Question Answer

What is the structure of the A fibro-muscular tube.

pharynx?

What is the extent of the From the skull base to C vertebrae.

pharynx?

How many muscles does 3 muscles: Superior constrictor muscle, Middle constrictor muscle, and Inferior constrictor muscle.
the pharynx have?

What are the two parts of Oblique fibers (Thyropharyngeal) and Circular fibers (Cricopharyngeal).
the Inferior constrictor
muscle?

What is Killian's A triangular area in the Inferior constrictor muscle lacking muscular support.
Dehiscence?

What is the site of the Pharynx (pharyngeal pouch).

formation of Zenker's
diverticulum?

What is a possible site of Sinus of Morgagni.

perforation during rigid
endoscopy?

Where is the sinus of Between the skull base and upper border of the superior constrictor muscle.
Morgagni located?

What passes through the Eustachian tube and tensor veli palatini muscle (tensor palati muscle).
sinus of Morgagni?

Where is the most common Cricopharyngeal sphincter (level of C(o)).

site of impaction of foreign
body in the digestive tract?

What is the name of the Tracheoesophageal resection.

surgical procedure involving
the cutting of a section of
the trachea and
esophagus?

Where is the posterior view On the back of the trachea.

of the trachea and
esophagus located?

Where is the anterior view On the front of the trachea.

of the trachea and
esophagus located?

What is the name of the Tracheoesophageal resection.

surgical procedure involving
the cutting of a section of
the trachea and
esophagus?

What is the name of the Tracheoesophageal resection.

surgical procedure involving
the cutting of a section of
the trachea and
esophagus?

Why is a disc battery in the Because it can release alkali and cause esophageal perforation.
esophagus considered an
emergency situation?

What is the danger of a disc It can release alkali and cause esophageal perforation.
battery in the esophagus?

What is the treatment for a Urgent removal.

disc battery in the
esophagus?

How many parts does the 3 - Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.

pharynx have?

What are the three parts of 1. Nasopharynx, 2. Oropharynx, 3. Laryngopharynx.

the pharynx?
Question Answer

What is another name for Hypopharynx.

the laryngopharynx?

What are the three parts of 1. Pyriform sinus (PS), 2. Post cricoid area (PCA), 3. Posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW).
the hypopharynx?

Which nerve provides Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (internal laryngeal nerve).
sensory supply to the
supraglottic and pyriform
sinus?

What is the most common Pyriform sinus.

site of hypopharyngeal
malignancy?

What is laryngeal crepitus? A clicking sensation felt when the larynx is moved over cervical vertebrae.

Is laryngeal crepitus a Yes.

normal examination finding
in normal people?

What is the term for the Moure's Sign.

absence of laryngeal
crepitus?

What conditions are Post cricoid carcinoma, Retropharyngeal abscess, Prevertebral abscess, Laryngeal fractures.
associated with the
absence of laryngeal
crepitus?

What is the Nasopharynx? The empty space behind the nose.

How many important 7.

landmarks does the
Nasopharynx have?

What is the function of the It connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, leading to middle ear diseases.
Eustachian tube opening in
the Nasopharynx?

What is the Adenoid tissue A single midline mass, more prominent in children.
in the Nasopharynx?

What disease can result Glue Ear (serous otitis media) leading to conductive hearing loss.
from nasopharyngeal
diseases affecting the
Eustachian tube?

What can lead to Glue Ear (serous otitis media).

conductive hearing loss due
to ET blockage?

Name three topics related Adenoid, Angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

to the Nasopharynx.

What is another name for Nasopharyngeal Tonsil.

Adenoid?

Where is the site of In the Nasopharynx, lying at the junction of the roof and posterior wall.
Adenoid located?

What are the characteristics Ill-defined, no capsule, no crypts, and no definite blood supply.
of Adenoid tissue?

How does Adenoid feel on Irregular.

palpation?

What is the term used to Bag of worms feel.

describe the feel of Adenoid
during palpation?

At what age does Adenoid 6 years of age.

increase in size up to?
Question Answer

When does Adenoid start At puberty.

decreasing in size?

