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org/acsaelm Article

Unusual Behavior of Magnetic Coercive Fields with Temperature

and Applied Field in La-Doped BiFeO3 Ceramics
Areef Billah,* Yuki Matsuno, Anjuman Nesa Anju, Kunihiro Koike, Shigeru Kubota, Fumihiko Hirose,
and Bashir Ahmmad*
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ABSTRACT: We report on the temperature-dependent magnetic

properties of Bi1−xLaxFeO3 (x = 0.0−0.3) bulk polycrystalline
materials. Unexpectedly, the La-doped BiFeO3 samples show an
anomalous enhancement of the coercive field as the temperature
increases. This anomaly can be interpreted by the competition
between magnetoelectric coupling and magnetic anisotropy.
Whatever the mechanism such as coherent rotation or domain
wall movement and the associated pinning effect involved in the
magnetization reversal, on a large scale, the strength of the
magnetic anisotropy will act on the coercivity. Similar unantici-
pated results were also found when we varied the applied magnetic
field at room temperature. The magnetization vs temperature (M−
T) curve was measured at a temperature range of 4−300 K, and it demonstrates a large bifurcation between field-cooled (FC) and
zero-field-cooled (ZFC) data. A spin glass-like behavior was found at 50 K for a 20% La-doped sample. Another M−T curve, taken at
higher temperatures, reveals that the FC and ZFC curves assimilate to each other at a point, and the Néel temperature is found to be
660 K.
KEYWORDS: magnetism, coercivity, multiferroic, perovskite

I. INTRODUCTION This cancellation of magnetization also prevents the presence

Perovskite multiferroic oxides are a diverse group of materials of the linear magnetoelectric effect.11 The utilization of bulk
that demonstrate multiple types of ferroic orderings within a BFO in functional applications is consequently restricted by
these issues. Recently, many researchers have shown that rare-
single phase. In recent years, significant advancements have
earth elements12,13 or alkaline-earth elements14,15 doping at the
been made in our understanding of the underlying physics of
A site, as well as partial replacement of B site ions by metal
multiferroic materials, leading to a comprehensive and deep
elements from the transition group,16,17 are effective ways to
knowledge of their behavior.1−3 This progress has opened up
unlock the spiral structure and enhance the magnetic
exciting new avenues for research, pushing the boundaries of
characteristics of BFO. According to the previous reports,
exploration in this fascinating field. BiFeO3 (BFO) is the most
the magnetism and ferroelectricity of BFO were increased
studied multiferroic material among the perovskite family due
when Bi and Fe were partially substituted at the same time by
to its manifold properties and potential application in device
ions like Er and Nb,18 Sr and Mn,19 Dy and Mn,20 etc. In our
fabrication.4−9 In multiferroics, the persistence of distinct
previous investigation, we observed that the simultaneous
″ferro″ orders provides a way for the magnetization to be
substitution of Gd and Ti in place of Bi and Fe, respectively, in
controlled by an applied electric field, and conversely, electric
BFO multiferroics improved their morphological, dielectric,
polarization can be regulated by an applied magnetic field. At
and magnetic properties at room temperature.21
room temperature, BFO is a material that demonstrates two
BFO is known for its intriguing physical properties. Every so
types of orderings at the same phase: an antiferromagnetic often, in terms of the variation of synthesis methods, this
(AFM) spin orientation having a Néel temperature (TN) of
643 K and a ferroelectric layout having a Curie temperature
(TC) of 1123 K.10 The magnetic moment of atoms in BFO are Received: April 22, 2023
arranged in a spiral pattern, and the pattern repeats itself over a Accepted: July 5, 2023
relatively long distance of 62 nm.10 The spiral spin structure
causes the macroscopic magnetization to be canceled out,
meaning that the material does not exhibit a significant
magnetic moment even though it has a magnetic ordering.

