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 Advances in Agricultural
Machinery and Technologies
http://taylorandfrancis.com
 Advances in Agricultural
Machinery and Technologies

Edited by
Guangnan Chen
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5412-5 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................ix
About the Editor................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors.....................................................................................................................................xiii

SECTION I Farm Machinery and Technology

Chapter 1 Mechanization of Agricultural Production in Developing Countries..........................3
Daniel I. Onwude, Guangnan Chen, Norhashila Hashim, Jeff R. Esdaile,
Chandima Gomes, Alfadhl Y. Khaled, Akindele F. Alonge, and Elijah Ikrang

Chapter 2 Developments in Mechanization Technology: Controlled Traffic Farming..............27

Jeff N. Tullberg

Chapter 3 Mechanization of Vegetable Production....................................................................49

John McPhee, Hans Henrik Pedersen, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell

Chapter 4 Development in Energy Generation Technologies and Alternative Fuels

for Agriculture............................................................................................................89
Janusz Piechocki, Piotr Sołowiej, Maciej Neugebauer, and Guangnan Chen

Chapter 5 Applied Machine Vision in Agriculture..................................................................113

Matthew Tscharke

Chapter 6 Advances in Unmanned Aerial Systems and Payload Technologies

for Precision Agriculture..........................................................................................133
Felipe Gonzalez, Aaron Mcfadyen, and Eduard Puig

Chapter 7 Agricultural Robotics...............................................................................................157

Santosh K. Pitla

Chapter 8 Development of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies..................................179

Thomas Banhazi and Marcus Harmes

v
vi Contents

SECTION II Water and Irrigation Engineering

Chapter 9 Efficient Use of Energy in Irrigation.......................................................................197

J. I. Córcoles, A. Martínez-Romero, R. Ballesteros,
J. M. Tarjuelo, and M. A. Moreno

Chapter 10 Improving Surface Irrigation....................................................................................225

Malcolm H. Gillies, Joseph P. Foley, and Alison C. McCarthy

Chapter 11 Advanced Tools for Irrigation Scheduling...............................................................263

S. A. O’Shaughnessy and Ruixiu Sui

Chapter 12 Minimizing Evaporation Loss from Irrigation Storages..........................................289

Pam Pittaway, Nigel Hancock, Michael Scobie, and Ian Craig

SECTION III Harvesting and Post-Harvest Technology

Chapter 13 Advances in Silage Harvest Operations...................................................................309
C. Amiama, J. Bueno, and J. M. Pereira

Chapter 14 Drying of Agricultural Crops...................................................................................331

D. M. C. C. Gunathilake, D. P. Senanayaka, G. Adiletta, and Wiji Senadeera

Chapter 15 Fruit and Vegetable Packhouse: Technologies for Assessing Fruit Quantity
and Quality...............................................................................................................367
Kerry B. Walsh

SECTION IV Computer Modeling

Chapter 16 Applications of Crop Modeling for Agricultural Machinery Design......................399
Kenny Nona, Tom Leblicq, Josse De Baerdemaeker, and Wouter Saeys

Chapter 17 Three-Dimensional (3D) Numerical Modeling of Morphogenesis in Dehydrated

Fruits and Vegetables...............................................................................................431
C. M. Rathnayaka, H. C. P. Karunasena, Wiji Senadeera,
Lisa Guan, and Y. T. Gu

Index..............................................................................................................................................455
Preface
Machinery is an integral part of modern agriculture and farming systems. Worldwide, the agricultural
sector is facing enormous challenges, including the sustainable uses of agricultural lands, energy, and
water, and also a changing and more extreme climate. Furthermore, it is predicted that the world
population will increase 30% from the present of about 7 billion to 9 billion by 2050, demanding a
50% increase in global food supply. The continuous improvement and innovation in agricultural
machinery and technologies is thus essential to meet this challenge.
In the last decade, we have witnessed a huge advance in agricultural machinery and technologies,
particularly through the development and applications of automation technologies and also the data
and information gathering and analyzing capabilities of various machinery.
This book presents state-of-the-art information on the important innovations in the agricultural
and horticultural industries. Different novel technologies and implementation of these technologies
to optimize farming processes and food production are reviewed and presented.
This book is divided into four sections, each addressing a specific area of development. Section I
describes and discusses the recent development of farm machinery and technology. Section II
is focused on water and irrigation engineering. Section III deals with harvesting and post-harvest
technology. Section IV is devoted to computer modeling and simulation. The current industry trend
is also highlighted in these sections.
The chapters of this book are written by leading researchers who have extensive knowledge and
practical experience in their respective fields. I wish to acknowledge their expert contributions here.
I also hope that this book will assist all readers who are working in or are associated with the fields of
agriculture, agri-food chain, and also technology development and promotion. After all, efficient
mechanization and technology are essential and key factors underlying high agriculture productivity,
future global food security, and ultimately, human survival and development.

