Similarly, as is often delivered communications experts. But did you know that bacteria were also likes to chat?

In bacteria, the communication process called quorum sensing, which involves the exchange of a chemical compound (auto inducer). For example, when were little, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria can grow in its host without causing disease. But when the number reached a certain concentration, the bacteria then became aggressive and form biofilms that affect the immune system and cause disease. Through the mechanism of quorum sensing, a number of gram-negative bacteria use acyl homoserine lactone compounds (AHL) to communicate with each other in order to regulate a number of biological functions such as the nature of pathogens and biofilm formation. While grampositive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis using a peptide or protein for a similar purpose and function. As well as council members in confirming a decision, bacterial quorum shall require a state to express certain properties. For example, when they have reached a quorum, of bacteria V. fisheri can together produce light (bioluminescens). In this case, the AHL will form complexes with specific regulator protein then activates a number of genes for enzymes encoder bioluminescens. When there are only a few bacteria, some specific properties may not be revealed. Specific gene activation occurs only when bacteria reach a certain amount. Quorum sensing is a mechanism employed is the activation factors of bacterial pathogenesis, such as in the arrangement of the formation of spores or virulensi decision. Quorum sensing mechanisms bacteria use to be able to respond to changes within the last case so quickly. For bacterial pathogens, virulensi coordination mechanism is essential to overcome the defense mechanisms of the host immune system. At low concentrations, the bacteria Erwinia carotovora does not activate the genes associated with pathogenicity. But when it reaches sufficient concentrations, the mechanism of quorum sensing starts running and two sets of genes began to be expressed. One set of genes that produce enzymes involved in the release of nutrients from the host, while another set of genes produce antibiotics karbapenem. The establishment of an antibiotic intended to kill other species of bacteria so it can be ascertained that the nutrients produced by the host is only available for E. carotovora. Similarly, as described by Elling Ulvestad from the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute .. Scientific understanding of the mechanism of quorum sensing is currently growing and lead to its utilization in the field of medicine. In the future, quorum sensing can be an alternative non-antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections. Perhaps the fact people do not necessarily eradicate the bacteria, but enough to control the behavior of the bacteria so it does not cause disease Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The detection of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of an autoinducer leads to an alteration in gene expression. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities. These processes include symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation. In general, Gram-negative bacteria use acylated homoserine lactones as autoinducers, and Gram-positive bacteria use processed oligopeptides to communicate. Recent advances in the field indicate that cell-cell communication via autoinducers occurs both within and between bacterial species. Furthermore, there is mounting data suggesting that bacterial autoinducers elicit specific responses from host organisms. Although the nature of the chemical signals, the signal relay mechanisms, and the target genes controlled by bacterial quorum sensing systems differ, in every case the ability to communicate with one another allows bacteria to coordinate the gene expression, and therefore the behavior, of the entire community. Presumably, this process bestows upon bacteria some of the qualities of higher organisms. The evolution of quorum sensing systems in bacteria could, therefore, have been one of the early steps in the development of multicellularity Quorum sensing

Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density. Many species of bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population. In similar fashion, some social insects use quorum sensing to determine where to nest. In addition to its function in biological systems, quorum sensing has several useful applications for computing and robotics. Quorum sensing can function as a decision-making process in any decentralized system, as long as individual components have: (a) a means of assessing the number of other components they interact with and (b) a standard response once a threshold number of components is detected. Quorum quenching Quorum quenching may be achieved by degrading the signalling molecule.[1][2] Using a KG medium, quorum quenching bacteria can be readily isolated from various environments including that which has previously been considered as unculturable.[2] Recently, a well-studied quorum quenching bacteria has been isolated and its AHL degradation kinetic has been studied by using rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC).[3] Bacteria Some of the best-known examples of quorum sensing come from studies of bacteria. Bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate certain behaviors based on the local density of the bacterial population. Quorum sensing can occur within a single bacterial species as well as between diverse species, and can regulate a host of different processes, in essence, serving as a simple communication network. A variety of different molecules can be used as signals. Common classes of signaling molecules are oligopeptides in Gram-positive bacteria, N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHL) in Gram-negative bacteria, and a family of autoinducers known as autoinducer-2 (AI-2) in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.[4] Mechanism Bacteria that use quorum sensing constantly produce and secrete certain signaling molecules (called autoinducers or pheromones). These bacteria also have a receptor that can specifically detect the signaling molecule (inducer). When the inducer binds the receptor, it activates transcription of certain genes, including those for inducer synthesis. There is a low likelihood of a bacterium detecting its own secreted inducer. Thus, in order for gene transcription to be activated, the cell must encounter signaling molecules secreted by other cells in its environment. When only a few other bacteria of the same kind are in the vicinity, diffusion reduces the concentration of the inducer in the surrounding medium to almost zero, so the bacteria produce little inducer. However, as the population grows, the concentration of the inducer passes a threshold, causing more inducer to be synthesized. This forms a positive feedback loop, and the receptor becomes fully activated. Activation of the receptor induces the upregulation of other specific genes, causing all of the cells to begin transcription at approximately the same time. This coordinated behavior of bacterial cells can be useful in a variety of situations. For instance, the bioluminescent luciferase produced by V. fischeri would not be visible if it were produced by a single cell. By using quorum sensing to limit the production of luciferase to situations when cell populations are large, V. fischeri cells are able to avoid wasting energy on the production of useless product.

