10

TECHNICAL DATA

10-1
（1）SI base units
SI Unit
147
（2）SI derived unit 148
（3）SI prefixes 148
（4）Non-SI units which may be used with
SI units and their multiples 148

Helpful Information 10-2 Characteristic of Material

（1）Physical characteristic of metal material 149
（2）Strength characteristic of plastic 150
（3）Characteristic of special steel 151

10-3 Roughness of Surface

Roughness of Surface 152

10-4 Material Mechanics

Helpful Information

（1）Area of plane figure 153

（2）Volume of solid figure 154
（3）Principal moment of inertia and
modulus of section 155
（4）Twist of shaft of cross section shape 157
（5）Beam 158
（6）Welding strength 159

10-5 Formula of Electricity

Formula of Electricity 160

146 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

10-1

TECHNICAL DATA
Helpful Information

SI Unit

（1）SI base units

The international system of units is based on
the seven base units listed table on the right.

SI base units
SI base units
Base quantity
Name Symbol

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s

Electric current Ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K

Amount of substance Mole mol

Luminous intensity Candela cd

10

Helpful Information

Technical Data 147

 10-1
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

SI Unit

(2) SI derived unit Example of

Example of SI
SI derived
derived unit
unit which
which has
has
SI derived
SI derived unit
unit
SISIderived
derivedunits
unitsare
areexpressed
expressed
Derived quantity
quantity Expressed inin terms
terms of
of
Derived terms Expressed
Expressed inin terms
algebraicallyininterms
termsofofbase
baseunits.
units. Special name Symbol Expressed
name Symbol other SI
SI base
base units
units
algebraically Special ofofother
other SISI units
units other
and SI
and SI derived
derived unit
unit
These symbols are obtained by
These symbols are obtained by means means Planeangle
Plane angle radian
radian rad
rad ‒‒ m•m-1
m•m
-1
＝1
＝1
of the mathematical signs
of the mathematical signs of of sr
Solidangle
angle steradian ‒‒ •m-2
m22•m ＝1
-2
Solid steradian sr m ＝1
multiplicationand
multiplication anddivision.
division.
Frequency
Frequency hertz
hertz Hz
Hz ‒‒ ss-1
-1

Namedunits
Named unitsderived
derivedfrom
fromSISIunits.
units.
Force
Force newton
newton N
N ‒‒ m•kg•s-2
m•kg•s
-2
SISIderived
derivedunit
unit
Derivedquantity
Derived quantity Pressure, stress
stress pascal Pa N/m22 m-1
-1
•kg•s-2
-2
Name
Name Symbol
Symbol Pressure, pascal Pa N/m m •kg•s

Area Squaremeter
meter m22 Energy,work,
Energy, work,quantity
quantityofofheat
heat joule
joule JJ N•m
N•m m22•kg•s
m •kg•s-2
-2
Area Square m
Volume Cubicmeter
meter m33 Power,radiant
Power, radiant flux
flux watt
watt W
W J/s
J/s m22•kg•s
m •kg•s-3
-3
Volume Cubic m
Electriccharge,
Electric charge,
Velocity
Velocity Meterper
Meter persecond
second m/s
m/s quantityof
quantity ofelectric
electric coulomb
coulomb C
C ‒‒ A•s
A•s
Electric potential,
Electric potential,
Acceleration
Acceleration Meterper
Meter persquare
squaresecond
second m/s22
m/s potentialdifference,
difference, volt V W/A •kg•s-3
m22•kg•s -3
•A-1
-1
potential volt V W/A m •A
tensionelectromotive
tension electromotiveforce
force
Wavenumber
Wave number Per
Permeter
meter m-1-1
m Capacitance farad C/V m-2
-2
•kg-1 •s4•A
-1 4
•A22
Capacitance farad FF C/V m •kg •s
Massdensity
Mass density Kilogramper
Kilogram percubic
cubicmeter kg/m33
meter kg/m
Electricresistance
resistance ohm
ohm Ω V/A m22•kg•s
m •kg•s-3
-3
•A-2
•A
-2
Electric Ω V/A
Specificvolume
volume Cubic
Cubicmeter
meterper
perkilogram
kilogram mm33/kg
/kg
Specific Magnetic flux
flux weber V•s •kg•s-2
m22•kg•s -2
•A-1
-1
Magnetic weber Wb
Wb V•s m •A

