Electronic Government 19th IFIP WG 8

5 International Conference EGOV 2020

Linköping Sweden August 31
September 2 2020 Proceedings
Gabriela Viale Pereira
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/electronic-government-19th-ifip-wg-8-5-international-c
onference-egov-2020-linkoping-sweden-august-31-september-2-2020-proceedings-g
abriela-viale-pereira/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 4th IFIP TC 5

TC 12 WG 8 4 WG 8 9 WG 12 9 International Cross Domain
Conference CD MAKE 2020 Dublin Ireland August 25 28
2020 Proceedings Andreas Holzinger
https://textbookfull.com/product/machine-learning-and-knowledge-
extraction-4th-ifip-
tc-5-tc-12-wg-8-4-wg-8-9-wg-12-9-international-cross-domain-
conference-cd-make-2020-dublin-ireland-
august-25-28-2020-proceedings-andreas-holzinger/
Topics in Theoretical Computer Science Third IFIP WG 1
8 International Conference TTCS 2020 Tehran Iran July 1
2 2020 Proceedings Luís S. Barbosa

https://textbookfull.com/product/topics-in-theoretical-computer-
science-third-ifip-wg-1-8-international-conference-
ttcs-2020-tehran-iran-july-1-2-2020-proceedings-luis-s-barbosa/

Quantitative Evaluation of Systems 17th International

Conference QEST 2020 Vienna Austria August 31 September
3 2020 Proceedings Marco Gribaudo

https://textbookfull.com/product/quantitative-evaluation-of-
systems-17th-international-conference-qest-2020-vienna-austria-
august-31-september-3-2020-proceedings-marco-gribaudo/

Advances in Production Management Systems Towards Smart

and Digital Manufacturing IFIP WG 5 7 International
Conference APMS 2020 Novi Sad Serbia August 30
September 3 2020 Proceedings Part II Bojan Lalic
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-production-
management-systems-towards-smart-and-digital-manufacturing-ifip-
wg-5-7-international-conference-apms-2020-novi-sad-serbia-
Product Lifecycle Management Enabling Smart X 17th IFIP
WG 5 1 International Conference PLM 2020 Rapperswil
Switzerland July 5 8 2020 Revised Selected Papers Felix
Nyffenegger
https://textbookfull.com/product/product-lifecycle-management-
enabling-smart-x-17th-ifip-wg-5-1-international-conference-
plm-2020-rapperswil-switzerland-july-5-8-2020-revised-selected-
papers-felix-nyffenegger/

Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations

16th IFIP WG 12 5 International Conference AIAI 2020
Neos Marmaras Greece June 5 7 2020 Proceedings Part I
Ilias Maglogiannis
https://textbookfull.com/product/artificial-intelligence-
applications-and-innovations-16th-ifip-wg-12-5-international-
conference-aiai-2020-neos-marmaras-greece-
june-5-7-2020-proceedings-part-i-ilias-maglogiannis/

Advances in Production Management Systems The Path to

Digital Transformation and Innovation of Production
Management Systems IFIP WG 5 7 International Conference
APMS 2020 Novi Sad Serbia August 30 September 3 2020
Proceedings Part I Bojan Lalic
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-production-
management-systems-the-path-to-digital-transformation-and-
innovation-of-production-management-systems-ifip-
wg-5-7-international-conference-apms-2020-novi-sad-serbia-
august-30-se/
Information Security Education Information Security in
Action 13th IFIP WG 11 8 World Conference WISE 13
Maribor Slovenia September 21 23 2020 Proceedings
Lynette Drevin
https://textbookfull.com/product/information-security-education-
information-security-in-action-13th-ifip-wg-11-8-world-
conference-wise-13-maribor-slovenia-
september-21-23-2020-proceedings-lynette-drevin/

Testing Software and Systems 32nd IFIP WG 6 1

International Conference ICTSS 2020 Naples Italy
December 9 11 2020 Proceedings Valentina Casola

https://textbookfull.com/product/testing-software-and-
systems-32nd-ifip-wg-6-1-international-conference-
ictss-2020-naples-italy-december-9-11-2020-proceedings-valentina-
 Gabriela Viale Pereira · Marijn Janssen ·
Habin Lee · Ida Lindgren ·
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar ·
Hans Jochen Scholl · Anneke Zuiderwijk (Eds.)
LNCS 12219

Electronic Government
19th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2020
Linköping, Sweden, August 31 – September 2, 2020
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12219

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Gabriela Viale Pereira Marijn Janssen
• •

Habin Lee Ida Lindgren

• •

Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar •

Hans Jochen Scholl Anneke Zuiderwijk (Eds.)

