Module-III

Module III

Image segmentation: Detection of discontinuities: Point Line and Edge Detection - Edge
linking and boundary detection - Hough transform – Thresholding - Region based
segmentation: Region growing -Region splitting and merging - Use of motion in
segmentation

Morphological Image Processing: The structuring element, Basic operations on sets,

Erosion, Dilation, Opening and Closing

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 2

 References

• Gonzalez and Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson

Education,3/e, (2008)

• The images in the presentation are taken from slides of Gonzales

and Woods and different internet websites

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 3

Image segmentation

▪ Segmentation divides an image into its constituent regions or objects

▪ The level to which subdivision is carried out depends on the problem being solved

▪ .i.e. segmentation should stop when the objects or region of interest in an application have
been detected

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 4

Image segmentation

▪ Most of segmentation algorithms are based on two basic properties of

intensity values

▪ Discontinuity

▪ Similarity

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 5

 Detection of Discontinuities

▪ Points

▪ Lines

▪ Edges

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 6

 Detection of Discontinuities

w-filter coefficients
z- pixel values

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 7

 Detection of Points

Point detection can be done by using the mask :

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 8

Detection of Points

X-ray image of Result of point Result of

a turbine blade detection thresholding
23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 9
Detection of Lines

▪ The masks will extract lines one pixel thick

and running in a particular direction

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 10

Detection of Lines

Binary image of a wire

bond mask

Result of
After
threshol
processing
ding
with -45°
filtering
line detector
result

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 11

First Derivative

Basic definition of the 1st derivative of a 1D function is :

f
 f ( x  1)  f ( x)
x

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 12

First Derivative

First derivative filter output

• Zero at constant intensities
• Non zero at the onset of a step or ramp
• Non zero along ramps

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 13

Second Derivative

The formula for the 2nd derivative of a function is as follows:

2 f
 f ( x  1 )  f ( x  1)  2 f ( x )
 x
2

Simply takes into account the values both before and after the current value

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 14

Second Derivative

Second derivative filter output

Zero at constant intensities
Non zero at the onset and end of a step or ramp
Zero along ramps of constant slope

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 15

 Derivatives

• Differentiation - the rate of change of a function

• Consider a simple 1 dimensional example

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 16

 First and Second Derivatives

A B

0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 6 -6 0 0 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0

-1 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 -12 6 0 0 1 1 -4 1 1 0 0 7 -7 0 0

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 17

First and Second Derivative

• 1st derivative is constant and produces thick edges

• 2nd derivative have strong responses for fine details
• 2nd derivatives produces a double edge response at ramp and step transitions
in intensity
• The sign of the second derivative is used to determine whether an edge is a
transition from light to dark or dark to light

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 18

Edge Detection

An edge is a set
of connected
pixels that lie on
the boundary
between two
regions

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 19

Edge Detection

Roof edge

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 20

Edges & Derivatives

▪1st derivative tells us

where an edge is

▪2nd derivative can

be used to show
edge direction

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 21

Derivatives & Noise

Derivative based edge detectors are extremely sensitive to noise

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 22

 Common Edge Detectors
▪Given a 3x3 region of an image the following edge detection filters can be used

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 23

Common Edge Detectors

Prewitt and Sobel Operators

for detecting diagonal edges

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 24

Edge Detection Example

Horizontal Gradient Component

Horizontal and Vertical

Gradient Component

Original Image

Vertical Gradient Component

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 25
Edge Detection Example

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 26

Laplacian Edge Detection
Laplacian of a 2D function is a second derivative:

Not used for edge detection as

1. It is highly sensitive to noise
2.It produces double edges and is unable to detect edge direction.

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 27

Laplacian Of Gaussian
Laplacian of Gaussian (or Mexican hat) filter
uses the Gaussian for noise removal and
Laplacian for edge detection

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 28

Laplacian of Gaussian Example

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 29

Edge Linking and boundary detection

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 30

Conclusions
▪ Detection of Points
lines
edges

23-Detection of Points, Lines and Edges 7:09 PM 31

Thank You