((3) SIprefixes
prefixes tesla kg•s-2 •A-1
3) SI
Magneticflux
fluxdensity
density tesla Wb/m22 -2 -1
Magnetic TT Wb/m kg•s •A
Themultiple
The multiplecan
canusually
usuallybe
bechosen
chosen
so that the numerical values willbe
be ((4) Non-SI units
4) Non-SI units which
which may
may be
be used
used
10 so that the numerical values will
between 0.1 and 1000.
between 0.1 and 1000.
with SI units and their
Units used
multiples
with SI units and their multiples
used with
with the
the SI
SI
Units
SISIprefixes
prefixes
Name Symbol Definition
Helpful Information

Factor Prefix Symbol Name Symbol Definition

Factor Prefix Symbol
Minute min 1 [min] = 60 [s]
10 9
9 = (10 )
3 3
Giga G Minute min 1 [min] = 60 [s]
10 = (103)3 Giga G
Hour h 1 [h] = 60 [min] = 3600 [s]
10 6
6 = (10 3 2)
3 2
Mega M Hour h 1 [h] = 60 [min] = 3600 [s]
10 = (10 ) Mega M
Day d 1 [d] = 24 [h] = 86400 [s]
103 = (103)1 Kilo k Day d 1 [d] = 24 [h] = 86400 [s]
103 = (103)1 Kilo k
Degree ° 1° = (π/180) [rad]
102 Hecto h Degree ° 1° = (π/180) [rad]
102 Hecto h
′
Minute 1′ = (1/60)° = (π/10800) [rad]
101 Deca da Minute ′ 1′ = (1/60)° = (π/10800) [rad]
101 Deca da
″
Second 1″ = (1/60)′ = (π/648000) [rad]
10-1 Deci d Second ″ 1″ = (1/60)′ = (π/648000) [rad]
10-1 Deci d
Liter ℓ, L （1）
1 [L] = 1 [dm3] = 10-3 [m3]
10-2 Centi c Liter ℓ, L（1） 1 [L] = 1 [dm3] = 10-3 [m3]
10-2 Centi c
Tonne （2）
t 1 [t] = 103 [kg]
10-3 = (103)-1 Milli m Tonne（2） t 1 [t] = 103 [kg]
10-3 = (103)-1 Milli m
Note: 1. The two symbols for the liter are on an equal footing.
10-6 = (103)-2 Micro μ Note: 1. The
ThetwoCIPM symbols for the Committee
(International liter are on of
anWeights
equal footing.
and
10-6 = (103)-2 Micro μ The CIPM (International
Measures) will, however,Committee of Weights
make a survey on the and
10-9 = (103)-3 Nano n Measures)
development will,ofhowever,
the use ofmake a survey
the two on the
symbols in order to
10-9 = (103)-3 Nano n development of the
see if one of the twouse
mayof be
thesuppressed.
two symbols in order to
10-12 = (103)-4 Pico p 2. see
Alsoif itone of thethe
is called twometric
may betonsuppressed.
in the English language.
10-12 = (103)-4 Pico p 2. Also it is called the metric ton in the English language.