•

Electronic Government
19th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2020
Linköping, Sweden, August 31 – September 2, 2020
Proceedings

123
Editors
Gabriela Viale Pereira Marijn Janssen
Danube University Krems Delft University of Technology
Krems, Austria Delft, The Netherlands
Habin Lee Ida Lindgren
Brunel University London Linköping University
Uxbridge, UK Linköping, Sweden
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar Hans Jochen Scholl
University of Granada University of Washington
Granada, Spain Seattle, WA, USA
Anneke Zuiderwijk
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-57598-4 ISBN 978-3-030-57599-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57599-1
LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors
give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

The EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2020 presents the third-year edition after the merger of the
IFIP WG 8.5 Electronic Government (EGOV), the IFIP WG 8.5 IFIP Electronic
Participation (ePart), and the Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government
Conference (CeDEM). The merged conference is dedicated to the broader area of
electronic government, open government, smart governance, e-democracy, policy
informatics, and electronic participation. Scholars from around the world have attended
this premier academic forum for a long time, which has given EGOV a worldwide
reputation as one of the leading conferences in the research domains of electronic,
open, and smart government, as well as electronic participation.
Due to the pandemic, this year’s conference was held from August 31 to September
2, as a digital conference. The original hosts at Linköping University, Sweden, sup-
ported the organization, and all presentations and discussions, workshops keynotes, and
panels were held online. Despite the disappointment of not being able to host the
conference locally, the conference was a huge success.
The call for papers attracted completed research papers, work-in-progress papers on
ongoing research (including doctoral papers), project and case descriptions, as well as
workshop and panel proposals. The submissions were assessed through a double-blind
peer-review process, with at least two reviewers per submission, and the acceptance
rate was 39%. The conference tracks present advances in the socio-technological
domain of the public sphere, demonstrating cutting-edge concepts, methods, and styles
of investigation by multiple disciplines. The papers were distributed over the following
tracks:
• General E-Government and E-Governance Track
• General E-Democracy and eParticipation Track
• AI, Data Analytics, and Automated Decision Making Track
• Smart Cities (Government, Communities and Regions) Track
• Social Media Track
• Social Innovation Track
• Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects Track
• Digital Society Track
• Cybersecurity Track
• Legal Informatics Track
• Practitioners’ Track
Among the full research paper submissions, 30 papers (empirical and conceptual)
from the general E-Government and E-Governance track, as well as the tracks on Smart
Cities, AI, and Open Data were accepted for this year’s Springer LNCS EGOV pro-
ceedings (vol. 12219), whereas another 11 papers of completed research papers from
the General ePart Track, as well as the tracks on Social Media, Legal Informatics,
Digital Society, and Social Innovation, went into the LNCS ePart proceedings
vi Preface

(vol. 12220). The papers included in this volume have been clustered under the fol-
lowing headings:
• E-Government Foundations
• E-Government Services and Open Government
• Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects
• AI, Data Analytics, and Automated Decision Making
• Smart Cities
As in the previous years and per the recommendation of the Paper Awards
Committee under the leadership of Noella Edelmann, Danube University Krems,
Austria, and Evangelos Kalampokis from the University of Macedonia, Greece, the
IFIP EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2020 Conference Organizing Committee grants outstanding
paper awards in three distinct categories:
• The most interdisciplinary and innovative research contribution
• The most compelling critical research reflection
• The most promising practical concept
The winners in each category were announced during an awards ceremony held at
the conference.
Many people make large events like this conference happen. We thank the members
of the Program Committee and the additional reviewers for their great efforts in
reviewing the submitted papers. We would like to express our gratitude to Ida
Lindgren, Ulf Melin, and the team from Linköping University (LiU) for hosting the
conference. Although disappointed from not being able to host it locally, they made the
conference a success. LiU conducts world-leading, boundary-crossing research in fields
that include materials science, IT, and hearing. In the same spirit, the university offers
many innovative educational programs, frequently with a clear professional focus and
leading to qualification as, for example, doctors, teachers, economists, and engineers.
LiU was granted university status in 1975 and today has 32,000 students and 4,000
employees. The students are among the most desirable in the labor market, and
international rankings consistently place LiU as a leading global university. The EGOV
2020 conference was hosted by the Division of Information Systems and Digitalization,
at the Department of Management and Engineering, which is one of the most visible
digital government research constellations in Europe and well-known for extensive
research collaborations with a focus on public sector organizations and their digital-
ization in Sweden and beyond. We are looking forward having our conference in
Linköping in the near future and having the opportunity to visit this excellent research
group.