Guangnan Chen (陈光南)

Editor

vii
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Acknowledgments
The editor of this book wishes to thank the following reviewers of the individual chapters for their
valuable comments that significantly contributed to the quality of the book:

1. Ricardo Abadia Sanchez (Spain)

2. Sadegh Afzalinia (Canada)
3. Ricardo Aliod (Spain)
4. Megha P. Arakeri (India)
5. Avital Bechar (U.S.)
6. John Billingsley (Australia)
7. John Blackwell (Australia)
8. Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz (Spain)
9. Callum Eastwood (New Zealand)
10. Hamed Ebrahimian (Iran)
11. Sébastien Fournel (Canada)
12. Paolo Gay (Italy)
13. Fanis Gemtos (Greece)
14. César González Cebollada (Spain)
15. Rafael González Perea (Spain)
16. Saulo Guerra (Brazil)
17. Amir Haghverdi (U.S.)
18. Tamara Jackson (Australia)
19. Tapani Jokiniemi (Finland)
20. Manoj Karkee (U.S.)
21. Richard Koech (Australia)
22. Slawomir Kurpaska (Poland)
23. Aleksander Lisowski (Poland)
24. Gary Marek (U.S.)
25. Bernardo Martin-Gorriz (Spain)
26. John Reidar Mathiassen (Norway)
27. Guillermo Moreda (Spain)
28. Nuria Novas Castellano (Spain)
29. Roberto Oberti (Italy)
30. S. N. Omkar (India)
31. Yasin Osroosh (U.S.)
32. Candido Pomar (Canada)
33. Emma Prime (Australia)
34. Ar. Avinash Kumar Singh (India)
35. Claus Aage Grøn Sørensen (Denmark)
36. Konstantinos Soulis (Greece)
37. Trygve Utstumo (Norway)
38. Paul Van Liedekerke (Belgium)
39. Earl Vories (U.S.)
40. Dariush Zare (Iran)

The editor and authors of the book also wish to thank the staff of the Taylor & Francis Group for
their assistance and the excellent typesetting of the manuscript.

ix
http://taylorandfrancis.com
About the Editor
Dr. Guangnan Chen is currently an Associate Professor in agricultural
engineering at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia. He grad-
uated from the University of Sydney with a PhD degree in 1994. Before
joining the University of Southern Queensland in early 2002, he worked for
two years as a postdoctoral fellow and more than five years in a private
consulting company based in New Zealand.
Dr. Chen teaches and researches in the subjects of agricultural machinery,
agricultural materials and post-harvest technologies, agricultural soil mechan-
ics, and sustainable agriculture. He has so far published more than 100 papers in
various international journals and conferences, including two edited books and
ten invited book chapters. He is currently also the Secretary of the Board of Technical Section IV
(Energy in Agriculture), CIGR (Commission Internationale du Genie Rural), which is one of the world’s
top professional bodies in agricultural and biosystems engineering.