148 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

10-2

TECHNICAL DATA
Helpful Information

Characteristic of Material
(1) Physical characteristic of metal material
Element Symbol Specific
Specificgravity Fusing point[ÝC]
Fusingpoint [ÝC] Longitudinal
Longitudinalelastic
elasticcoefficient
coefficientE［N/mm
E［N/mm］
2 2
Element Symbol gravity ］
Zinc
Zinc Zn
Zn 7.113((25°
7.113 25°)) 419.5
419.5 −−
Argon
Argon ArAr 0.00178
0.00178 −189.4
−189.4 −−
Aluminum
Aluminum AL
AL 2.699
2.699 660
660 61782
61782
Sulfur
Sulfur SS 2.07
2.07 119
119 77473
77473
Uranium
Uranium U U 19.07
19.07 1132.3
1132.3 166713
166713
Chlorine
Chlorine CL
CL 0.00321
0.00321 −101
−101 −−
Cadmium
Cadmium Cd
Cd 8.65
8.65 320.9
320.9 54917
54917
Potassium
Potassium KK 0.86
0.86 63.7
63.7 −−
Gallium
Gallium Ga
Ga 5.907
5.907 29.78
29.78 −−
Calcium
Calcium Ca
Ca 1.55
1.55 838
838 21575∼26478
21575∼26478
Gold
Gold Au
Au 19.32
19.32 1063
1063 80415
80415
Silver
Silver Ag
Ag 10.49
10.49 960.8
960.8 70608∼77473
70608∼77473
Chromium
Chromium CrCr 7.19
7.19 1875
1875 −−
Silicon
Silicon SI
SI 2.33((25°
2.33 ))
25° 1410
1410 10787
10787
Germanium
Germanium Ge
Ge 5.323((25°
5.323 25°)) 937
937 −−
Cobalt
Cobalt Co
Co 8.85
8.85 1495
1495 205940
205940
Samarium
Samarium Sm
Sm 7.49
7.49 1072
1072 54917
54917
Zirconium
Zirconium ZrZr 6.489
6.489 1852
1852 94144
94144
Mercury
Mercury Hg
Hg 13.546
13.546 −38.36
−38.36 −−
Tin
Tin SnSn 7.29
7.29 231.9
231.9 41188∼45111
41188∼45111
Tungsten
Tungsten WW 19.3
19.3 3410
3410 34323
34323
Carbon
Carbon CC 2.25
2.25 3727
3727 4903
4903
Titanium
Titanium TI 4.507
4.507 1668
1668 115718
115718
TI
Nitrogen
Nitrogen N 0.00125
0.00125 −209
−209
N
Iron
Iron Fe 7.87
7.87
Fe
Copper Cu 8.96 1083 107873
Copper Cu 8.96 1083 107873
Sodium Na 0.9712 97.82 −
Sodium Na 0.9712 97.82 −
Lead Pb 11.36 327.4 13729
Lead Pb 11.36 327.4 13729
Nickel NI 8.902 ((25° )
) 1453 205940
Nickel NI 8.902 25° 1453 205940
Neodymium Nd 7 1019 −

10
Neodymium Nd 7 1019 −
Platinum Pt 21.45 1769 147100
Platinum Pt 21.45 1769 147100
Vanadium V 6.1 1900 127486∼137293
Vanadium V 6.1 1900 127486∼137293
Barium Ba 3.5 714 −
Barium Ba 3.5 714 −
Fluorine F 0.001696 −219.6 −
Fluorine F 0.001696 −219.6 −

