vPNs ekxksaZ ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk lqjf{kr ekxZ fuekZ.k dk nkf;Ro Hkh fuekZ.

k ,tsUlh
dk gSA ekxZ leLr izdkj ds ;krk;kr fo’ks"kr;k Vulnerable Road Users
(Pedestrians, Cyclist, Motor Cyclists) dh lqj{kk lqfuf’pr djrs gq, cuk;s tk;sA
“Road safety is the in built safety features in the road from all the road users
point view at any stage.” ekxZ dks ;krk;kr gsrq lqjf{kr izekf.kr djus ds fy;s Road
Safety Audit fd;k tkuk vko’;d gSA “Road safety audit is the process to check
potential crash worthiness of any road (weather it is new road or widened road, or any
link, or any traffic management scheme). Road safety audit is proactive approach,
before any crashes happens.” Road safety audit is done at following stage -
Planning Stage
Design Stage
Construction Stage
Pre opening Stage
Maintenance and operational Stage

Important Pillars of Road Safety -

Road safety management
Build safer roads
Build/Manufacture safer vehicles
Safe user behaviour
Improve post crash care

yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx esa ekxksaZ ds pkSM+hdj.k@lqn`<+hdj.k ds vkx.ku cukus]

ekxZ@lsrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa ejEer ds vUrxZr ekxksZa ij lqj{kk ds n`f"Vxr fuEukuqlkj
vkns’k fd;s tkrs gSaA

1. Planning and Design Stage

Improvement of Alignment/Curves
Mh0ih0vkj0 esa Typical cross Section/
Strip plan yxk;k tk;sA ;fn orZeku T;kferh; esa lq/kkj dh vko’;drk gS
vFkkZr Improvement of Intersection, Construction of Rotary, Improvement of

1
Horizontal/Vertical Curves ds lq/kkj fuekZ.k dh vko’;drk gks rks Plan ,oa
L-Section yxk;s tk;saA ;g dk;Z vkmVlksZflxa ds ek/;e ls Hkh djk;k tk
ldrk gS] ftldk ogu ekxZ fuekZ.k dh Lohd`fr gksus ds mijkUr mldh
dUVhtslha ls fd;k tk;sA
fofHkUu Js.kh ds ekxksZa (SH/MDR/ODR) ij Design speed ds
vuqlkj eksM+ksa dk lq/kkj] vfrfjDr pkSM+kbZ] lqij ,syhos’ku iznku fd;k tk;sA

Design Speed
SH 100 Km/hr
MDR 80 Km/hr
ODR 65 Km/hr

Operating Speed
85th percentile speed is taken as operating speed. 85th
percentile speed means 85 percent of all vehicles are observed to travel.
15th percentile speed is used as minimum speed.
Widening at Curves
Item Radius of Curve (M)
Upto 20 m 21-60 m More than 60 m 75-100 m 101-300 m
Single Lane
0.9 m 0.6 m Nil - -
Road
Two Lane
Road - - - 0.9 m 0.6 m
lkekU;r;k vfrfjDr pkSM+kbZ doZ ds vkmVj lkbZM esa nh tk;sA
Improvement of Curves
;fn Hkwfe vuqiyC/krk ds dkj.k T;kferh; lq/kkj lEHko u
gks rks] eksM+ ds nksuksa vksj xfr lhek dk lkbZu cksMZ yxk;k tk;sA xfr lhek
fuEukuqlkj fu/kkZfjr djsa%&
𝑒+𝑓 = Where :
e = Super Elevation (maximum 7 %)
f = Friction (0.15)
Va = √27.94𝑅
mnkgj.kr;k%&
Super Elevation 'e' ¼max½ = 7 %
Friction 'f ' = 0.15
Radius 'R' = 20 m
Speed 'Va' = 24 km/hr
orZeku ekxZ ij eksM+ dh Radius fuEukuqlkj fudkyh tk ldrh gS%&
S

X= Chord length measured by tape

x x S= Offset from the chord to the point of curve
R= Radius
R
R R R2 = (R-S)2 + X2

= R2 + S2 - 2 RS + X2

R = S2 + X2
2S

2
Road Signs
fdyksehVj okj pSust vafdr djrs gq, jksM lkbZut
s dk izkfo/kku
IRC:67 ds vuqlkj fd;k tk;sA

Type of signs Speed Diameter of Minimum Font size in

sign in mm distance from mm
the object in
meters
Mandatory / 65 600 250 125
Regulatory Signs 81-100 900 350 150

Type of signs Speed Triangle Minimum distance from the

size in mm object in meters
Cautionary / 65 900 110
Warning signs ≥80 1200 180

Type of signs Speed Minimum Minimum clear

height of visibility in meters
letters in
mm
Informatory Place Identification 65 125 75
signs 80-100 150 105
Cantilever/Over 65 200 150
head 80-100 250 200
Type eleven reflective sheet shall be used for state Highway and for rest of the road
categories type four sheeting shall be used.