© XXXX American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533

A ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
ACS Applied Electronic Materials pubs.acs.org/acsaelm Article

material shows a unique behavior that is unusual compared to corresponding space group. The refinement results exhibit
its regular properties. For instance, in a previous research work, that the undoped BFO material has four phases such as R3c
we found an anomalous behavior of the coercive field in Gd- (BiFeO3, 76.73 wt %), Pbam (Bi2Fe4O9, 10.00 wt %), I23
and Ti-doped BFO bulk materials.22 In magnetic materials, (Bi25FeO39, 7.67 wt %), and Pnma (BiFeO3, 5.60 wt %). After
usually, the coercive field increases with the decrease of 10% of La substitution in place of Bi ions, the Pnma (BiFeO3,
temperature. Conversely, if the coercive field increases with the 46.50 wt %) space group dominates the composition, where
increase of temperature, then this phenomenon is regarded as the other minor phases are R3c (BiFeO3, 38.92 wt %), I23
anomalous coercivity. The coercive field is an essential (Bi25FeO39, 8.67 wt %), and Pbam (Bi2Fe4O9, 5.91 wt %).
magnetic characteristic of materials that is associated with Interestingly, single-phase materials were found for BLFO20
their ability to retain a magnetic field. It is significant to (20% La) and BLFO30 (30% La) compositions having the
comprehend how the anisotropy increases with rising temper- Pnma space group of the orthorhombic crystal family. The
ature. Also, the ability to control the temperature dependency structural changes of the prepared materials with the
of coercivity is beneficial for possible applications where a high incorporation of the La content amount are illustrated in
degree of thermal stability is required, especially in spintronics Figure 1a, and this kind of change in the crystal structure with
and magnetic device design.23,24
This study focused on examining how the coercive field,
remanent magnetization, and exchange bias effect are
influenced by temperature and the applied magnetic field.
Unexpectedly, we observed unusual patterns in the coercive
field, which deviated from the expected behavior not only with
temperature variations but also with changes in the applied
magnetic field. Moreover, we conducted M−T curves across a
wide temperature range of 4−750 K to investigate the
modifications in magnetic orderings and ascertain the value
of TN.

II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Bi1−xLaxFeO3 (x = 0.0−0.3) bulk polycrystalline samples were
prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction method, as described
in our previous investigation.21 The powder raw materials of Bi2O3 Figure 1. (a) Structural changes of undoped BFO, BLFO10,
(99.99%), Fe2O3 (99.99%), and La2O3 (99.99%) (bought from Wako- BLFO20, and BLFO30 bulk polycrystalline samples with the variation
Fujifilm Pure Chemical Co., Japan) were mixed in an agate mortar of partial substitution of La content in place of the Bi ion. The values
through hand grinding for 2 h. The mixture was calcined for 5 h at shown in the colored bar graph represent the weight percentage of the
973 K and ground again for 1 h. During the grinding, we used acetone corresponding space group in a specific composition. (b) Magnified
to make a homogeneous powder. Using a hydraulic press, pellets with view of the major dual peak at around 32° (2θ).
10 mm diameter were prepared. Finally, the pellets were sintered for 2
h at 1273 K. It should be noted that the undoped BFO bulk materials
were sintered at 1100 K for 2 h. Because the pellets of undoped BFO La doping is congruent with a previous report.26 The structural
materials were melted down when we tried to sinter at more than modification of the La-doped samples can be observed
1100 K, as shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Undoped BFO, 10%
La-doped BFO, 20% La-doped BFO, and 30% La-doped BFO will be
evidently from the major dual peak at around 32° (2θ),
regarded as BFO, BLFO10, BLFO20, and BLFO30, respectively, in which has a tendency to merge into a single peak, as shown in
the subsequent sections. Figure 1b. This alteration of the crystal structure might have an
X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were obtained using a diffractometer impact on the magnetic behavior of the doped samples.27 The
(XRD Ultima IV, Rigaku) equipped with a Cu X-ray source. Images of quantified crystallographic parameters such as the lattice
the prepared materials were taken by a field emission scanning constant, cell volume, density, and Fe−O−Fe bond angles
electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL, JSM 7600f). An X-ray from Rietveld refinement are summarized in Table 1, and
photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) (ULVAC PHI model 1600) was detailed information including atomic positions of the
utilized to take the XPS data. Temperature-dependent and field-
dependent M−H hysteresis loops, as well as FC and ZFC curves at
different temperatures, were obtained using a superconducting Table 1. Calculated Lattice Constants, Unit Cell Volume,
quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer (Quantum Density, Fe−O−Fe Bond Angles, and Goodness of Fit (χ2)
Design MPMS-XL7). for Undoped BFO, BLFO10, BLFO20, and BLFO30 Bulk
Materials
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
BLFO10 BLFO20 BLFO30
A. Structural Characterization and Morphology. To parameters BFO (R3c) (Pnma) (Pnma) (Pnma)
analyze the structural behavior of the prepared materials, we a (Å) 5.5764(3) 5.6032(7) 5.6030(1) 5.5878(3)
obtained the XRD data by using an X-ray diffractometer. The b (Å) 5.5765(1) 15.6281(0) 15.6246(2) 15.6480(5)
experimental XRD spectra were refined, and the crystallo- c (Å) 13.8637(9) 11.2507(1) 11.2528(7) 11.2250(0)
graphic parameters were extracted using Rietveld refinement V (cm3) 373.35(8) 985.20(5) 985.13(3) 981.50(6)
by using the FullProf software package.25 The experimental density 9.137 9.164 10.074 11.285
XRD spectra and the Rietveld refined data with Bragg positions (g/cm3)
of all of the materials are depicted in Supplementary Figure S2. Fe−O−Fe 156.83(1) 148.41(0) 135.67(3) 130.62(1)
We identified the phases of the crystal structure of each sample (°)
extensively and quantified the weight percentage of the χ2 3.10 2.23 1.22 1.22