Helpful Information
Plutonium Pu 19∼19.72 640 98067
Plutonium Pu 19∼19.72 640 98067
Beryllium Be 1.848 1277 27459∼30401
Beryllium Be 1.848 1277 27459∼30401
Magnesium Mg 1.74 650 44130
Magnesium Mg 1.74 650 44130
Manganese Mn 7.43 1245 156906
Manganese Mn 7.43 1245 156906
Molybdenum Mo 10.22 2610 411879
Molybdenum Mo 10.22 2610 411879
Lithium LI 0.534 180.5 −
Lithium LI 0.534 180.5 −
Phoshorus P 1.83 44.25 −
Phoshorus P 1.83 44.25 −
Alloy name Specific gravity Fusing point
［ÝC］ Longitudinal elastic coefficient E［N/mm2］2 Transuerse elastic coefficient G［N/mm2］2
Alloy name Specific gravity Fusing point
［ÝC］ Longitudinal elastic coefficient E［N/mm ］ Transuerse elastic coefficient G［N/mm ］
Duralumin 2.79 Approx. 650 Approx. 68647 26478
Duralumin
Super mild steel 2.79
7.856∼7.861 Approx.1500
650 Approx.205940
68647 26478
79434
Supersteel
Hard mild steel 7.856∼7.861
7.836∼7.846 1500
1390∼1420 205940
204959 79434
81984
Hard steel
High carbon steel 7.836∼7.846
7.81 1390∼1420
1335∼1450 204959
196133∼202017 81984
80415∼81395
High steel
Cast carbon steel 7.81
7.84 1335∼1450
1410∼1470 196133∼202017
205940 80415∼81395
76982
Cast steelbronze
Alminum 7.84
7.6 1410∼1470
1040 205940
109834 76982
−
Alminum bronze
Phosphorus bronze 7.6
8.78 1040
1000 109834
109834 −−
Phosphorus
German silverbronze 8.78
8.3∼8.7 1000
950∼1180 109834
107873 −
39227
German silver
Berylium copper 8.3∼8.7
8.2 950∼1180
864∼ 955 107873
1108151 39227
−
Beryliumsteel
Chrome copper 8.2 7.84
Approx. −864∼ 955 1108151
201036∼210843 −−
Chrome steel
Chrome-Stainless steel Approx. 7.84
7.6∼7.75 −
1510∼1532 201036∼210843
202998∼207901 −−
Chrome-Stainless
Silicon steel steel 7.6∼7.75
7.6∼7.8 1510∼1532
1430∼1530 202998∼207901
216727∼220650 −−
Silicon steel
Nickel-Chrome steel 7.6∼7.8
7.8 1430∼1530
1450∼1510 216727∼220650
203978 −−
Nickel-Chrome
White metal steel 7.8
7.38 1450∼1510
240∼ 355 203978
52171 −−
White metal 7.38 240∼ 355 52171 −
Technical Data 149
 10-2
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Characteristic of Material

(2) Strength characteristic of plastic

Model Code Specific gravity Elongation [%] Longitudinal elastic coefficient E［N/mm2］ Tensile strength
［N/mm2］ Bending strength［N/mm2］
Thermoplasticity
Polyethylene PE
Low density (LD) 0.91∼0.925 90∼ 800 96.1∼ 260.9 3.9∼ 15.7 −
Medium density (MD) 0.926∼0.94 50∼ 600 171.6∼ 377.6 7.8∼ 24.5 33.3∼ 48.1
High density (HD) 0.941∼0.965 20∼1300 411.9∼ 1235.6 20.6∼ 38.2 −
Polypropylene PP 0.90∼0.91 200∼ 700 1098.3∼ 1549.5 29.4∼ 38.2 41.2∼ 54.9
Vinyl chloride resin (Hard) PVC 1.30∼1.58 40∼ 80 2402.6∼ 4118.8 41.2∼ 52.0 68.6∼109.8
Tetrafluoride ethylene PTFE 2.14∼2.20 200∼ 400 398.1 13.7∼ 34.3 −
ABS resin ABS
Shock resistance (H1) 1.03∼1.06 5.0∼ 25 2059.4∼ 3089.1 45.1∼ 52.0 75.5∼ 89.2
With fiberglass 1.23∼1.36 2.5∼ 3.0 4050.1∼ 7219.8 58.8∼130.4 109.8 ∼185.3
Polycarbonate PC
No packing 1.2 100 ∼130 2059.4∼ 3383.3 54.9∼ 65.7 93.2
With fiberglass 1.24∼1.52 0.9∼ 5.0 3432.3∼11909.8 82.4∼171.6 116.7∼219.7
Polyacetal POM
Homopolymerization 1.42 25∼ 75 3569.6 68.6 97.1
With homopolymerization fiberglass 1.56 2∼ 7 6864.7 54.9∼ 75.5 −
Copolymerization 1.41 40∼ 75 2814.5 60.8 89.2
With copolymerization fiberglass 1.61 3 8580.8 127.5 192.2
Nylon 6 1.12∼1.14 200dry∼300 − 68.6∼ 81.4 −
Nylon 6 with fiberglass 1.35∼1.42 3 5491.7∼ 9953.7 171.6 ∼ 89.2 164.8 dry
Nylon 6,6 1.13∼1.15 60dry∼300 − 82.4∼ 75.5 116.7∼42.2
Nylon 6,6 with fiberglass 1.38 4dry∼5 − 164.8 ∼185.3 281.5 dry
Nylon 12 1.01∼1.02 300 1235.6 54.9∼ 63.7 −
Polymide with fiberglass PI 1.9 1 or less 19564.3 185.3 340.3
Plastic of cellulose
Cellulose acetate CA 1.22∼1.34 6.0∼ 7.0 451.1∼ 2745.9 12.7∼ 61.8 13.7∼109.8
Cellulose acetate butylete CAB 1.15∼1.22 50∼100 1372.9∼ 1716.2 17.7∼ 47.1 27.5∼ 61.8