At what age does Adenoid By 7-10 years of age.

disappear?

What is adenoid A disease of school-age children characterized by more than physiological enlargement of the adenoid due to recurrent
hypertrophy? upper respiratory infections.

What is the clinical picture Mouth breather with a history of recurrent upper respiratory infections, adenoid face (open mouth, pinched nose,
of a child with adenoid high-arched palate, malocclusion of teeth), and an enlarged adenoid blocking the choana.
hypertrophy?

What are the features of Open mouth (mouth breather), pinched nose, high-arched palate, malocclusion of teeth.
adenoid face?

What is the VIVA question Adenoids.

related to adenoids?

What is the condition Rhinolalia clausa.

characterized by hypo
nasality of voice?

What type of hearing loss is Conductive hearing loss (mostly bilateral).

mostly associated with
adenoid-related issues?

What investigation is X-ray soft tissue Nasopharynx lateral view.

commonly used for
diagnosing adenoid-related
issues?

What is the recommended Adenoidectomy under general anaesthesia.

treatment for
adenoid-related issues?

What should be done Always palpate adenoid to confirm the diagnosis and rule out any artery passing over it.
before the removal of
adenoids?

What is the position of the Rose position: extension of neck on chest and extension of head on neck.
patient during
adenoidectomy surgery?

What can overextension of Atlanto-axial subluxation (C3-C2).

the neck lead to?

What is the name for the Grisel Syndrome.

condition of atlanto-axial
subluxation?

What position is used for The same position as for atlanto-axial subluxation.
tonsillectomy?

Which position was used in Boyce position.

direct laryngoscopy?

What is the Boyce position? Flexion of the neck on the chest and extension of the head on the neck.

What is the conventional Curettage using ST. CLAIR THOMSON ADENOID CURETTE.
method of adenoidectomy?

What are the potential risks Chances of hemorrhage and other complications.
of the conventional
adenoidectomy method?

What is the COBLATION Controlled ablation.

method used for in
adenoidectomy?

How is the curette held in In Dagger holding fashion.

the COBLATION method?
Question Answer

What are the advantages of Less chances of bleeding and other complications.
the ENDOSCOPIC guided
methods of
adenoidectomy?

Name one of the MICRODEBRIDER.

ENDOSCOPIC guided
methods of adenoidectomy.

What is another name for Cold ablation.

the procedure described?

What type of field does this A field of plains.

procedure utilize?

What is used to ablate Ionized sodium.

tissue in this procedure?

What is the temperature 40 - 20 degrees centigrade.

range of the generated heat
in this procedure?

How does the muscle injury Muscle injury is lower than that of electrocautery.
compare to that of
electrocautery?

What are the major Reduced bleeding and reduced post-operative pain.
advantages of this
procedure?

What is the most common Angiofibroma.

benign tumor of the
nasopharynx?

Where is the site of origin of Superior margin of sphenopalatine foramen.

angiofibroma?

Who is most commonly Young, adolescent boys (usually 12-14 years old).
affected by angiofibroma?

Why does angiofibroma The blood vessels of the tumor do not have muscular layers and do not contract or retract when cut.
always present with profuse
epistaxis?

What hormone sensitivity It is sensitive to estrogen and/or flutamide, which can shrink the tumor preoperatively.
does angiofibroma have?

How does angiofibroma As nasal mass and epistaxis.

present when it extends into
the nose and sinuses?

What is the radiological sign Hollman Miller or Antral sign.

called when angiofibroma
pushes the posterior wall of
the maxilla forwards?

What is the term for orbital Frog face deformity.

involvement leading to
proptosis?

Where in the brain can Middle cranial fossa and anterior cranial fossa.
angiofibroma extend to?

What is the Hodman Mider Antral Sign.

Sign also known as?

What are the symptoms Nasal substruction, hypo nasality of voice, and conductive hearing loss.
presented by the 1-2 year
old boy with a nasal mass
and profuse epistaxis?