xi
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contributors
G. Adiletta J. I. Córcoles
Faculty of Industrial Engineering University of Castile–La Mancha (UCLM)
University of Salerno Albacete, Spain
Salerno, Italy
Ian Craig
Akindele F. Alonge National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Department of Agricultural and Food University of Southern Queensland
Engineering Toowoomba, Australia
Faculty of Engineering
University of Uyo Josse De Baerdemaeker
Uyo, Nigeria KU Leuven Department of Biosystems MeBioS
Kasteelpark Arenberg 30
C. Amiama Leuven, Belgium
Department of Crop Production and
Engineering Projects Jeff R. Esdaile
Higher Polytechnic Engineering School Agricultural Consultant
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Scone, Australia
Campus Universitario
Lugo, Spain Joseph P. Foley
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
R. Ballesteros University of Southern Queensland
University of Castile–La Mancha (UCLM) Toowoomba, Australia
Albacete, Spain
Malcolm H. Gillies
Thomas Banhazi National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
School of Civil Engineering and Surveying University of Southern Queensland
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Toowoomba, Australia
Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science
University of Southern Queensland Chandima Gomes
Toowoomba, Australia Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
J. Bueno Faculty of Engineering
Higher Polytechnic School Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Serdang, Malaysia
Campus Universitario
Lugo, Spain Felipe Gonzalez
Australian Research Centre for Aerospace
Guangnan Chen Automation (ARCAA)
School of Civil Engineering and Surveying Queensland University of Technology
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Brisbane, Australia
Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences
University of Southern Queensland
Toowoomba, Australia

xiii
xiv Contributors

Y. T. Gu Alfadhl Y. Khaled
Queensland University of Technology Department of Biological and Agricultural
Science and Engineering Faculty Engineering
School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical Faculty of Engineering
Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia
Brisbane, Australia Serdang, Malaysia

Lisa Guan Tom Leblicq

University of Technology Sydney KU Leuven Department of Biosystems
Faculty of Design Architecture and Building MeBioS
Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia Kasteelpark Arenberg 30
Leuven, Belgium
D. M. C. C. Gunathilake
Fiji National University A. Martínez-Romero
Samabula, Fiji University of Castile–La Mancha (UCLM)
Albacete, Spain
Nigel Hancock
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Alison C. McCarthy
University of Southern Queensland National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Toowoomba, Australia University of Southern Queensland
Toowoomba, Australia
Marcus Harmes
Open Access College Aaron Mcfadyen
University of Southern Queensland Australian Research Centre for Aerospace
Toowoomba, Australia Automation (ARCAA)
Queensland University of Technology
Norhashila Hashim Brisbane, Australia
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering John McPhee
Faculty of Engineering Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture
Universiti Putra, Malaysia University of Tasmania
Serdang, Malaysia Burnie, Australia

Elijah Ikrang Jeffrey P. Mitchell

Department of Agricultural and Food University of California (Davis)
Engineering Kearney Agricultural Center
Faculty of Engineering Parlier, California
University of Uyo
Uyo, Nigeria M. A. Moreno
University of Castile–La Mancha (UCLM)
H. C. P. Karunasena Albacete, Spain
Department of Chemical and Process
Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Contributors xv

Maciej Neugebauer Santosh K. Pitla

Faculty of Technical Sciences Advanced Machinery Systems (AMS)
University of Warmia and Mazury Laboratory
Olsztyn, Poland Department of Biological Systems Engineering
207 L.W. Chase Hall
Kenny Nona University of Nebraska–Lincoln
KU Leuven Department of Biosystems Lincoln, Nebraska
MeBioS
Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 Pam Pittaway
Leuven, Belgium National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
University of Southern Queensland
Daniel I. Onwude Toowoomba, Australia
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering Eduard Puig
Faculty of Engineering Australian Research Centre for Aerospace
Universiti Putra Malaysia Automation (ARCAA)
Serdang, Malaysia Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, Australia
and
Department of Agricultural and Food C. M. Rathnayaka
Engineering Queensland University of Technology
Faculty of Engineering Science and Engineering Faculty
University of Uyo School of Chemistry Physics and Mechanical
Uyo, Nigeria Engineering
Brisbane, Australia
Susan A. O’Shaughnessy
and
USDA-ARS
Conservation and Production Research Department of Chemical and Process
Laboratory Engineering
Bushland, Texas Faculty of Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Hans Henrik Pedersen Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Department of Engineering
Aarhus University Wouter Saeys
Aarhus, Denmark KU Leuven Department of Biosystems
MeBioS
J. M. Pereira Kasteelpark Arenberg 30
Higher Polytechnic Engineering School Leuven, Belgium
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Campus Universitario Michael Scobie
Lugo, Spain National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
University of Southern Queensland
Janusz Piechocki Toowoomba, Australia
Faculty of Technical Sciences
University of Warmia and Mazury
Olsztyn, Poland
xvi
Wiji Senadeera
School of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering
University of Southern Queensland
Toowoomba, Australia
D. P. Senanayaka
Institute of Post-Harvest Technology
Anuradhapura, Sri-Lanka
Piotr Sołowiej
Faculty of Technical Sciences
University of Warmia and Mazury
Olsztyn, Poland
Ruixiu Sui
USDA-ARS
Crop Production Systems Research Unit
Stoneville, Mississippi
Contributors
J. M. Tarjuelo
University of Castile–La Mancha (UCLM)
Albacete, Spain
Matthew Tscharke
National Centre for Engineering
in Agriculture
University of Southern Queensland
Toowoomba, Australia
Jeff N. Tullberg
Honorary Associate Professor
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences
University of Queensland
St Lucia, Australia
Kerry B. Walsh
Central Queensland University
Rockhampton, Australia
12 Advances in Agricultural Machinery and Technologies