10 Model
Thermosetting
Code Specific gravity Elongation [%] Longitudinal elastic coefficient E［N/mm2］ Tensile strength
［N/mm2］ Bending strength［N/mm2］

Phenol resin PF
Helpful Information

Molding with organism 1.34∼1.45 0.4∼0.8 5491.7∼11669.9 34.3∼ 61.8 48.1∼ 96.1
Molding mineral 1.45∼2.00 0.2∼0.5 6864.7∼20594.0 31.4∼ 52.0 48.1∼ 96.1
Molding with fiberglass 1.69∼1.95 0.2 13042.8∼22653.4 34.3∼127.5 68.6∼411.9
Urea resin UF
Molding with α-cellulose 1.47∼1.52 0.5∼1.0 6864.7∼10297.0 38.2∼ 89.2 68.6∼123.6
Epoxy resin EP
No molding 1.11∼1.40 3∼6 2402.6 27.5∼ 89.2 91.2∼144.2
Molding with fiberglass 1.6∼2.0 4 20868.6 68.6∼137.3 68.6∼411.9
Unsaturation polyester resin UP
No molding 1.11∼1.46 5 or less 2059.4∼ 4393.4 41.2∼ 89.2 58.8∼157.9
Brimix molding (BMC) 1.65∼2.30 0.5 6864.7∼17161.6 20.6∼68.6 48.1∼137.3
Melanin resin MF
Molding with α-cellulose 1.47∼1.52 0.6∼0.9 8237.6∼ 9610.5 48.1∼89.2 68.6∼109.8
Silicon resin SI
Molding with fiberglass 1.80∼1.90 − − 27.5∼45.1 68.6∼ 96.1
Polyurethane PUR
Molding 1.10∼1.50 100∼1000 686.5∼ 6864.7 1.0∼68.6 4.9∼ 31.4
Thermoplasticity 1.05∼1.25 100∼650 686.5∼ 2402.6 31.4∼57.9 4.9∼ 61.8
1N＝0.101972kgf
1kgf＝9.80665N

150 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
(3) Characteristic of special steel
Yielding point or bearing force Tensile strength Elongation Contraction Hardness Hardness
Classification Symbol Heat treatment [ºC]
［N/mm2］ ［N/mm2］ [%] [%] [HB] [HRC]
General structural steel
(JIS G3101) SS400 ー More than 215 400∼510 More than 21 ー ー ー

S25C Annealing ー ー ー ー 121∼156 ー

S30C Hardening / Annealing More than 355 More than 540 More than 23 More than 57 152∼212 ー