3
 Every board should be given an identification no. & an inventory of the same should be
maintained at the divisional office. Identification no. shall be marked in the center of board on the back side as
follows:

2/10 4/15
Ch- 9.250 Ch – 14.770

Board no. 2 in Km 10 at chainage 9.250 Board no. 4 in Km 15 at chainage 14.770

Stop Sign at Minor Road Give-Way Sign at Minor Road

Note : Only one sign either stop or Give way is to be placed on minor road. For less visibility stop sign should be
preferred.

Unguarded Railway Crossing Guarded Railway Crossing

For Built Up Area Warnimg can be given by signs, pavement
markings or rumble strip. The message
should be clear and simple.

Tree Plates

LDS (Lienear Delineation System) for Rottery and Nosing of divider

5
 Wrong placing of Hazard Marker Correct placing of Hazard Marker

Hazard Marker for diverging route

Chevrons should be placed at 20 m spacing on outer edge of curve for radius upto 200 m and at an interval of
40 m apart before the curve. For more details refer IRC : 67

6
Traffic Calming Measures
As per IRC:99 following Traffic Calming Measures are used.

Rumble Strip with Bituminous material at minor roads

Repeated Bars with Thermoplastic Paint at major roads

Details of circular hump at minor roads

7
 Speed Table on major road in city portion

Improvement of Junctions

Wrong Practice Correct practice

8
Road Markings
Road marking shall be done as per IRC:35

The edge line is placed 15 cm inside from the edge.

Colour Pattern for Markings

The general colour pattern followed for road marking and
various background surfaces are given below:
White
Because of the visibility and good contrast against the road
surface, the white colour should be widely used for road markings.
Yellow
The longitudinal marking in yellow colour should be used to
convey message where it is not permitted to cross the markings. Yellow colour
is also used to show parking restrictions and to impose other traffic control.
Blue
The blue colour shall be used to indicate dedicated bus lanes in
the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridor on urban streets.
Green
The green colour should be deployed to distinguish the bicycle
and non-motorised transport facilities provided on the road.
Permanent markings are broadly classified as follows:-
I. Longitudinal marking (LM)
II. Transverse Marking (TM)

9
 III. Hazard Marking (HM)
IV. Block Marking (BM)
V. Arrow Marking (AM)
VI. Directional Marking (DM)
VII. Facility Marking (FM)

Marking Type Segment Length of Width Colour Place

Abbreviation length (in Gap (in (in cm) Pattern
cm) cm)
LM Broken 300 600 10 White Lane
marking
(can be
crossed)
LM Continuous - - 15 White

LM Continuous Two solid - 10 White At the

(Two lines) lines edge of
seperated by carriage
10 cm way and
at edge
(shall not
be
crossed)
LM Continuous - - 15 Yellow

LM Continuous Continuous Each line White Marking

& Broken and broken 10 cm provided
separated by is strictly
10 cm prohibited
TM Bar Marking Across full - Strips of Yellow
(On set) carriage way 300 wide
5mm
high &
600 mm
apart
Straight White
Arrow

Left Arrow White

Right Arrow White

Straight & White

Left Arrow

Straight & White

Right Arrow

10
Direction Information
Directional arrows should be used in advance to guide
drivers to correct lane when approaching busy intersections whether signal
controlled or not.

Word Message
The general information to guide, warn or regulate traffic may
also be conveyed by inscription of word message on road surface in capital
letter in addition to directional arrows. i.e. "SPEED LIMIT"

Parking
The limits of the designated parking places should also be
indicated by informative parking signs mounted on the kerb side in accordance
with IRC:67-(2012)
Kerbs of all islands, dividers, concrete, barriers on bridges & flyovers
located in the line of traffic flow shall be painted with black & white stripes of 500 mm
width. The sections where some restriction like ‘No Parking’, ‘No Stopping’ is in vogue, the
Kerb of footpath shall be painted in yellow.
For further detail refer IRC:35
Road Studs
White Colour
White road studs are to indicate traffic lane line and centre of
carriage way.
Red Colour
Red road studs are to be used to indicate a line which should not
be crossed (Left/Right edge).
Yellow Colour
Yellow road studs are to be again deployed to indicate a line
which should not be crossed.
Road Studs are placed outside the edge line.
Description Spacing in meters
Centre line Edge line Lane line
Two lane Road 18 (White) 18 (Red) -
Two lane paved 18 (White) 18 (Red) -
shoulder
Four lane divided At 18m on shoulder side edge (Red)
carriage way At 18m on median side edge (Yellow)
At 9m for traffic lane (White)
Guard Rail
Guard rails on the foot path should have rounded top to prevent injuries

Road Side Safety Barriers

These are three types of longitudinal road side safety barriers viz –
 Semi – rigid type like
- W-beam type steel barriers
- Thrie beam type steel barriers
 Rigid type (Like concrete crash barriers)
 Flexible type (like wire rope fencing)
Invariable w-beam and wire rope barrier shall not be installed upon a
structure. For further details refer IRC SP 84.