September 2020 Gabriela Viale Pereira

Marijn Janssen
Habin Lee
Ida Lindgren
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar
Hans Jochen Scholl
Anneke Zuiderwijk
 Organization

Conference Lead Organizer

Marijn Janssen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

General E-Government and E-Governance Track

Gabriela Viale Pereira Danube University Krems, Austria
Ida Lindgren Linköping University, Sweden
Hans Jochen Scholl University of Washington, USA

General E-Democracy and eParticipation Track

Noella Edelmann Danube University Krems, Austria
Peter Parycek Fraunhofer Fokus, Germany, and Danube-University
Krems, Austria
Robert Krimmer Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia

Smart Cities (Government, Communities and Regions) Track

Manuel Pedro Rodríguez University of Granada, Spain
Bolívar
Karin Axelsson Linköping University, Sweden
Nuno Lopes DTx: Digital Transformation Colab, Portugal

AI, Data Analytics, and Automated Decision Making Track

Habin Lee Brunel University London, UK
Euripidis Loukis University of the Aegean, Greece
Evangelos Kalampokis University of Macedonia, Greece

Social Media Track

Sarah Hoffmann University of Agder, Norway
Marius Rohde Johannessen University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway
Panos Panagiotopoulos Queen Mary University of London, UK

Social Innovation Track

Csaba Csaki Corvinus Business School, Hungary
Gianluca Misuraca European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Spain
Marijn Janssen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
viii Organization

Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects Track

Anneke Zuiderwijk Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Ramon Gil-Garcia University at Albany, USA
Efthimios Tambouris University of Macedonia, Greece

Digital Society
Thomas Lampoltshammer Danube University Krems, Austria
Christian Østergaard IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Madsen
Katarina L. Gidlund Mid Sweden University, Sweden

Cybersecurity Track
Natalia Kadenko Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Marijn Janssen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Legal Informatics Track

Peter Parycek Fraunhofer Fokus, Germany
Anna-Sophie Novak Danube University Krems, Austria

Practitioners’ Track
Francesco Mureddu The Lisbon Council, Belgium
Peter Reichstädter Austrian Parliament, Austria
Francesco Molinari Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen United Nations University, Portugal

Chair of Outstanding Papers Awards

Noella Edelmann Danube University Krems, Austria
Evangelos Kalampokis University of Macedonia, Greece

PhD Colloquium Chairs

Gabriela Viale Pereira Danube University Krems, Austria
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia University at Albany, SUNY, USA
Ida Lindgren Linköping University, Sweden

Program Committee
Suha Alawadhi Kuwait University, Kuwait
Karin Ahlin Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Valerie Albrecht Danube University Krems, Austria
 Organization ix

Laura Alcaide-Muñoz University of Granada, Spain

Karin Axelsson Linköping University, Sweden
Ana Alice Baptista University of Minho, Portugal
Flavia Bernardini Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Lasse Berntzen University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway
Radomir Bolgov Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
Walter Castelnovo University of Insubria, Italy
Alexopoulos Charalampos University of the Aegean, Greece
Youngseok Choi University of Southampton, UK
Wichian Chutimaskul King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi,
Thailand
Antoine Clarinval Université de Namur, Belgium
Andreiwid Sheffer Corrêa Federal Institute of Sao Paulo, Brazil
J. Ignacio Criado Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Joep Crompvoets KU Leuven, Belgium
Jonathan Crusoe Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
Frank Danielsen University of Agder, Norway
Lieselot Danneels KU Leuven, Belgium
Athanasios Deligiannis International Hellenic University, Greece
Edna Dias Canedo Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
Bettina Distel Universität Münster, Germany
Noella Edelmann Danube University Krems, Austria
Margarita Fourer Danube University Krems, Austria
Luz Maria Garcia Universidad de la Sierra Sur, Mexico
Elisabeth Gebka University of Namur, Belgium
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia University at Albany, USA
Malin Granath Linköping University, Sweden
Stefanos Gritzalis University of Piraeus, Greece
Christine Große Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Martijn Hartog Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Marcia Hino FGV/EAESP, Brazil
Roumiana Ilieva Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Marijn Janssen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Marius Rohde Johannessen University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway
Gustaf Juell-Skielse Stockholm University, Sweden
Yury Kabanov National Research University, Russia
Natalia Kadenko Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Evangelos Kalampokis CERTH, Greece
Eleni Kanellou NTUA, Greece
Evika Karamagioli Université Paris 8, France
Areti Karamanou University of Macedonia, Greece
Ilka Kawashita University of Minho, Portugal
Jongwoo Kim Hanyang University, South Korea
Fabian Kirstein Fraunhofer Institute, Germany
Thomas Lampoltshammer Danube University Krems, Austria
Habin Lee Brunel University, UK
x Organization