What does the HOLLMAN MILLER SICN (also called ANTRAL SIGN) - anterior bowing of the posterior wall of maxilla.
contrast-enhanced CT
(CECT) show in the
Question Answer

investigation of the nasal

mass?

Which artery is the most Maxillary artery.

common blood supply of
this tumor?

How does preoperative It reduces blood loss during surgery.

embolization contribute to
the surgery?

When is embolization done 24-42 hours before surgery.

in relation to the surgery?

What happens if surgery is Collaterals will develop.

delayed further after
embolization?

What is Hoi I man miller Antral sign.

sign also known as?

What is the Fisch staging Prognosis and therapeutic approaches.

classification used for?

What does Stage I of Fisch Tumor limited to the nasal cavity.

staging indicate?

What does Stage II of Fisch Tumor extension into the pterygopalatine fossa, or maxillary, sphenoid or ethmoid sinuses.
staging indicate?

What does Stage IIIa of Tumor extension into the orbit or infratemporal fossa without intracranial involvement.
Fisch staging indicate?

What does Stage IIIb of Stage IIIa with extradural (parasellar) intracranial involvement.
Fisch staging indicate?

What does Stage IVa of Intradural without cavernous sinus, pituitary, or optic chiasm involvement.
Fisch staging indicate?

What does Stage IVb of Involvement of the cavernous sinus, pituitary, or optic chiasm.
Fisch staging indicate?

What is the Radkowski n-9 96 • Za - limited to the nose and nasopharyngeal area • Zb - Minimal extension into pterygopalatine fossa • Zb -
Staging for Angiofibroma? Occupation of the pterygopalatine fossa without orbital erosion • 2c - Infratemporal fossa extension without cheek or
pterygoid plate involvement • 3a - Erosion of the skull base (middle cranial fossa or pterygoids) • 3b - Erosion of the
skull base with intracranial extension with or without cavernous sinus involvement.

What is the treatment of Surgery, with the endoscopic approach being the best approach.
choice for Angiofibroma
limited to the nasopharynx
and nose?

What is the treatment for Lateral rhinotomy with medial maxillectomy approach or Trans maxillary Le Fort I approach.
Angiofibroma extending to
the cheek?

What is the treatment for Midfacial degloving approach.

Angiofibroma with midfacial
involvement?

Where is nasopharyngeal In China.

carcinoma more common?

What is the etiology of Epstein Barr virus and genetics (HLA A2, A2, 846).
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

What are the markers for 1. IgA antibodies to viral early antigen (EA) 2. IgA antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA).
screening nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

What is the age distribution Bimodal distribution, mostly in the 5th-7th decade, but can also be seen in younger population.
of nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?
Question Answer

What are the histopathology Keratinising Carcinoma (25%), Type 1 keratinizing differentiated carcinoma (12%), Type 2 Non keratinising (63%), Type
types of nasopharyngeal 3 non undifferentiated carcinoma.
carcinoma?

Where is the site of origin of It is the fossa of Rosenmuller, just above the eustachian tube opening.
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

What is the most common Secondary neck nodes (metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy).
presentation of
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

Which lymph nodes are first Retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

involved in nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

What is the mechanism of Unilateral blockage of the Eustachian tube.

unilateral conductive
hearing loss in
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

Why is nasopharyngeal Because it is an occult primary cancer.

carcinoma considered a
hidden cancer?

What is a Quinsy abscess? A collection of pus between the tonsil and its bed (superior constrictor muscle).

In which age group is More common in adults, but can also be seen in children.
Quinsy more common?

What are the typical Mostly unilateral and mostly follows an episode of acute tonsillitis.
characteristics of Quinsy?

What are the examination Tonsil is pushed medially, uvula pushed to the other side (uvula angulated), and no outer neck swelling.
findings for Quinsy?

What is the most common Cranial nerve palsy.

clinical feature of
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

Through which opening Foramen lacerum.

does nasopharyngeal
carcinoma enter the cranial
cavity?

What is Trotter's Triad of N - Neuralgia in temporo-parietal area, P - Palatal palsy, C - Conductive hearing loss (unilateral).
Nasopharyngeal
Carcinoma?