mainly seeders and planters, are commercially available for these tractors. Farmers with access to the
appropriate use of such smaller-horsepower tractors can also operate them with planters that deposit
seeds directly into the soil with minimal disturbance, in line with zero tillage or conservation
agriculture regimes (Esdaile, 2016). Two-wheel tractors are also a popular mode of transport and
farm equipment in a number of developing countries like India and Bangladesh.

1.3 PRESENT-DAY TECHNOLOGY

It has been established that most developing countries currently practice the first and second levels of
mechanization, compared to developed countries (Clarke and Bishop, 2002). However, in terms of
agricultural mechanization, countries such as Japan, Brazil, Korea, and Egypt could be classified as
developed countries because they currently practice a more advanced level of mechanization when
compared to their counterparts (Diao et al., 2014). In spite of this, most countries in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America are still classified as developing countries (Anelich, 2014; Mondal and Basu, 2009).
Overall, some of the most important present-day technology for the mechanization of large- and
small-scale agricultural fields includes precision agriculture, mobile and web applications for agri-
culture, digitalizing crop varieties and yield, forecasting farm weather and modeling, Geographical
Positioning Systems and Geographic Information System (GNSS/GIS) applications, remote sensing,
automated tractors and farm equipment, robotics, data mining and warehousing, and Internet of
Things (Suprem et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2002).
Many countries such as the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, England, and Germany have
already applied some of these advanced technologies in agricultural production, and have been able
to improve their agricultural technology, reducing the total cost of agricultural production, and
increasing farm size successfully (Figure 1.6). For example, farmers in these countries can now
routinely use portable mobile devices like PDAs to collect and share data and information to interested
parties and stakeholders (Suprem et al., 2013). Furthermore, electronic sensors and imaging tools are
also used to characterize crop growth and development (Onwude et al., 2016). Remote sensing has
now been applied using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) (popularly known as “drones”) (Everaerts,
2008). Precision agriculture has been around since the 1990s, but it really took off when GPS tech-
nology became cheap and ubiquitous in the mid-2000s.

186

50.7

14.7 22.2
1.06 1.3

Asia Sub- Europe Central South North

Saharan America America America
Africa and
Caribbean

FIGURE 1.6 Agricultural “treadmill” based on present day technological boosts achieved through mecha-
nization, plant breeding for high-yielding varieties, the use of agrochemicals and genetic engineering, etc. (From
IFAD, 2010. The International Fund for Agricultural Development. Rural Poverty Report 2000/2001 Fact
Sheet: Technology, Natural Resources and Rural Poverty Reduction. (2010). http://www.ifad.org/media/pack
/rpr/4.htm.)
Another random document with
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 So they waxed rich and happy, and there never was a time when a
man was hungry that he did not have some good things to eat, and it
very seldom happened that any of these hard workers found himself
without an appetite at meal-time.
For people who work hard and well are very apt to have all they
want and to want all they have. If they do not want it to use
themselves, they want it to sell or give away.
So, in time the people of this country became not only very
comfortable but very wealthy.
They had great barns full of grain and vast stores of everything
needful for their use and livelihood, and as they often sold their
surplus productions to other nations, they had great vaults full of
money.
But they all worked away every day, just the same as they used to,
because they were so accustomed to toil, that they would not have
been happy without work.
So, of course, they became richer and richer, and jollier and jollier
until at last they became so prosperous and happy that other nations
began to take notice of them. It was rather unusual, in those days to
see a whole nation so jolly.
The people in the adjoining countries were by no means so happy
and prosperous. Most of them were much better pleased with
fighting than with work, and it, therefore, often happened that they
were hungry when there was very little to eat.
For war is a very bad thing for crops. It is sometimes as injurious
as a long drought. For somebody must plant and hoe or there will be
little to eat in a land, and if the people spend most of their time in
warfare there cannot be much agricultural work going on.
But these outside people, especially those who lived in the land of
Voldor to the north of the country of the Cabordmen, had an idea that
it was a great deal easier to make war and capture supplies than to
raise crops themselves.
 This is why, after having carefully watched the Cabordmen for
some years, and noting their great possessions, they resolved to
make war upon these industrious and jolly people.
So they gathered together an army, which was an easy thing for
them to do, and invaded the country of the Cabordmen.
Our jolly friends were much astounded and distressed when the
great army of the Voldorites marched over their borders.