B https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533
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synthesized compounds is enlisted in Supplementary Table S1. is governed by the Fe−O−Fe bond angle. When the angle
In Table 1, it is noticeable that the bond angle dramatically starts to reduce, the additional super-exchange interaction
decreases as the La concentration increases, which also has a occurs between Fe ions via oxygen ions. Consequently, net
contribution to the magnetic properties of the prepared magnetization is enhanced in antiferromagnetic materials.30
materials.28 Furthermore, for undoped BFO and BLFO20, the Thus, BLFO30 exhibits a higher Mr value compared to the
XPS spectra with the full scan as well as specific orbital spectra other materials. In addition, M−H loops, measured at 50 K,
such as Bi4f, Fe2p, La3d, and O1s confirm the chemical states show higher magnetization values compared to the room
of different constituent elements and their respective binding temperature magnetization for all doped samples. The
energy, as shown in Supplementary Figure S3. quantified Mr values, coercive fields (Hc), and exchange bias
To observe the surface morphology and particle size effect (HEB) are summarized in Table 2. The values of Mr are
distribution, the FESEM images were taken for all of the
compounds, as illustrated in Supplementary Figure S4. The Table 2. Calculated Remanent Magnetization (Mr),
average size of the particles for undoped BFO is 1.5 μm. After Coercive Field (Hc), and Exchange Bias (HEB) from M−H
adding 10% La, the sizes suddenly increased to about ∼10 μm. Hysteresis Loops Measured at 50 and 300 K
However, for BFLO20 and BLFO30, a relatively smaller
sample temperature (K) Mr (emu/g) Hc (Oe) HEB (Oe)
particle distribution was observed. Compared to undoped
BFO, forming a higher size for doped samples is associated BFO 50 0.00225(3) 269(0) 24(3)
with the agglomeration of smaller particles at higher sintering 300 - - -
temperatures.29 BLFO10 50 0.12005(5) 2848(7) 27(4)
B. Magnetic Properties. To explore the magnetic 300 0.10945(3) 3336(1) 11(5)
behavior of the prepared materials, we carried out the M−H BLFO20 50 0.2805(9) 2117(3) −117(1)
hysteresis loops with an applied magnetic field of ±20 kOe, as 300 0.2264(2) 4606(1) 38(1)
shown in Figure 2a−d. Initially, we measured and compared BLFO30 50 0.3217(2) 2512(4) 58(3)
300 0.2775(3) 3283(3) −11(1)

higher at room temperature for doped samples, and it increases

when the temperature is lowered to 50 K. However,
unexpectedly, the coercive fields show anomalous behavior
with temperature. Generally, the coercive field decreases as the
temperature of the magnetic materials increases.31 On the
contrary, in our study, for all of the La-doped samples, the Hc
increases with temperature, as listed in Table 2. Compared to
the other doped materials, the changes of Hc in BLFO20 are
more prominent between 50 and 300 K. The HEB values show
no significant changes with temperature for doped samples.
In order to comprehend the anomalous changes of Hc with
temperature, we measured the M−H hysteresis loops at
different temperatures from 5 to 300 K for the BLFO20
sample, as illustrated in Figure 3. At 5 K, the Hc value is 1694
Figure 2. (a−d) M−H hysteresis loops with the partial substitution of
different amounts of La content at the Bi site of BFO bulk
polycrystalline materials and their comparison between 300 and 50 K.