How is nasopharyngeal Nasopharyngoscopy.

carcinoma diagnosed?

What is the treatment for Chemoradiation (Cisplatin/5-FU + radiotherapy).

nasopharyngeal
carcinoma?

What is Thornwaldt disease A cystic, mucus-filled lesion that may require biopsy.
of the nasopharynx?

What are the chief Throat pain, dysphagia, hot potato voice, trismus.
complaints in this case?

What is the treatment for Incision and drainage (IS&D) followed by tonsillectomy after 6 weeks.
the condition described?

What is the term for Interval tonsillectomy.

tonsillectomy performed
after 6 weeks of abscess
drainage?

What is the term for Abscess tonsillectomy.

Question Answer

tonsillectomy performed at
the time of abscess
drainage?

Where is the site of incision At the point of maximum fluctuant swelling or where lines along the base of uvula and anterior pillar intersect.
and drainage for pharyngeal
abscesses?

What instrument is used for Quinsy forceps.

DJS (done using quinsy
forceps or a 1-5 number
surgical blade)?

How is the tip of Quinsy Its tip ends open.

forceps when prongs are
closed?

What is the differential Parapharyngeal abscess.

diagnosis of Quinsy?

What is the difference in In Quinsy, there is no external neck swelling.

neck swelling between
Quinsy and parapharyngeal
abscess?

What are the causes of Tonsillitis, dental infection, penetrating neck injuries.
parapharyngeal abscess?

What are the symptoms of Neck swelling, trismus, plummy voice, dysphagia.
parapharyngeal abscess?

What is the treatment for External incision and drainage.

parapharyngeal abscess?

What is Quincke's disease? It is angioneurotic edema of the uvula.

What is the retropharyngeal Two halves by a midline band.

space divided into?

What are the spaces of The two spaces formed by the division of the retropharyngeal space.
GILLETTE?

What are the Lymph nodes of ROUVEIRE.

retropharyngeal lymph
nodes also called?

What does infection of Acute retropharyngeal abscess.

retropharyngeal lymph
nodes lead to?

Who is acute Children.

retropharyngeal abscess
more common in?

What is the clinical picture Respiratory difficulty, inspiratory stridor, hot potato voice.
of a baby with acute
retropharyngeal abscess?

What does examination Unilateral bulge on posterior pharyngeal wall.

show in the case of
prevertebral abscess?

What does the X-ray soft Widening of prevertebral shadow with normal cervical spine.
tissue of the neck, lateral
view, show in the case of
prevertebral abscess?

What does the X-ray show Thumb sign.

in the case of acute
epiglottitis?

What is the treatment for Airway management, per oral incision and drainage.
prevertebral abscess?
Question Answer

What is the cause of TB of cervical spine.

prevertebral abscess?

What does examination Abscesses of Pharynx.

show in the case of midline
diffuse bulge on posterior
pharyngeal wall?

What are the characteristics Chin swelling, trismus, respiratory distress, bacteriology: mixed streptococci and anaerobes, treatment: external
of Ludwig angina? antibiotics and possibly tracheostomy.

What are the causes of 'hot Quinsy, acute retropharyngeal abscess, prevertebral abscess, supraglottic cancer, base tongue cancer.
potato' voice?

What are the possible External antibiotics and tracheostomy.

treatments for Ludwig
angina?

What are the different types Ludwig angina, quinsy, acute retropharyngeal abscess, prevertebral abscess, supraglottic cancer, base tongue cancer.
of abscesses of the
pharynx?

What are the boundaries of Anterior: junction of anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue, Posterior: junction of soft palate and hard palate.
the oropharynx?

What is located anterior to Oral cavity.

the boundaries of the
oropharynx?

What is located posterior to Oropharynx.

the boundaries of the
oropharynx?

What are the parts of the Soft palate, uvula, base of tongue, ungual tonsil, vallecula, anterior tonsillar pillar, posterior tonsillar pillar, tonsil,
oropharynx? posterior pharyngeal wall.

What is the space between Vallecula.

the base of tongue and
epiglottis called?