Hong Joo Lee The Catholic University of Korea, South Korea

Johan Linåker Lund University, Sweden
Ida Lindgren Linköping University, Sweden
Nuno Lopes DTx: Digital Transformation Colab, Portugal
Euripidis Loukis University of the Aegean, Greece
Rui Pedro Lourenço INESC Coimbra, Portugal
Nikolaos Loutas European Commission, Belgium
Edimara Luciano Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul,
Brazil
Luis F. Luna-Reyes University at Albany, SUNY, USA
Bjorn Lundell University of Skövde, Sweden
Ahmad Luthfi Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Johan Magnusson University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Ricardo Matheus Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Keegan Mcbride Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
John McNutt University of Delaware, USA
Rony Medaglia Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Fritz Meiners Fraunhofer Institute, Germany
Ulf Melin Linkoping University, Sweden
Tobias Mettler University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Gianluca Misuraca European Commission, Belgium
Michael Möstl Donau-Universität Krems, Austria
Alessia Caterina Neuroni Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland
Mille Nielsen IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Anastasija Ņikiforova University of Latvia, Latvia
Anna-Sophie Novak Danube University Krems, Austria
Panos Panagiotopoulos Queen Mary University of London, UK
Darcy Parks Linköping University, Sweden
Sergio Picazo-Vela Universidad de las Americas Puebla, Mexico
Luiz Pereira Pinheiro Junior Universidade Positivo, Brazil
Kerley Pires United Nations University, Portugal
Vigan Raca Independent
Nicolau Reinhard University of São Paulo, Brazil
Taiane Ritta Coelho Federal University of Parana, Brazil
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez University of Granada, Spain
Bolívar
Alexander Ronzhyn University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Athanasia Routzouni University of the Aegean, Greece
Boriana Rukanova Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Per Runeson Lund University, Sweden
Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Mexico
Hans J Scholl University of Washington, USA
Hendrik Scholta University of Munster, Germany
Judith Schossböck Danube University Krems, Austria
Luiza Schuch de Azambuja Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Johanna Sefyrin Linköping University, Sweden
 Organization xi

Tobias Siebenlist Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

Anthony Simonofski KU Leuven, Belgium
Fredrik Söderström Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
Karin Steiner Danube University Krems, Austria
Leif Sundberg Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Iryna Susha Örebro University, Sweden
Proscovia Svärd Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Efthimios Tambouris University of Macedonia, Greece
Luca Tangi Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Konstantinos Tarabanis University of Macedonia, Greece
Lörinc Thurnay Danube University Krems, Austria
Jolien Ubacht Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Mathias Van Compernolle Ghent University, Belgium
Marco Velicogna IRSIG-CNR, Italy
Gabriela Viale Pereira Danube University Krems, Austria
Shefali Virkar Danube University Krems, Austria
Frederika Welle Donker Knowledge Centre Open Data, The Netherlands
Guilherme Wiedenhöft Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
Elin Wihlborg Linkoping University, Sweden
Maija Ylinen Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Chien-Chih Yu National ChengChi University, China
Thomas Zefferer A-SIT Plus GmbH, Austria
Anneke Zuiderwijk Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Additional Reviewers

Alizée Francey Mariana Gustafsson

Auriane Marmier Ruth Angelie Cruz
Colin van Noordt Sangwook Ha
Dimitris Zeginis Silvia Lips
Gianluigi Viscusi Yannis Charalabidis
Jaewon Choi Yingying Gao
Junyeong Lee Yu-lun Liu
Karl Kristian Larsson
 Contents

E-Government Foundations

Between Overexploitation and Underexploitation of Digital Opportunities –

A Case Study with Focus on Affordances and Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Göran Goldkuhl

Developing an Analytical Framework for Analyzing and Comparing

National E-Government Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sara Hofmann, Christian Østergaard Madsen, and Bettina Distel