Normalizing More than 305 More than 510 More than 23 ー 149∼207 ー

S35C Annealing ー ー ー ー 126∼163 ー

Hardening / Tempering More than 390 More than 570 More than 22 More than 55 167∼235 ー

Normalizing More than 345 More than 570 More than 20 ー 167∼229 ー

S45C Annealing ー ー ー ー 137∼170 ー

Machine structural Hardening / Tempering More than 490 More than 690 More than 17 More than 45 201∼269 ー
carbon steel
Normalizing More than 365 More than 610 More than 18 ー 179∼235 ー
(JIS 4051)
S50C Annealing ー ー ー ー 143∼187 ー

Hardening / Tempering More than 540 More than 740 More than 15 More than 40 212∼277 ー

Normalizing More than 390 More than 650 More than 15 ー 183∼255 ー

S55C Annealing ー ー ー ー 149∼192 ー

Hardening / Tempering More than 590 More than 780 More than 14 More than 35 229∼285 ー 10
SK3 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 850 ー ー ー More than 63

Helpful Information
Carbon tool steel
SK4 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 770 ー ー ー More than 61
(JIS 4401)
SK5 Hardening / Tempering ー ー ー ー ー More than 59

SCr415 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 780 More than 15 More than 40 217∼302 ー
Chrome steel
SCr420 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 830 More than 14 More than 35 235∼321 ー
(JIS 4104)
SCr440 Hardening / Tempering More than 785 More than 930 More than 13 More than 45 269∼331 ー

SCM415 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 830 More than 16 More than 40 235∼321 ー

SCM420 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 930 More than 14 More than 40 262∼352 ー
Chromium-
molybdenum steel SCM435 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 930 More than 15 More than 50 269∼331 ー
(JIS 4105)
SCM440 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 980 More than 12 More than 45 285∼352 ー

SCM455 Hardening / Tempering ー More than 1030 More than 12 More than 40 302∼363 ー

Technical Data 151

 10-3
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Roughness of Surface

10
Helpful Information

152 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

10-4

TECHNICAL DATA
Helpful Information

Material Mechanics
(1) Area of plane figure

10

Helpful Information

Technical Data 153

 10-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Material Mechanics

(2) Volume of solid figure

10
Helpful Information

154 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
(3) Principal moment of inertia and modulus of section-1

10

Helpful Information

Technical Data 155

 10-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Material Mechanics

(3) Principal moment of inertia and modulus of section-2

10
Helpful Information

156 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
(4) Twist of shaft of cross section shape

10

Helpful Information

Technical Data 157

 10-4
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Material Mechanics

(5) Beam

10
Helpful Information

158 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
(6) Welding strength

10

Helpful Information

Technical Data 159

 10-5
TECHNICAL DATA

Helpful Information

Formula of Electricity
Formula of Electricity-1
Relation
Relationbetween
betweenfrequency
frequencyand
andcycle
cycle II  >+
>+ @@
77 ==
Relation
Relationbetween
betweeninstantaneous
instantaneousmagnitude
magnitude L$YHUDJH
,, L $YHUDJH >$@
>$@
and
andeffective
effectivevalue
valueof
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electriccurrent
current

,P>$@
>$@
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Relationof
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((
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Ohm's
Ohm'slaw
law 55
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ofmagnitude
magnitudebetween
betweenvoltage
voltage ((
,, 
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circuit Ʒ&Ʒ&
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LRstraight
straightcircuit
circuit 5Ʒ
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>1@

Impedance
Impedanceof
ofRC
RCstraight
straightcircuit
circuit == 5 
5  >1@ >1@
ƷƷ& 
& 

Composite
Compositereactance
reactanceof
ofLC
LCstraight
straightcircuit
circuit   ;;//;
;; Ʒ/
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10 Resonance
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frequency II >
π/&
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>

Voltage
Voltageexpansion
expansionof
ofseries
seriesresonance
resonance ((// ƷƷ// ((&& 
(( 55 (( ƷƷ&5
&5
Helpful Information