the M−H loops at 300 and 50 K for all samples to understand

the La doping and temperature effect on the magnetization.
Figure 2b−d demonstrates that the net magnetization increases
as the La content increases in the BFO materials. At room
temperature, the remanent magnetization (Mr) value of
BLFO20 is 0.2264 emu/g, while it is 0.2775 emu/g for
BLFO30. We assume that the higher Mr value for BLFO30
may be attributed to the substitution of the La3+ ion in place of
the Bi3+ ion. Though both of the ions are nonmagnetic,
nevertheless, La3+ ions assisted in enhancing the magnetization.
To analyze the contribution of La3+ ions on magnetization, we
calculated the Fe−O−Fe bond angle from XRD data using a
“Bond_Str GUI-Interface” tool of FullProf suite software. The
calculated bond angles are summarized in Table 1. The bond
angle decreases as the amount of doping content La3+ ions
increase in the prepared compounds. The value of Fe−O−Fe
bond angles are 135.67 and 130.62° for BLFO20 and BLFO30,
respectively. In antiferromagnetic materials, the ferromagnetic-
like behavior mainly comes from the super-exchange
interaction between ferromagnetic Fe ions, and this interaction
C https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533
Figure 3. (a) M−H hysteresis loops of the BLFO20 sample at
different temperatures and (b) the calculated coercive field (Hc) and
remanent magnetization (Mr) as a function of temperature.
Oe; from this point, the values increase linearly with
temperatures up to 100 K; after that, a sudden elevation is
observed at 150 K, and it increases unhurriedly to 4606 Oe at
300 K (Figure 3b).
The observation of anomalous coercive field enhancement
with temperature in our synthesized bulk polycrystalline La-
doped BFO samples can be interpreted by the contest between
magnetoelectric coupling and magnetic anisotropy.32,33 Figure
2a shows the antiferromagnetic nature of BFO because of its
spirally modulated spin structure (SMSS), where the spins are
locked with a periodic interval of 62 nm, which eventually
ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
ACS Applied Electronic Materials
cancels out the net magnetization.10 These cycloid spins
disallow the observation of the linear magnetoelectric effect in
BFO bulk materials.34 To overcome this issue and unlock the
spins of SMSS, partial substitution in BFO is an effective
way.13 In our study, we substituted Bi ions partially with La
ions; as a result, the SMSS is perturbed and the
uncompensated spins initiated a weak ferromagnetic behavior,
as shown in Figure 2c,d. These weak ferromagnetic orderings
can be controlled by applying an external electric field and
returning to its spiral structure. Also, the inherent electric
polarization of this materials system can be induced by an
applied magnetic field. This linear response of the electric
polarization to a magnetic field, and vice versa, is regarded as
linear magnetoelectric coupling.35 At room temperature, the
higher value of the magnetic coercive field for La-doped BFO
samples may be attributed to magnetic anisotropy. Before the
explanation of the anomalous behavior of coercivity with
temperature, we would like to make a general discussion about
the influence of magnetic anisotropy on the coercive field. The
Stoner−Wohlfarth model is often used for calculating the
coercivity of magnetic particles.36 According to this model, by
ignoring the temperature dependency, the magnetic coercivity
can be defined as
2K u
Hc =
Ms (1)
where Ku is the uniaxial anisotropy constant, which represents
the energy density associated with the preferred direction of
magnetization and Ms is the saturation magnetization. In a
magnetic material, if the motion of the domain wall and its
accompanying nucleation field control the behavior of the
coercive field, anisotropy can still exert an influence on the
coercivity. Whatever the underlying mechanism engaged in the
nucleation of magnetization reversal, the outcome of this
action is proportional to the increase of the associated domain
wall energy, which has the form γ.s. Here, γ is the domain wall
energy per unit area of the nucleation site and s is the surface
area of the nucleus of volume v. The coercive field in this
model can be expressed as37
25kT
Hc = 1/3
Neff Ms
o M sv o Msv (2)
In this equation, by the first term, the magnetic anisotropy sets
foot into the critical field value. Because the domain wall
energy γ is dependent on two other terms
= ex
+ (3)
2
NK ua
or , = JS2 2
+ negligible compared to the overall behavior of the system, and
aN 2 (4)
Here, the first term is associated with exchange energy, and the
other one comes from the magnetic anisotropy energy. From
the above equations, it can be inferred that, whatever the
mechanism (such as coherent rotation or domain wall
movement and the associated pinning effect) involved in the
