
allegory

Germania wears the Crown of

Oat leaves as stands
it for

heroism

Balkans : The source of tension

Balkans was a
Region comprising of modern
day 11 Countries

There inhabitants were

brodely known as slaves

large part
A of Balkan was under the Control of Ottoman Empire

The Balkan area became the area of intense conflict each powerful country was been
on control over the are

This led to the series of wars in the region and finally First World was

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