Voltage
Voltageexpansion
expansionof
ofparallel
parallelresonance
resonance ,/,/ ,&,& ω// 
ω
,, ,, 55 ƷƷ&5
&5
‡‡ ‡‡
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reactanceexpressed
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symbolicmethod
method
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MƷ ƷƷ//

‡‡ ‡‡
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Capacitivereactance
reactanceexpressed
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bysymbolic
symbolicmethod
method
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 ((
M>$@
MM
 
ƷƷ&& ƷƷ&&

LRC
LRCimpedance
impedanceexpressed
expressedby
bysymbolic
symbolicmethod
method
‡‡
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== 5  >1@
MƷ/
Ʒ/ >1@
Ʒ&
Ʒ&
‡‡  JME
<< 
 JME     55  ; ;
Admittance
Admittance
== 55; ;  
M
M
55; ;  >1@
>1@

Resonance
Resonancefrequency
frequencyinincase
casecoil
coilwith
withresistance
resistance   55 
II π /&  //  >+
π /& >+==@@

160 TOHNICHI TORQUE HANDBOOK Vol.9

 TECHNICAL DATA
Formula of Electricity-2
Parallel
Parallelcondition
conditionof
ofimpedance
impedancebridge
bridge ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡
==== ==== 

Electricity
Electricityof
ofAC
ACcircuit
circuit 3
3 (,FRVφ>:@
(,FRVφ>:@

Power
Powerfactor
factor 33 (,FRVφ
(,FRVφ 55
FRVφ
FRVφ (,
(, (,
(, ==
Relation
Relationof
ofvolt-ampere,
volt-ampere,effective
effectivepower
powerand
and
(,
(, (,FRVφ
(,FRVφ
(,VLQφ
(,VLQφ>9$@
>9$@
reactive
reactivepower
power
‡ ‡‡ ‡
Calculation
Calculationof
ofAC
ACelectric
electricpower
powerby
by (,
(,   ((M(
M(
  ,,M,
M,

symbolic
symbolicmethod
method
 33DM3
DM3
U U>:9DU@
>:9DU@
‡‡‡‡
((,,  ((M(
M(
  ,,M,
M,


 33DM3
DM3
U U>:9DU@
>:9DU@

Balanced
Balancedthree
threephase
phaseAC
ACvoltage
voltage
HHDD (VLQωW>9@
(VLQωW>9@

HHEE (VLQ ππ >9@

(VLQωW
ωW >9@

HHFF (VLQ ππ
(VLQωW
ωW>9@
>9@


Symbolic
Symbolicmethod
methodexpression
expressionof
of ‡‡
10
balanced
balancedthree
threephase
phaseAC
AC
((DD (>9@
(>9@

Helpful Information
‡‡
((EE (   >9@
(M
M >9@
 
‡‡
((FF (   >9@
(M
M >9@
 

Relation
Relationbetween
betweenphase
phasevoltage
voltageand
andline
line
voltage
voltageof
ofbalanced
balancedthree
threephrases
phrasesY-
Y-connection
connection
(( (
(V>9@
V>9@

Relation
Relationbetween
betweenline
linecircuit
circuitand
andphase
phase
,, ,
,V>$@
V>$@
current
currentof
ofbalanced
balancedthree
threeΔ-connection
Δ-connection

Effective
Effectiveelectric
electricpower
powerofofbalanced
balanced 33DD (
(O,OO,FRVφ
OFRVφ (
(V ,V V,FRVφ>:@
V FRVφ>:@
three
threephase
phaseACACcurrent
current

Reactive
Reactiveelectric
electricpower
powerofofbalanced
balanced 33UU (
(O,OO,VLQφ>9DU@
OVLQφ>9DU@
three
threephase
phaseACACcurrent
current
Apparent
Apparentpower
powerof
ofbalanced
balancedthree
threephase
phase
AC
ACcurrent
current 9$
9$ (
(O,OO,>9$@
O>9$@

Technical Data 161