A Pathology of Public Sector IT Governance: How IT Governance

Configuration Counteracts Ambidexterity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Johan Magnusson, Jwan Khisro, and Ulf Melin

Barriers and Drivers of Digital Transformation in Public Organizations:

Results from a Survey in the Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Luca Tangi, Marijn Janssen, Michele Benedetti, and Giuliano Noci

E-Government Services and Open Government

Smart Policing: A Critical Review of the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Muhammad Afzal and Panos Panagiotopoulos

Utilizing an Investment Instrument for Digital Transformation:

A Case Study of a Large Swedish Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Jwan Khisro

Service Quality Through Government Proactivity:

The Concept of Non-interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Peter Kuhn and Dian Balta

Automatization of Cross-Border Customs Declaration:

Potential and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Markko Liutkevičius, Karl Ivory Pappel, Sidra Azmat Butt,
and Ingrid Pappel

AI-Enabled Innovation in the Public Sector: A Framework for Digital

Governance and Resilience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Gianluca Misuraca and Gianluigi Viscusi
xiv Contents

Technical Debt Management: A Systematic Literature Review

and Research Agenda for Digital Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Mille Edith Nielsen, Christian Østergaard Madsen,
and Mircea Filip Lungu

Measure What Matters: A Dual Outcome Service Quality Model

for Government Service Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Willem Pieterson and Cindy Weng

Digital Inclusion Competences for Senior Citizens: The Survival Basics . . . . 151
Jeremy Rose, Jesper Holgersson, and Eva Söderström

Walking a Mile in Their Shoes—A Citizen Journey to Explore Public

Service Delivery from the Citizen Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Hendrik Scholta, Sebastian Halsbenning, Bettina Distel,
and Jörg Becker

The Role of Domain-Skills in Bureaucratic Service Encounters. . . . . . . . . . . 179

Søren Skaarup

Aligning Stakeholder Interests, Governance Requirements and Blockchain

Design in Business and Government Information Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Sélinde van Engelenburg, Boriana Rukanova, Wout Hofman,
Jolien Ubacht, Yao-Hua Tan, and Marijn Janssen

Approaches to Good Data Governance in Support of Public Sector

Transformation Through Once-Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Maria A. Wimmer, Alessia C. Neuroni, and Jan Thomas Frecè

Governance Challenges of Inter-organizational Digital Public Services

Provisioning: A Case Study on Digital Invoicing Services in Belgium . . . . . . 223
Stijn Wouters, Marijn Janssen, and Joep Crompvoets

Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects

A Methodology for Retrieving Datasets from Open Government Data

Portals Using Information Retrieval and Question and Answering
Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Raissa Barcellos, Flavia Bernardini, and Jose Viterbo

Open Government Data from the Perspective of Information

Needs - A Tentative Conceptual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Jonathan Crusoe, Elisabeth Gebka, and Karin Ahlin

Towards a Framework for Open Data Publishers: A Comparison

Study Between Sweden and Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Jonathan Crusoe, Anthony Simonofski, and Antoine Clarinval
 Contents xv

Open Government Data Systems: Learning from a Public

Utility Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Jonathan Crusoe, Anneke Zuiderwijk, and Ulf Melin

Collaboration in Open Government Data Ecosystems: Open Cross-sector

Sharing and Co-development of Data and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Johan Linåker and Per Runeson

Towards Generic Business Models of Intermediaries in Data

Collaboratives: From Gatekeeping to Data Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Iryna Susha, Maartje Flipsen, Wirawan Agahari, and Mark de Reuver

AI, Data Analytics, and Automated Decision Making

Generating Value from Government Data Using AI:

An Exploratory Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Yingying Gao and Marijn Janssen

Identifying Risks in Datasets for Automated Decision–Making . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Mariachiara Mecati, Flavio Emanuele Cannavò, Antonio Vetrò,
and Marco Torchiano

Using Government Data and Machine Learning for Predicting Firms’

Vulnerability to Economic Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Euripidis Loukis, Niki Kyriakou, and Manolis Maragoudakis

Smart Cities

Towards Data-Driven Policymaking for the Urban Heat Transition

in The Netherlands: Barriers to the Collection and Use of Data. . . . . . . . . . . 361
Devin Diran and Anne Fleur van Veenstra

Identifying Strategic Planning Patterns of Smart Initiatives.