What is the anterior tonsillar Palatoglossus muscle.

pillar made of?

What is the posterior Palatopharyngeus muscle.

tonsillar pillar made up of?

What structures lie in the Styloid process and glossopharyngeal nerve.

bed of the tonsil?

What is styalgia also known Eagle syndrome.

as?

What happens in styalgia The long styloid process touches the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to throat pain referred to the ear.
(Eagle syndrome)?

What is the treatment done Styloidectomy.

after tonsillectomy?

What does the internal Tonsil.

carotid artery lie one inch
deep to?

How may an internal carotid As pulsating tonsil.

artery aneurysm present?

What is laser palatoplasty The management of snoring.

done for?

What is The management of obstructive sleep apnea.

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
done for?

What type of tissue is the Lymphoid tissue.

Question Answer

tonsil?

What is the lining of the Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.

tonsil?

Does the tonsil have a Yes, it has a capsule.

capsule?

What are the crypts in the Indentations or pockets in the tonsil.

tonsil?

What is the largest or Crypta Magna.

deepest crypt in the tonsil
called?

What is the collection of Tonsillitis.

keratin debris in tonsillar
crypt called?

What is the main blood Tonsillar branch of the facial artery.

supply of the tonsil?

Which artery supplies blood Other arteries.

to the tonsil, apart from the
facial artery?

What are the branches of Ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine artery, descending palatine artery.
the lingual artery?

What is the main source of Paratonsillar vein.

bleeding during
tonsillectomy?

What is the most common Dissection and snare method.

and conventional method of
tonsillectomy?

What instruments are used Boyle Davis Mouth Gag, Snare, Picture (as shown).
in the dissection and snare
method of tonsillectomy?

What is the procedure being Tonsillectomy.

described in the text?

How is the tonsil dissected Using tonsillar dissector and pillar retractor.
off the fossa?

What instrument is used to TONSILLAR SNARE.

crusW and cut the lower
pole of the pedunculated
tonsil?

What is EVE's 3 types - Primary, Reactionary, and Secondary.

HaemorrWage in
tonsillectomy?

What is the cause of Slippage of ligature within 24 hours of surgery.

reactionary haemorrhage in
tonsillectomy?

What is the treatment for Immediate re-exploration in the operation theatre under general anesthesia.
reactionary haemorrhage in
tonsillectomy?

What is secondary Post-operative bleed after 24 hours, mostly occurring after the 5th day of surgery, due to infection of the tonsillar fossa.
haemorrhage?

What is the treatment for Intravenous antibiotics.

secondary haemorrhage?

What are the new methods 1. Bipolar diathermy, 2. Coblation, 3. Microdebrider, 4. Radio frequency, 5. Harmonic scalpel, 6. Laser, 7. Cryosurgery.
of tonsillectomy?
Question Answer

What is the main advantage Less blood loss.

of Coblation Tonsillectomy?

What are the techniques of Cold methods, hot methods, dissection and snare, electrocautery, intracapsular with dehrider, laser tonsillectomy,
tonsillectomy? coblation, harmonic scalpel, radio frequency, cryosurgical technique.

What is the cause of acute Streptococcus pyogenes.

membranous tonsillitis?

What virus causes Ebstien barr virus.

infectious mononucleosis?

What condition is Candidiasis.

characterized by a whitish
membrane over the tonsil?

What is the cause of Borrelia Vincente & Fusiform bacillus.

Vincent angina?

What condition can lead to Malignancy of tonsil.

unilateral malignancy of the
tonsil?

Which conditions can lead Leukaemia and agranulocytosis.

to leukaemia and
agranulocytosis?

What is Waldeyer's ring? A ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

How many parts does 6 parts.

Waldeyer's ring have?

What are the 6 parts of Adenoid, Tubal tonsil, Palatine tonsil, Lingual tonsil, Lateral pharyngeal bands, Lymphoid follicle on posterior
Waldeyer's ring? pharyngeal wall.

What is the term for the Cobblestone appearance of the mucosa.

hypertrophy of lymphoid
follicles on the posterior
pharyngeal wall?