THE VOLDORITES MARCH INTO THE COUNTRY OF THE

CABORDMEN.
Now the poor Cabordmen knew not what to do. They were not
soldiers, and, indeed, there was not so much as a single sword or
spear or shield in the whole country. They never had gone to war
and they were not prepared for it, nor did they know anything about
fighting. It was altogether a new business to them.
 They gathered together and held hasty consultations, but they
could decide upon no plan to repel the invaders. What could they—a
nation of simple, jolly husbandmen—do against a great army of well
armed and practised warriors?
There seemed to be nothing left for them but to surrender at once,
and let the Voldorites help themselves to whatever they wanted. In
this case the poor Cabordmen and their families would not only be
stripped of every thing, but it was very likely indeed that the invaders
would carry off many of them as prisoners, and take them to Voldor,
and make them cultivate the land of their captors.
This was terrible to think of. But they could devise no plan to
escape this dreadful fate.
The Voldorites were now encamped upon the northern edge of
their territory, which was yet uninhabited and barren. The enemy so
far had met with none of the Cabordmen, but many of the latter had
seen the great army from afar without having made themselves
visible.
Night came on while the people were in this fearful condition of
fear and suspense. Less than a day’s march would bring the fierce
enemy into their midst. No one went to bed, for who could sleep at
such a time? No fires or lamps were lighted. They all gathered
together by the faint light of the new moon, and bewailed their sad
condition.
There was only one person among them who seemed to have
retained his courage and thoughtfulness. This was a young man
named Adar Gan Ip.
He was named Adar because he was a painter. Ip was his family
name, and he was called Gan after his grandfather. He was the only
painter in the whole nation, and he had learned his trade in a
neighboring country, where he had been to sell grain.
He principally painted signs and portraits. He did not paint many
portraits, because the people had but little time to sit for them, but he
painted a good many signs on barns and granaries. People liked to
have their names on their barns. He had no paint but one pot of
white paint. So when he painted portraits he painted only old men,
so that the white paint would do for their hair and beards as well as
for their faces. Having no colored paint for eyes, he always painted
portraits with the faces turned around, so that the eyes could not be
seen.
This young man was, as I have said, the only person among the
Cabordmen who seemed to have his wits about him.
He conceived a plan of safety, and lost no time in putting it in
execution.
The Cabordmen placed great confidence in him because of the
excellence of his portraits, and so when he told them his plan—or
that part of it which they were to carry out—they agreed to it at once.
What they were to do was very simple; each person was to take
two days’ provision, and to clear out of the country, every man,
woman, and child of them. They were to march away as fast as they
could over the south border, and to stay there until they heard from
Adar Ip. They were to take nothing with them but their two days’
provision and the clothes they wore, which were generally scanty, as
the climate was mild, and were to leave their houses and fields, and
everything just as they were at that time. Doors all open, and
everything lying where it had been last used.
So up got every man, woman and child, took food for two days,
and departed, leaving Adar Ip behind. They were all great walkers,
being so accustomed to activity in the field, and before morning they
had all passed out of sight over the south border of the land.
Then with his pot of white paint in one hand, and his brush in the
other, went Adar Ip, at the first peep of day, to the grave-yards of the
Cabordmen. There were three of these, not very far from the centre
of their country, which was a small country as you may well imagine.
The Cabordmen, being very healthy, seldom died of any disease
but old age; and there were not very many persons buried in the
three grave yards. In the first, and largest, there were seventy-two
graves; in the second, forty-one, and the third, a new one, only
thirteen. The graves were all leveled and sodded over, so that the
surface of the grave yard seemed like a beautiful lawn.
In one enclosure were the grandfathers, in another the
grandmothers, and in the third the very old maids and bachelors who
had died. There were no grave-stones or anything of the kind, but at