An Empirical Research in Spanish Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Cristina Alcaide Muñoz,
and Laura Alcaide Muñoz

Demographical Attributes Explaining Different Stages of OG Development

in Spanish Local Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Cinthia L. Villamayor Arellano,
and Laura Alcaide Muñoz
xvi Contents

Identification of Competencies and Teaching Models for the Governance

of Smart Sustainable Cities in the South American Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Aurora Sanchez-Ortiz, Mauricio Solar, Elsa Estevez,
and Gabriela Viale-Pereira

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

 Between Overexploitation and Underexploitation of Digital Opportunities 13

6. Dewey, J.: Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Henry Holt, New York (1938)
7. EC: Powering European public sector innovation: Towards a new architecture, European
Commission (2013)
8. EC: eGovernment Benchmark 2018, European Commission (2018)
9. EU: Tallinn Declaration on eGovernment; European Union (2017)
10. Fountain, J.: Building the Virtual State. Information Technology and Institutional Change.
Brooking Institution Press, Washington (2001)
11. Gibson, J.: The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin, Boston (1979)
12. Goldkuhl, G.: Actability theory meets affordance theory: clarifying HCI in IT usage situations.
In: Proceedings of ECIS-2008, Galway (2008)
13. Goldkuhl, G.: The research practice of practice research: theorizing and situational inquiry.
Syst. Signs Actions 5(1), 7–29 (2011)
14. Goldkuhl, G.: From policy to design and effects: a framework for e-government research. In:
The 9th Scandinavian Workshop on E-Government, Copenhagen (2012)
15. Goldkuhl, G.: The generation of qualitative data in information systems research: the diversity
of empirical research methods. Communications of AIS 44, Article 28 (2019)
16. Goldkuhl, G., Cronholm, S.: Adding theoretical grounding to grounded theory – towards
Multi-grounded theory. Int. J. Qual. Methods 9(2), 187–205 (2010)
17. Goldkuhl, G., Cronholm, S.: Grounded theory in information systems research – from themes
in IS discourse to possible developments. In: Proceedings ICIS-2019, Munich (2019)
18. Goldkuhl, G., Röstlinger, A.: Governance of shared digital artifacts in the public sector:
a multi-dimensional approach. In: The 15th Scandinavian Workshop on E-Government,
Copenhagen (2018)
19. Hartson, R.: Cognitive, physical, sensory, and functional affordances in interaction design.
Behav. Inform. Technol. 22(5), 315–338 (2003)
20. Hutchby, I.: Conversation and Technology. From the Telephone to the Internet. Polity,
Cambridge (2001)
21. Jæger, B., Löfgren, K.: The history of the future: changes in Danish e-government strategies
1994–2010. Inf. Polity 15, 253–269 (2010)
22. Kim, D.-Y., Grant, G.: E-government maturity model using the capability maturity model
integration. J. Syst. Inf. Technol. 12(3), 230–244 (2010)
23. Knackstedt, R., Eggert, M., Heddier, M., Chasin, F., Becker, J.: The relationship of IS and
law – the perspective of and implications for IS research. In: ECIS-2013 Proceedings, Utrecht
(2013)
24. Kuutti, K.: Activity theory as a potential framework for human-computer interaction research.
In: Nardi, B.A. (ed.) Context and consciousness. Activity theory and human-computer
interaction, MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
25. Layne, K., Lee, J.: Developing fully functional E-government: a four-stage model. Govern.
Inf. Q. 18(2), 122–136 (2001)
26. Lee, J.: 10 year retrospect on stage models of e-Government: a qualitative meta-synthesis.
Govern. Inf. Q. 27, 220–230 (2010)
27. Leonardi, P.: When flexible routines meet flexible technologies: affordance, constraint, and
the imbrication of human and material agencies. MIS Q. 35(1), 147–167 (2011)
28. Luna-Reyez, L., Gil-Garcia, R.: Digital government transformation and internet portals: the
co-evolution of technology, organizations, and institutions. Govern. Inf. Q. 31, 545–555 (2014)
29. Markus, L., Silver, M.: A foundation for the study of IT effects: a new look at DeSanctis and
Poole’s concepts of structural features and spirit. J. AIS 9(10/11), 609–632 (2008)
30. McGrenere, J., Ho, W.: Affordances: clarifying and evolving a concept. In: Proceedings of
Graphics Interface, Montreal (2000)
31. Nielsen, J.: Usability Engineering. Academic Press, San Diego (1993)
14 G. Goldkuhl