Quorum sensing was first observed in Vibrio fischeri, a bioluminiscent bacterium that lives as a mutualistic symbiont in the photophore (or light-producing organ) of the Hawaiian bobtail squid.[5] When V. fischeri cells are free-living (or planktonic), the autoinducer is at low concentration, and, thus, cells do not luminesce. However, when they are highly concentrated in the photophore (about 1011 cells/ml), transcription of luciferase is induced, leading to bioluminescence. Molecules involved in quorum sensing Three-dimensional structures of proteins involved in quorum sensing were first published in 2001, when the crystal structures of three LuxS orthologs were determined by X-ray crystallography.[17] In 2002, the crystal structure of the receptor LuxP of Vibrio harveyi with its inducer AI-2 (which is one of the few biomolecules containing boron) bound to it was also determined.[18] Many bacterial species, including E. coli, an enteric bacterium and model organism for Gram-negative bacteria, produce AI-2. A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of 138 genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes found that "the LuxS enzyme required for AI-2 synthesis is widespread in bacteria, while the periplasmic binding protein LuxP is present only in Vibrio strains," leading to the conclusion that either "other organisms may use components different from the AI-2 signal transduction system of Vibrio strains to sense the signal of AI-2 or they do not have such a quorum sensing system at all."[19] Certain bacteria can produce enzymes called lactonases that can target and inactivate AHLs. As quorum sensing implies a cooperative behavior, this concept has been challenged by the evolutionary implication of cooperative cheaters. This is circumvented by the concept of diffusion sensing, which has been an alternative and complementary model to quorum sensing. However, both explanations face the problems of signalling in either complex (multiple species sharing the same space) or simple (one single cell confined to a limited volume) environments where the spatial distribution of the cells can be more important for sensing than the cell population density. A new model, efficiency sensing, which takes into account both problematics, population density and spatial confinement, has been proposed as an alternative.[22] One of the probable reasons for controversy is that current terminologies (quorum sensing, diffusion sensing, efficiency sensing) all imply an understanding of the motives and benefits of the process, and may be observed to apply under some circumstances but not others. Perhaps a sensible resolution to these controversies could be to return the terminology of the process to autoinduction, as originally described by Hastings and coworkers, as this term does not imply understanding of the intent(s) or benefit(s) of the process. Today, about 70% of the bacteria that cause infections are resistant to at least one of the drugs most commonly used for treatment.[dubious discuss] Some organisms are resistant to all approved antibiotics and can be treated only with experimental and potentially toxic drugs. A substantial increase in resistance of bacteria that cause community-acquired infections has also been documented, especially in the staphylococci and pneumococci, which are prevalent causes of disease and mortality. In a recent study, 25% of bacterial pneumonia cases were shown to be resistant to penicillin, and an additional 25% of cases were resistant to more than one antibiotic.[citation needed] The current state of antibiotic affairs is due to the manner in which existing antibiotics work. All current antibiotics aim to kill the individual bacteria in one manner or another (by inhibiting synthesis of new bacteria, usually).[citation needed] This environmental pressure activates the evolutionary mechanisms that select for resistant strains. In other words, bacteria that are not resistant to the antibiotic are killed off, leaving the resistant organisms to multiply unchecked without competition. This is why resistant strains spread so rapidly and occur so frequently.

Recent research into quorum sensing systems has produced compounds that can disrupt the bacteria's ability to communicate, thereby disabling or diminishing the bacteria's ability to become pathogenic. Therefore, the body is not compromised by cell damage, inflammation, toxicity, or other detrimental effects of the bacteria. This gives the body time to eradicate the bacteria naturally through normal immune system functions. The advantage of the anti-quorum sensing approach to controlling infection is that there are few evolutionary forces that select for resistancethere is little in the process that would create resistant strains. Since the compounds kill none of the bacteria, any resistant mutations must compete with living, non-resistant individuals. In other words, there is no survival advantage to the resistant mutations, and natural selection does not come into play. Resistant strains will be unlikely to occur.[23] Quorum sensing can be a useful tool for improving the function of self-organizing networks such as the SECOAS (Self-Organizing Collegiate Sensor) environmental monitoring system. In this system, individual nodes sense that there is a population of other nodes with similar data to report. The population then nominates just one node to report the data, resulting in power savings.[30] Ad-hoc wireless networks can also benefit from quorum sensing, by allowing the system to detect and respond to network conditions.[31] Quorum sensing can also be used to coordinate the behavior of autonomous robot swarms. Using a process similar to that used by Temnothorax ants, robots can make rapid group decisions without the direction of a controller.