2. Construction Stage
Following are important Guide lines to be followed
during construction-
Warn the road user clearly and sufficiently far in advance
Provide safe and clearly marked lanes for guiding road users
Provide safe and clearly marked buffer and work zones
Provide suitable measures that control driver’s behaviour through construction
zones.

12
Traffic Control Zone
At construction site traffic control zone should be define for
safety, efficient movement of traffic, rapid progress and safety of
construction equ
equipment and workers.
Advance warning zone
Approach Transition zone
Working Zone
Terminal Transition Zone

For construction of structures like ROB, Fly over New jersey Type Barrier should be placed
at the outer egde of working zone and lateral clearance should be 2 to 3 m.
m

Traffic Control Device

Traffic Control device should
should be put at appropriate places
 Safety on Workmen

3. Pre-opening Stage
To ensure that completed project has addressed all safety concerns.
To check any other hazardous condition which have been overlooked before.
To spot mistakes in signs and road marking.

Following point should be checked

Drainage
Safety Barriers and Fences
Bridge parapets
Visibility
Road Interfaces
Markings
Signal
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Typical point of observations
- End Treatment of W-Beam Barriers at culverts and Bridges
- Rigid concrete barrier and W-beam barrier should be joined evenly at inner face
- Rigid concrete barrier should be provided with object Hazard Marker (parapet)
- End of W-beam barrier to be anchored to ground as per standard
- Minor road cross major road hazardously may be converted into staggered intersections
- Wide junction (too wide) may be provided with ghost islands
- School children/village crossing are not accommodated in the design
- Placement of signs improper / stop signs should be installed at 2m to 4m from stop line
- Provide chevron signs on curve so as to view at least 2 nos of chevron at given instance
of viewing
4. Maintenance Stage
Parameters that affect road safety
Surface Texture and Friction
Roughness
Rut Depth
Potholes
Shoulder Conditions
Edge Break/Edge Drop
Full Depth Corner Cracks
Blow up at Joint

14
Failure in Pavement
Following are the normal pavement failures

Rutting

Block Cracking Pot Hole

Fatigue Cracking Edge Drop

Ravelling

15
 Slippage Cracks

Full Depth Corner Cracks Blow up at Joint

g0@&

fuEufyf[kr dks lwpukFkZ ,oa vko';d dk;Zokgh gsrq izsf"kr %&

izeq[k lfpo] yks0fu0fo0@fu;kstu foHkkx@xzkE; fodkl foHkkx] m0iz0 'kklu] y[kuÅA
izeq[k lfpo vkokl] m0iz0 'kklu] y[kuÅA
lfpo] yks0fu0fo0] m0iz0 'kklu] y[kuÅA
izeq[k vfHk;Urk ¼ifjdYi@fu;kstu½@¼xzkeh.k lM+d½] yks0fu0fo0] y[kuÅA
izeq[k vfHk;Urk] flapkbZ foHkkx] dSaV jksM y[kuÅA
izcU/k funs'kd m0iz0] jk0fu0fu0fy0@m0iz0] jkT; lsrq fuxe fy0] y[kuÅA
eq[; izkfof/kd ijh{kd] yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx@flapkbZ foHkkx] y[kuÅA
egkys[kkdkj] oDlZ] m0iz0] bykgkcknA
leLr eq[; vfHk;Urk] yks0fu0fo0] m0iz0A
funs’kd ,oa eq[; vfHk;Urk] xzkeh.k vfHk;a=.k foHkkx] tokgj Hkou] y[kuÅA
funs’kd] e.Mh ifj"kn] fdlku e.Mh Hkou] foHkwfr[k.M] xkserhuxj] y[kuÅ
funs’kd] xUuk ifj"kn] 11 fryd ekxZ] y[kuÅA
funs’kd] iapk;rh jkt] fudV iqjfu;ka pkSjkgk] yksfg;k Hkou] y[kuÅA
funs'kd] izk;kstuk jpuk ,oa ewY;kadu izHkkx] ;kstuk Hkou] m0iz0 y[kuÅA
eq[;ky; fLFkr leLr ofj"B LVkQ+ vkfQ+lj@v/kh{k.k vfHk;Urk] yks0fu0fo0] y[kuÅA
funs'kd] vUos"k.kky;@mi funs'kd] D;w0ih0lh0] yks0fu0fo0] y[kuÅA
leLr v/kh{k.k vfHk;Urk@vf/k’kklh vfHk;Urk] yks0fu0fo0] m0iz0 A

16