magnetization reversal, on a large scale, the strength of the
magnetic anisotropy will act on the coercivity. There might be
a battlefield of magnetoelectric coupling and magnetic
anisotropy. The magnetoelectric coupling’s existence results
in an extra factor that contributes to the magnetic anisotropy.33
However, this factor decreases the overall magnetic anisotropy.
Let us consider that Ku is a constant for uniaxial anisotropy
D https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533
pubs.acs.org/acsaelm Article
when the magnetoelectric coupling is not working, and K′u is a
constant for uniaxial anisotropy when the coupling effect exists,
then the equation can be written as
( Pz)2
Ku = Ku
2 (5)
where β is a coefficient for uniform magnetoelectric coupling,
which is connected to the Dzyaloshinskii−Moriya (DM)
interaction, χ⊥ is the susceptibility for magnetization, which is
measured perpendicularly to the antiferromagnetic vector, and
Pz represents the spontaneous ferroelectric polarization.22,32,38
In this way, a tangled contest between magnetic anisotropy and
magnetoelectric coupling decides the behavior of coercive
fields of the materials at different temperatures.32,38,39 To
comprehend this argument, we now discuss the change of
coercivity with temperature in a mathematical way. For
spontaneous electric polarization, Landau mean-field formal-
ism40,41 can be written as
|Pz|2 = (To T) (6)
where α is a constant having a positive value and To represents
the transition temperature. Putting this value in eq 5, we obtain
2
Ku = Ku (To T)
2 (7)
K u = K u + (T To) (8)
2
Here, the positive constant ξ is equivalent to . From the
2
above equation, we can write for coercivity as
Hc = constant × K u (9)
The above mathematical formulations imply a linear relation-
ship in which a decrease in anisotropy constant can happen
with the decrease of temperature, and consequently, the
magnetic coercive field is expected to diminish. Now, we can
compare eqs 8 & 9 with our result in which the coercive fields
reduce as the temperature decreases, as shown in Figure 3b.
However, mean-field theory provides accurate predictions
when fluctuations within the system can be disregarded. But
the effects of fluctuations and correlations are more
pronounced near the critical temperature. In this case, the
Ginzburg criterion provides a measure of the validity of the
mean-field theory by comparing the characteristic length scale
of fluctuations in the system to the correlation length.42 It
states that mean-field theory is valid if the characteristic length
scale of fluctuations (denoted as δf) is much larger than the
correlation length (δf ≫ δ). In this regime, fluctuations are
mean-field theory provides an accurate description of the
ferroelectric material. On the other hand, if the characteristic
length scale of fluctuations is comparable to or smaller than the
correlation length (δf ≈ δ or δf ≪ δ), mean-field theory breaks
down as fluctuations become significant near the ferroelectric
phase transition. In this case, more advanced theoretical
methods, such as those incorporating fluctuations and
correlations, are required to properly capture the behavior of
the material.
Figure 4a shows the M−H hysteresis loops measured at
room temperature with a variation of the applied magnetic
field from ±20 to ±70 kOe. The Mr and Hc values are obtained
from M−H loops and plotted as a function of the magnetic
ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
ACS Applied Electronic Materials
Figure 4. (a) M−H hysteresis loops at room temperature with
different applied magnetic fields (the inset shows a magnified view
with ±5.5 kOe) and (b) their quantified Hc and Mr values.
field, as shown in Figure 4b. The Mr values increase as the
applied field increases. In general, as the applied magnetic field
increases, the coercive field may also increase due to the
strengthening of the magnetic domains within the material.
Interestingly, the Hc values of the BLFO20 decrease with the
increase of magnetic field. Perhaps a similar competition of
magnetoelectric coupling and magnetic anisotropy also took
place, as we explained in the earlier paragraph, that determines
the characteristics of Hc in the material. In addition,
modification of the crystal structure due to the higher sintering
temperature might have an impact on the magnetic proper-
ties.43
The magnetization vs temperature (M−T) curves were
carried out at a temperature range from 4 to 750 K to
determine the Néel temperature (TN) with an applied
magnetic field of 500 Oe. Figure 5a represents the field-cooled
(FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) curves as a function of
temperature (4 to 300 K), and it exhibits a large bifurcation
Figure 5. (a) M−T curves for the BLFO20 sample from 4 to 300 K
and (b) 300 to 750 K.
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pubs.acs.org/acsaelm Article