the gate of each enclosure was a board, stating how many persons
were buried therein. Every time it was necessary, which was very
seldom, Adar Ip painted out the old number on the board and put in
a new one.
When our young painter reached the first grave yard he quickly
painted three ciphers after the figures on the board by the gate. Then
running to the second enclosure he painted a three and two ciphers
on that board, and on the third, he painted a six and a five and a four
after the figures that were already there. Then he hurried away and
hid himself.
In the course of the morning the Voldorite army reached the
settlements of the Cabordmen. They did not stop long at the first
houses, but hurried on, carefully looking out on every side for some
sign of resistance from the people. But they saw no such sign, and
they saw no people. This naturally surprised them very much. And
the farther they went the more they were surprised.
At last the leaders ordered a halt, and gathered together for
consultation.
“I cannot imagine,” said the chief, “what this means. We must look
out for some ambush or trap. By the way, has any one seen any of
these Cabordmen?”
Careful inquiries were made, but no one had seen a Cabordman
since they had entered the country,
“This is indeed remarkable,” said the chief of the Voldorites. “I
cannot imagine what it means. No ambush has been discovered, no
fortifications, no people. The houses are all open. Everything seems
as if no enemy were expected. All their valuables are here. Where
are they?”
 Nobody knew, but just then a man who had been in the vicinity of
the grave-yards came running to the place where the officers were
gathered together, and he urged them to come back with him and
see what he had seen.
They all followed him, and when they saw the boards at the
entrance of the enclosures they were utterly astounded.
“What!” cried the chief, walking from one enclosure to another,
“Here lie buried seventy-two thousand Cabordmen, and here forty-
one thousand and three hundred Cabordwomen, and here thirteen
thousand, six hundred and fifty-four unmarried Cabordmen and
women! Comrades, we have found them! The whole nation lies
buried here!”
A deep silence fell upon the group of officers, and upon the vast
body of soldiers that had gathered around them.
At length the chief spoke again:
“It must have been a terrible pestilence,” he said. “The whole
nation lies buried here. I have added up these figures. I know there
were not more than one hundred and twenty-six thousand nine
hundred and fifty-four of them all put together. They are all dead and
buried here. It must have been awful!”
Some of the officers and soldiers then began to whisper together.
Then some one said out loud that this must be a dreadfully
unhealthy country. Then some of them began to move away as if
they were going to the rear to attend to something important in that
direction. Then the chief mounted his horse and rode away, and in
ten minutes that whole army made up its mind that it would be
exceedingly imprudent to remain any longer in such an
unwholesome country, and away they all marched towards Voldor.
The farther they went the more frightened they became, and soon
a perfect panic pervaded the army, and they set off at the top of their
speed, horsemen and footmen for their own barren but salubrious
land.
 THE FLIGHT OF THE VOLDORITES.

Away they went over the hills and the plains, and in two hours
there was not a Voldorite in the land of the Cabordmen.
Then uprose Adar Ip, and fled towards the southern border to
inform his countrymen of their happy deliverance.
They all returned quickly and found everything as it had been left.
Nothing had been taken, for none of the invaders wanted anything
that had been in a land where such a terrible mortality had prevailed.
Great was the joy and great the gratitude exhibited towards the
ingenious young Ip. The people presented him with a well filled
granary, and ordered him to paint on its walls at the public expense,
the history of his exploit.
“I wonder,” said one old man, “who they thought buried all these
people, if everybody was dead.”
 “I don’t know,” said Adar Ip. “But I think that they had such a high
opinion of the industry and prudence of our people that they
supposed we had doubtless made suitable arrangements for a
contingency of this kind.”
After this, the Cabordmen were never again disturbed, and they
became jollier than ever.
 Transcriber’s Notes

pg 257 Changed: shelter of the Esquimax snow houses

to: shelter of the Esquimaux snow houses
pg 272 Changed: The small volcanes are more active
to: The small volcanoes are more active
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