32. Norman, D.: The Psychology of Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York (1988)
33. Orlikowski, W.: The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in
organizations. Organ. Sci. 3(3), 398–429 (1992)
34. Pozzi, G., Pigni, F., Vitari, C.: Affordance theory in the IS discipline: a review and synthesis
of the literature. In: AMCIS-2014 Proceedings (2014)
35. Scott, W.: Institutions and Organizations, 4th edn. SAGE, Thousand Oaks (2014)
36. Swedish Government: It i människans tjänst – en digital agenda för Sverige, Report N2011.12,
Government Offices of Sweden (2011). [in Swedish]
37. Swedish Government: För digitalisering i tiden. Slutbetänkande av Digitaliseringskommis-
sionen, SOU 2016:89, Swedish Governmental Inquiries (2016). [in Swedish]
38. Thornberg, R.: Informed grounded theory. Scand. J. Educ. Res. 56(3), 243–259 (2012)
39. UN: United Nations E-Government Survey 2018, United Nations (2018)
40. Van Maanen, J., Sørensen, J., Mitchell, T.: The interplay between theory and method. Acad.
Manag. Rev. 32(4), 1145–1154 (2007)
41. VanWynsberghe, R., Khan, S.: Redefining case study. Int. J. Qual. Methods 6(2), 80–94 (2007)
42. Volkoff, O., Strong, D.: Affordance theory and how to use it in IS research. In: The Routledge
Companion to Management Information Systems, pp. 232–245, Routledge (2017)
43. Wertsch, J.: Mind as Action. Oxford University Press, New York (1998)
44. Yoo, Y., Henfridsson, O., Lyytinen, K.: The new organizing logic of digital innovation: an
Agenda for information systems research. Inf. Syst. Res. 21(4), 724–735 (2010)
45. Zammuto, R., Griffith, T., Majchrzak, A., Dougherty, D., Faraj, S.: Information technology
and the changing fabric of organization. Organ. Sci. 18(5), 749–762 (2007)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Mystery of Edwin Drood, The, 31, 200

National Standard, The, 102

Newcomes, The, 104
New Grub Street, The, 97
Newman, John Henry, 73, 74, 107, 132, 185
Nicholas Nickleby, 47, 52, 54
North and South, 210, 212
North British, 132

Odes, Horace’s, 123

Odyssey, 144
Old Curiosity Shop, The, 41, 52, 55, 95
Old Margate Hoy, The, 5
Old Squire, The, 70
Oliver Twist, 47, 54, 61, 88, 91
Omar Khayyam, 199
On Letts’s Diary, 109
On the Late Massacre in Piedmont, 124
Othello, 49
Ouida (Louise de la Ramée), 222, 228
Our Mutual Friend, 42, 54

Palmerston, Viscount, 183

Paradise Lost, 159
Paris Sketch Book, 133
Peacock, Thomas Love, 220
Peel, Sir Robert, 181, 183, 194, 196, 197
Pendennis, 44, 120–122, 129
Perils of Certain English Prisoners, The, 13, 77
Petrarch, 158
Philip, 103, 135
Pickwick Papers, The, 8, 11, 37, 44, 46, 52, 68, 77, 125, 126
Piers Plowman, 158
Pindar, 200, 220
Pitt, William, 183
Plato, 183, 222
Poe, Edgar Allan, 228
Poetics, Aristotle’s, 139
Poor Robin’s Almanack, 19
Pope, Alexander, 21, 66, 128, 159
Porter, George Richardson, 177
Prescott, William Hickling, 17
Prior, Matthew, 124
Prisoner, The, 201, 202
Progress of the Nation from the Beginning of the Nineteenth
Century, 177
Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 67
Punch, 220

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 62–65, 100, 122

Rasselas, 126
Reade, Charles, 58
Redgauntlet, 67
Reine Margot, La, 24
Republic, The, Plato’s, 222
Richardson, Samuel, 163, 179
Ritchie, Lady, 101
Ritchie, Mrs., 110
Robert Ellesmere, 39
Robertson, Thomas William, 45
Robinson Crusoe, 49, 163
Romola, 75
Ronsard, Pierre de, 158
Rose and the Ring, The, 105
Roundabout Papers, 96, 109, 122, 123, 133, 138, 147
Rovers, The, 107
Roxana, 163
Ruskin, John, 7, 107, 128, 176
Russell, Lord John, 183
Ruth, 211

