Adel El Feky

Hydraulic system
) System philosophy :
Use the pressure of a liquid to form mechanical work .
) Hydraulic system Components :
• Hydraulic fluid :
Is the kind of oil approved by aircraft .
• Hydraulic fluid reservoir :
Is the tank, there are 3 reservoirs, 2 main and 1 standby all 3
reservoirs pressurized from pneumatic manifold .
• Hydraulic pumps :
Engine driven and electrical pumps both press output 3000 psi
but at different rates .
• Power transfer unit ( PTU ) :
Acts as back up unit consists of hydraulic motor and pump .
• Valves :
Regulate oil pressure, direct oil flow, release pressure prevent
the liquid from flowing in reverse direction .
• Pressure lines :
Pipeline network, transferring pressure hydraulic return lines .
• Heat Exchanger :
Cooling agent, located in main fuel tank .
• Actuators :
Formed of cylinder and piston, which force oil one side of
piston depending on direction required .
) Hydraulic needs :
Aileron – elevator – rudder .
Thrust reverses .
Brakes, autopilot .
Landing gear extension and retraction .
Yaw damper .

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) Main system :
- 2 main system designed by No 1 or A .
- each system is independently designed .
- each main system is responsible to supply certain users or sharing
other main system supply in some essential user [ Aileron, elevator,
Rudder ] .

) Control and Indicators :

- On over head panel in cockpit .
- new generation single screen .
• Light and indicator :
Blue or Green light indicate normal operation amber for any
malfunction or abnormal operation .
) Loss of one main system :
- indicate by main system pressure indicate Zero illumination of :
4 master caution light .
4 Flight control and HYD. Cont light .
4 main system low pressure light .

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Pressurization system
) Purpose :
- To increase cabin pressure to lower cabin altitude .
- Cabin altitude decrease by modulating outflow valve to close
position increase by modulating valve to open position .
Differential pressure = cabin pressure – ambient pressure
) System components :
1 – Pressurization controllers ( auto semi out )
control cabin to required altitude by control outflow valve .
2 – Out flow valve :
Executes position required by pressurization control .
a ) Positive pressure relief valve :
It prevent differential pressure from exceeding value by
allowing air to exit .
b ) Negative pressure relief valve :
It prevent external pressure from exceeding internal
pressure .
) Typical pressurization system :
• Automatic mode :
4 After engine start :
Auto controller the cabin to about 200 ft below takeoff field
altitude .
Which help to :
1 – make the transion to pressurization flight more
gradually and crew .
2 – Give the system better response to pressure change
during takeoff .
4 During Flight :
Auto controller sence the aircraft altitude and maintain pressure
difference .
4 Before landing :
The controller cabin 200 ft below landing field altitude to
prevent pressure change for passenger comfort .
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4 Normal procedures :
during cockpit preparation cruise altitude is set to flight altitude
counter destination airport altitude is set to land altitude counter .
4 After engine start :
Cabin is pressurized 200 ft below takeoff field altitude
4 After airborne and during climb :
Maintain proportional pressure difference between aircraft
altitude and cabin altitude at rate 300 – 500 ft/min .
4 Cruise :
Controller maintain normal difference in pressure .
4 Descent :
Maintain 200 ft below landing field with cabin rate 300 ft/min .

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Air conditioning system

) Bleed air from engine or APU :
Bleed air from engine or APU

Pack valve Control anount of air entre pack .

Cooling cycle

Air pass

Heat exchanges Use rame air flow

Compressor air to increase

Compressor air cycle machine
temp.

To increase efficiency of air

Secondary heat exchanger
cycle machine .

Turbine air cycle machine Expand air for fueter cooling .

Use centrifugal force for moisture

Water separation removing .

Maxing valve

- An over heated air cycle machine or turbine inlet the pack

valve close automatically with warning light
- If one pack fail during flight the other one capabeal for temp.
control .

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Pneumatic system
- Use air power to " drive or power " port of system or how we can use
some of the jet engine generated air to supply various system .
) System components :
• Bleed air valves :
Acts as pressure regulator, shut off valve also reduce pneumatic
out flow in high temp. ducts .
• Bleed trip sensors :
Close the respective engine bleed air valve automatically in
response to any temp. – pressure increase .
• Pre-cooler :
Heat exchanger pre-cools the engine bleed air use cold fan air .
• Pneumatic ducts :
Air pipe network ( left and right side ) joining all bleed sources
with their consumer .
• Starter valve :
Allow engine start using pneumatic pressure from any source .
• Isolation valve :
Isolate the left and right sides of pneumatic manifold during
normal operation .
Needs for :
Wing and engine thermal anti-icing
Engine starting
Air conditioning and pressurization .
) 3 sources :
1 – engine bleed system :
Engine bleed vale ( pressure regulator )

Pre cooler ( heat exchanger ) Use engine fan air

Thermostatic pre cooler valve ducted

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2 – APU bleed system :

Is supplied before engine start on ground to supply various
system until engine start .
3 – Ground air source :
Alternate pneumatic source is provided via pneumatic ground
source .

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