How to measure and describe

Free-Formed Surfaces
Measurement of free-formed surfaces
(2008-10-23/30)
Graphic ScienceⅡ

Measurement and description of free-formed surfaces

１．Measurement of free-formed surfaces

１．１ Moire fringe method
１．２ SPG: Stereo Photogrammetry(立体写真計測法)
１．３ Three dimensional degitizer

２．Description of free-formed surfaces

２．１ Space curve
２．２ NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline)
２．３ Description and generation of surfaces
２．４ Application

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１．Measurement of free-formed surfaces

１．１ Moire Fringe Method

１．１．１ Principle
１．１．２ Moire fringe contour

１．１．３ Object’s shape from Moire fringe

１．１．４ Experimental results

Surface representation
with Moire fringe

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 

Moire fringe
暗
dark

明
bright
dark
暗

L
L
明
bright

暗
dark

d 暗 bright
dark 明
格子定数
grid interval Moire fringe produced with two
二枚の回折格子によるモアレ縞
diffraction grids

L ≒ d/……………(1)
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light source screen Moire fring

camera
bright stripe
dark stripe

Geometric relations in Moire measurement 6

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  2
 1  ,  2 
d
  d
  1  2
s s

n
 n  (2)
d 
 n
s

light source

screen

lens
image plane

intersection between the n-th

fringe and the grid’s shadow

Distance between the Moire fringe and the screen, n

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light source 1 light source 2

screen
camera

Moire fringe pattern obtained from

Experimental set up the experiment
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(a) contours (b) sections (c) improved Moire methods

Difference of the measures obtained from the Moire and the stereo-photogrammetry
methods 10

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三角測量①

三角測量②

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 三角測量から三次元計測へ

１．Measurement of free-formed surfaces

１．2 Stereo-photographic measurement

１．2．１ Principle

１．2．２ Application

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x  ( a1 X  a2Y  a3 ) /(a7 X  a8Y  1)
y   ( a4 X  a5Y  a6 ) /(a7 X  a8Y  1)
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xi  (a1 X i  a2Yi  a3 ) /(a7 X i  a8Yi  1)

yi  (a4 X i  a5Yi  a6 ) /(a7 X i  a8Yi  1)
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rc1  xc1  t1 ( xc1  xc1 )
rc 2  xc2  t2 ( xc2  xc 2 )
xs  rc1  rc 2
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  t a ( xoa
roa  xoa   xsa )
  tb ( xob
rob  xob   xsb )
xo  roa  rob 18

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 Conclusion
The minimum numbers of markers
necessary for the stereo-photogrammetry are;

More than 4 fiducial markers

and 2 control markers

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Measurement of the femoral

surface of human knee
(大腿骨曲面の測定例)
Check the numbers of the fiducial
and control markers

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 Measurement of the cartilage thickness of the
human patellar surface
1) Measure the patellar surface
2) Dissolve the cartilage with a regent (薬品）
3) Measure the surface without cartilage

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Measurement of the cartilage

thickness of the human
patellar surface

(膝蓋骨軟骨厚の測定例)

Check the numbers of the fiducial

and control markers

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１．Measurement of free-formed surfaces

１．3 Three dimensional (3D) digitizer

１．3．１ Terminology

１．3．２ Contact type digitizer

１．3．3 Non-contact type digitizer

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１．3．２ Contact type digitizer

dialgauge①

Prototype of digitizer
by Wismans (1980)

specimen
dialgauge③
dialgauge②

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１．3．２ Contact type digitizer

Application to archeology

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１．3．3 Non-contact type digitizer (Laser Scanner)

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Measurement of a swine knee joint surface

Knee joint surface of

a swine (豚)

A 3D laser scanner

Surface reconstruction
with polynomial
The number of data points: B-spline
11731 28

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Reconstruction of a swine knee joint surface

polynomial（7th order） Fourier series （11th

order）

object surface

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reconstructed surface

Object’s shape measurement with a laser

scanner and its reconstruction ①
dice

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Object’s shape measurement with a laser
scanner and its reconstruction ②
mouse with a cord winding around

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Object’s shape measurement with a laser

scanner and its reconstruction ③
hands

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Object’s shape measurement with a laser
scanner and its reconstruction ④
guess what it is

???

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レポート課題
三角測量の原理を簡単にまとめよ（１頁）

Assignment
Submit a short report explaining about the principle
of a triangular surveying（A4１page）

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