References

• Gonzalez and Woods, Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education,3/E, (2008)

Ch-10
• The images in the presentation are taken from text book Gonzales and
Woods and different internet websites

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Outcomes

• Edge Linking and Boundary Detection

Global Processing
Hough Transform

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Global Processing using Hough Transform

• Previous methods discussed are applicable

to situations where knowledge about pixels belonging to individual
objects is at least partially available

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Global Processing using Hough Transform

• An approach based on whether sets of pixels lie on curves of a

specified shape
• Once detected , these curves form the edges or region boundaries
of interest.

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Hough Transform

• Given n points in an image .

• We want to find subset of these points that lie on straight lines
• Solution
Find all lines determined by every pair of points
Find all subsets of points that are close to particular lines.
But this is computationally expensive

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Hough Transform

• Hough proposed an alternative approach in 1962

• Known as the Hough Transform

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Hough Transform
• Consider a point ( ) in the x-y plane

• Slope - intercept form of the equation for str.

line is

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Hough Transform

• Infinitely many lines pass through this point

• Satisfying for different values

of a and b

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Hough Transform
• Rewriting the equation

as

• Considering the ab plane or

parameter space
yields the equation of a single line for a
fixed pair

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Hough Transform
• A second point , also has a line in the
parameter space

• Unless they are parallel, they intersect at ( )

• Where
a’ is the slope
b’-the intercept of the line containing both
( ) and ( ) in the x-y plane

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Hough Transform

All the points on this line have lines in

the parameter space that intersect at
(a’,b’)

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Hough Transform

Practical difficulty:

• For vertical lines the slope approaches infinity

• Use normal representation of line

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Hough Transform
Normal Representation of line

Horz line has θ=0, with ρ : +ve x intercept

Vertical line θ=90, with ρ : +ve y intercept
Or θ=-90, with ρ : -ve y intercept

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Hough Transform

• Each sinusoidal curve represents a family of lines

that pass through a particular point ( ) in
the x-y plane

• The intersection point (ρ’, θ’) corresponds to the

line that passes through the points ( ),
( )

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Hough Transform
Parameter space is subdivided into accumulator
cells

D is the distance between opposite corners of

the image

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Hough Transform

The cell at coordinates with accumulator

value ,
corresponds to the square associated with
parameter space co-ordinates

Initially , these cells are set to zero

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Hough Transform
For every non- background point, , in x-y plane,
We let equal each of the allowed subdivision values
on the axis and
Solve for the corresponding , using the equation

The resulting values are rounded off to the nearest

allowed cell value along the axis.

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Hough Transform

If

Finally, value P in means that there are

P points that lie on the line

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Hough Transform

No of subdivisions in the ρθ plane ,

determines the accuracy of the
collinearity of these points

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Hough Transform

Hough Transform is applicable to any function

g(v,c)=0

v-vector coordinates
c-vector coefficients

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Hough Transform
Points lying on the circle:

Three parameters

3D parameter space with cube like cells of the form

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Hough Transform

Procedure is to choose then find

And update accumulator cells

Complexity depends on the number of co-ordinates and coefficients

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Edge Linking using Hough Transform

• Obtain binary edge image using the techniques discussed

• Specify the subdivision in the ρθ plane
• Examine the counts of accumulator cells for high pixel concentration
• Examine the relation ship between pixel in a chosen cell

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Conclusions

• Hough Transform

• Edge linking using Hough Transform

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