between FC and ZFC, unlike the undoped BFO bulk sample,
as illustrated in Supplementary Figure S5. La doping is
believed to have the ability to disrupt the spin cycloid structure
of BFO, which, in turn, may result in the release of the latent
magnetization that is trapped within the cycloid structure. As a
result of this phenomenon, the material may exhibit
ferromagnetic ordering.44,45 In addition, a small cusp appears
at 50 K, which is associated with the spin glass-like
characteristic.26,46 The FC and ZFC curves are closing each
other as the temperature increases. However, at 300 K, there is
still a significant gap between FC and ZFC which implies that
the TN must be at a higher temperature. In order to find out
the TN, M−T curves were measured at a temperature range
from 300 to 750 K, as shown in Figure 5b. Initially, the M−T
curves have a large gap between the FC and ZFC, and it starts
to decrease as the temperature increases. Eventually, both the
curves met each other at a certain point of temperature and the
TN is determined at 660 K, which is higher compared to the
undoped BFO bulk materials.10 Since the La atom is a
nonmagnetic element, the TN enhancement can be attributed
to several factors such as the oxidation state of Fe, oxygen-
related vacancy, and chemical or hydrostatic pressure.47
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The evolution of the crystal structure with doping concen-
tration and the temperature dependency of magnetic coercive
fields for La-doped BFO materials were observed extensively in
this research work. We noticed an unusual behavior of the
coercive fields, where the Hc increases as the temperature
increases. We assume that this anomalous characteristic of Hc
is governed by the competition between magnetic anisotropy
and magnetoelectric coupling. Here, magnetoelectric coupling
modifies the magnetic anisotropy, which eventually reduces the
value of coercivity at low temperatures. Regardless of the
specific mechanism involved in magnetization reversal, the
strength of the magnetic anisotropy plays a crucial role in
determining the coercivity of a material. Weak magnetic
anisotropy leads to a lower energy barrier for magnetization
reversal, resulting in decreased coercivity. Consequently, the
Hc shows an anomalous behavior with temperature. In
addition, Hc is also observed as a function of the applied
magnetic field; it also shows an interesting result, where Hc
decreases as the applied magnetic field increases. The M−T
curves at higher temperatures confirm the Néel temperature of
20% La-doped BFO at 660 K, which is higher compared to the
undoped BFO. We are optimistic that our study of coercivity
controlled by temperature and the applied magnetic field can
be beneficial for future magnetic device design.
■
*
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
sı Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533.
Figure S1 shows the melted BFO materials sintered at
1273 K; Figure S2 shows XRD data with Rietveld
refinement; Supplementary Table S1 shows the
crystallographic parameters calculated from Rietveld
refinement of XRD data; Figure S3 shows XPS spectra;
Figure S4 shows FESEM images of all bulk polycrystal-
line samples; Figure S5 shows magnetization vs
temperature (M−T) curves of undoped BFO; and
ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
ACS Applied Electronic Materials
Figure S6 shows a magnified view of field-dependent
M−H hysteresis loops of the BLFO20 sample (PDF)
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
Areef Billah − Graduate School of Science and Engineering,
Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510,
Japan; orcid.org/0000-0003-3529-6588;
Email: areefbillah@gmail.com
Bashir Ahmmad − Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata
992-8510, Japan; orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-9746;
Email: arima@yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp
Authors
Yuki Matsuno − Graduate School of Science and Engineering,
Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510,
Japan
Anjuman Nesa Anju − Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata
992-8510, Japan
Kunihiro Koike − Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata
992-8510, Japan
Shigeru Kubota − Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata
992-8510, Japan
Fumihiko Hirose − Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata
992-8510, Japan
Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00533
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI
(20K05678, 23H00098). A part of this work was conducted
at the Institute for Molecular Science, supported by the
Advanced Research Infrastructure for Materials and Nano-
technology (JPMXP1223MS1010) of the Ministry of Educa-
tion, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.
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