Sadler, Michael, 172–174

Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin, 121
Saintsbury, George, 76, 78, 150–152
Santayana, George, 55, 79
Scott, Sir Walter, 17, 21, 66, 128, 140, 148, 163, 164, 179, 197,
230
Sevastopol, 138
Seymour, Robert, 83
Shabby Genteel Story, A, 133
Shaftesbury, Lord, 172, 175, 193
Shakespeare, Sir Richmond, 110
Shakespeare, William, 8, 21–23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 43,
45, 49, 50, 53, 57, 66, 67, 81, 83, 91, 100, 101, 114, 128,
149, 158, 217, 222
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 21, 106, 128, 160, 176
Shenstone, William, 68
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 4, 128, 183
Sidney, Algernon, 4
Sketches by Boz, 5
Small House at Alington, The, 220
Smollett, Tobias, 164
Smythe, George (Viscount Strangford), 193, 194
Socrates, 4, 183
Song of the Shirt, 161
Spedding, James, 107, 108
Spencer, Herbert, 184
Spenser, Edmund, 158
Stanley, Dean, 8
Steele, Richard, 96, 128
Stendhal, 138
Sterne, Laurence, 133
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 77, 121, 128, 142, 220
Strangford, Viscount, 193
Surtees, Robert Smith, 37
Swift, Jonathan, 107, 128, 133
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 99, 162
Sybil, 189, 195, 196, 208, 224
Sylvia’s Lovers, 212

Tale of Two Cities, A, 45

Tancred, 184, 195
Tartuffe, 139
Tarzan of the Apes, 92
Tasso, Torquato, 21, 27, 66
Taylor, Jeremy, 131
Tempest, The, 81
Temple, Sir William, 71
Tennyson, Frederick, 19
Tennyson, Lord, 7, 105, 106, 122, 128, 161, 222
Tertullian, 197
Thackeray, Mrs., 103
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 7, 43, 66, 96, 100–157, 187,
223, 230
Thackerays in India and some Calcutta Graves, The, 109
Theocritus, 158, 214
Thompson, Francis, 189
Thomson, Hugh, 199
Three Musketeers, The, 24
Timber, or Discoveries, 27
Times, The, 230
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 39, 75, 99, 138, 149
Tom Brown’s School Days, 38, 131
Tom Jones, 139
To Mr. Lawrence, 124
To the Lady Margaret Ley, 124
Town Labourer, 1760–1832, The, 191
Treasure Island, 142
Tristram Shandy, 126, 163, 200
Troilus and Cressida, 57
Trollope, Anthony, 54, 141, 148, 211, 219–234
Turgueniev, Ivan, 138
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 41
Two Gentlemen of Verona, The, 23, 91

Uhland, Johann Ludwig, 130

Uncommercial Traveller, The, 96

Vanity Fair, 117, 122, 125, 141, 146, 147, 151

Venables, George Stovin, 117, 133
Venus and Adonis, 114
Vicar of Wakefield, The, 163
Vicomte de Bragelonne, Le, 24
Victorian Age, The, Inge’s, 63
Villette, 201
Villon, François, 158
Virgil, 27, 91, 158, 159, 214
Virginians, The, 147, 149
Vivian Grey, 182, 185

Walpole, Horace, 164

Walton, Izaak, 197
Wapping Workhouse, Dickens’ essay on, 96
War and Peace, 39, 138, 149
Ward, Sir Adolphus, 203, 204, 208, 209
Warden, The, 220, 226
Way of All Flesh, The, 84, 86
Way We Live Now, The, 220
Wee Willie Winkie, 112
Wells, Herbert George, 43
Wharton, Edith, 15
Whewell, William, 122
Whibley, Charles, 122
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, 221
Wiseman, Cardinal Nicholas Patrick Stephen, 73
Wives and Daughters, 212
Woman in White, The, 224
Woodlanders, The, 140
Wordsworth, William, 128
World, The, 127
Wreck of the “Golden Mary,” The, 18
Wuthering Heights, 201

Xenophanes, 82

Yates, Edmund, 127

Young Duke, The, 181

Zola, Emile, 230

 Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
consistent when a predominant preference was found in the
original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced
quotation marks were remedied when the change was
obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or
correct page references.
Page 19: The inconsistent indentation of the ninth line of
the poem, “Now Winter Nights Enlarge” was printed that way.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES
DICKENS AND OTHER VICTORIANS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you

derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works
calculated using the method you already use to calculate
your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to
donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each
date on which you prepare (or are legally required to
prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments
should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
 Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address
specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user

who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of
receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full
Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a
user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use
of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full

refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement
copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and
reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set
forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.