1.

**Definition:** A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that resists the flow of
electric current. It is commonly used in electronic circuits to control the amount of current or
voltage in a circuit.

2. **Symbol:** The symbol for a resistor in circuit diagrams is a zigzag line, often labeled with its
resistance value in ohms (Ω).

3. **Resistance Value:** Resistors are characterized by their resistance value, which is measured
in ohms (Ω). They come in a wide range of values, from fractions of an ohm to several megaohms,
depending on their purpose in a circuit.

4. **Color Coding:** Many resistors are color-coded to indicate their resistance value. The colors
on the resistor bands correspond to specific digits and multiplier values, following a standardized
color code scheme.

5. **Types of Resistors:** There are several types of resistors, including:

- Carbon Composition Resistors: Made of carbon powder mixed with a binder material, commonly
used in general-purpose applications.

- Film Resistors: Made of a thin film of resistive material deposited on a ceramic substrate,
offering higher precision and stability.

- Wirewound Resistors: Made of a winding wire around a ceramic or fiberglass core, suitable for
high-power applications and precise resistance values.

- Variable Resistors (Potentiometers): Allow for adjustable resistance settings, commonly used for
volume controls, dimmer switches, and tuning circuits.

6. **Power Rating:** Resistors have a power rating, measured in watts (W), that indicates how
much power they can dissipate without overheating. Higher power ratings are required for resistors
in circuits with higher currents or voltages.

7. **Temperature Coefficient:** The resistance of a resistor can change with temperature. The
temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) indicates how much the resistance value changes per
degree Celsius of temperature change.
8. **Applications:** Resistors are used in a wide range of electronic applications, including voltage
dividers, current limiters, signal conditioning, filtering circuits, and impedance matching.

9. **Series and Parallel Connections:** Resistors can be connected in series (end to end) or
parallel (across each other) in circuits to achieve specific resistance values and voltage/current
distribution.

10. **Ohm's Law:** Resistors are fundamental components in Ohm's Law, which states that the
current flowing through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely
proportional to its resistance (I = V/R).