Disaster Natural or man-made events

wherein communities experience severe danger

and incur loss of lives and properties causing
disruption in its social structure and prevention of
the fulfillment of all or some of the affected
community’s essential functions
 Disaster
• A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
a society involving widespread human, material,
economic, or environmental losses and impacts which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources.
• Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease
and other negative effects on human physical, mental and
social wellbeing, together with damage to property,
destruction of assets, loss of services, social and
economic disruption and environmental degradation.
Disasters are often described as a result of
the combination of:
• the exposure to a hazard;
• the conditions of vulnerability that are present;
• and insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences.
 HAZARD - UNISDR (2009) (adapted by
Philippines DRR Law, 2010):
• A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
 Hazards
• NATURAL Hazards
earthquake
flood / landslide
tropical cyclone
epidemic

• MANMADE Hazards
fire
plane crash
vehicular accident (VA)
bombing incident
Review of RP
Risk Profile
Geological Hazards

Active,
Inactive and
Potentially
Active
Volcanoes
of the
Philippines

300 volcanoes,
22 active
Geological Hazards
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION

➢ Mt. Pinatubo eruption, June 1991.

The biggest volcanic eruption of the century
800 dead; P10.6 B damage
Geological Hazards

Earthquake
Generators:
Active Faults
And
Trenches

20 quakes/day
4-5 quakes/week
Geological Hazards

July 16, 1990; intensity 7

1,666 dead; 3,500 injured

EARTHQUAKE P11B in damages in Property

P1.2B in Agriculture
Geological Hazards

Moro Gulf Earthquake, 1976

Tsunami
Geological Hazards
San Francisco, S. Leyte, Dec.15-
23, 2003
207 dead – 54 injured – 1 missing
P508.4M - cost of damage
Geological Hazards
Hydro-Met Hazards
Hydro-Met Hazards

➢22 TYPHOONS EVERY YEAR

➢5 DESTRUCTIVE
 Trophical Cyclones
“Unding” and “Viloeta”
Hydro-Met Hazards
Nov. 14-26, 2004
102 dead - 347 injured - 86 missing
P505.890 - cost of damage
Hydro-Met Hazards

Tropical Cyclones
“Wennie” and “Yoyong”
Nov. 28-Dec. 3, 2004
966 dead - 816 injured - 467 missing
P1.2M - cost of damage
Hydro-Met Hazards

Flash floods
Gapan, Nueva Ecija,
Nov. 14 – Dec. 4, 2004
Hydro-Met Hazards
Flash floods
Ormoc, Leyte, Nov 6, 1991
5,101 dead – 292 injured
Hydro-Met Hazards

•4th Quarter of 1998

•105,095 families affected
•P8.3B in agricultural damages
(~US$198M)
Environmental Hazards Payatas Dump Site Tragedy
July 10, 2000
224 dead, 38 missing
Environmental Hazards

• Affects 8 million residents from the coastal areas

whose livelihood are affected
• Almost every year, there have been reported cases
of deaths due to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
Technological Hazards
Human-Made Hazards

Ozone Disco fire

March 18 1996, 11:30 PM
The second worst disco
fire in the world.
162 dead
104 injured
Socio-Political/Security Hazards
Socio-Political/Security Hazards

Bombing along Ayala MRT

3 dead – 103 injured
Feb. 14, 2004 – 1945H
Socio-Political/Security Hazards

BASHIR HAMBALI

AMROZI IMRON DWIKARNA BAFANA

Terrorist Attack by Local/International

Terrorist Groups
• Risk - the possibility that something bad or unpleasant
(such as an injury or a loss) will happen (Merriam-
Webster)
• Risk - interaction between exposure to natural hazards
including the adverse effects of climate changes and the
vulnerability of societies. (World Risk Report)
 Four (4) themes in disaster risk reduction
management framework
1. Disaster prevention and mitigation
2. Disaster preparedness
3. Disaster response
4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery
 Potential Earthquake
Hazards and their Effects
• An earthquake is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of
the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks
or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
• There are two types of earthquakes: tectonic and volcanic
earthquakes.
– Tectonic earthquakes are those generated by the sudden
displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the
earth.
– Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes are called volcanic earthquakes.
Ground shaking- disruptive up-down and sideways
movement or motion experienced during an
earthquake.
A. Strong ground shaking can cause objects to fall, break
windows among others.
B. Strong ground shaking can also result to minor
damages to buildings and worse, cause collapse of a
structure. (e.g. collapse of Hyatt Hotel, Baguio City after
the 16 July 1990 Luzon Earthquake).
C. Most part of the Philippines will experience shaking at
different degrees depending on magnitude of earthquake,
distance of one’s location from the fault that moved, local
below surface conditions, etc)
II. Ground rupture- displacement on the ground
due to movement of fault .
A. This will be experienced by areas where fault
passes through (note not all cracks on the ground
that people see after a strong earthquake are faults,
some may just be surficial cracks because of ground
failure)
B. The movement may have vertical and horizontal
component and may be as small as less than 0.5
meters (Masbate 1994 earthquake) to as big as 6
meters (16 July 1990 Earthquake).
III. Tsunami- sea waves resulting from the disturbance of
ocean floor by an earthquake
A. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by
under-the-sea earthquakes and whose heights could be greater
than 5 meters.
B. Examples of recent tsunami events in the Philippines are the
August 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake and Tsunami and the
November 1994 Oriental Mindoro Earthquake and Tsunami,
December 2004 Banda Aceh Earthquake (Indonesia), and March
2011 Eastern Japan http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.
IV. Liquefaction- is a process that transforms the behavior of
a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid
when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
– A. As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediment body will
either sink or tilt as the sediment could no longer hold the load,
such as what happened in Dagupan City during the 16 July
1990 earthquake.)
V. Earthquake-induced landslide- failures in steep or hilly
slopes triggered by an earthquake
A. loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains are
prone to mass movement, especially when shaken during an
earthquake.
B. Many landslides occur as a result of strong ground shaking
such as those observed on the mountainsides along the National
Highway in Nueva Ecija and the road leading up to Baguio City
during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.
 What to do BEFORE an earthquake?
I. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning.
I. Know the earthquake hazards in your area
II. Follow structural design and engineering practices when
constructing a house or a building
III. Evaluate structural soundness of the buildings and houses;
strengthen or retrofit if necessary
II. Prepare your homes, workplace or schools:
– Strap or bolt heavy furniture, cabinets to the walls
– Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and
chandeliers
– Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials
should be stored properly in the lowermost secured shelves
III. Familiarize yourself with the exit routes.
IV. Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and
communication facilities are located.
1. Learn how to use them beforehand.
2. Prepare a handy emergency supply kit with first aid kit,
canned food and can opener, water, clothing, blanket, battery-
operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries
V. Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills
 What to do DURING an earthquake?
I. When you are INSIDE a structurally sound building or
home…STAY there! Do the “Duck, Cover and Hold on”
a) If possible, quickly open the door for exit.
b) Duck under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it, or protect
your head with your arms
c) Stay away from glass windows, shelves and other heavy
objects
d) Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open.
II. If you’re OUTSIDE.. move to an open area!
a) Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concrete
structures
b) Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by
landslides
c) If you’re near the shore and feel an earthquake especially if
it’s too strong, MOVE QUICKLY TO HIGHER GROUNDS.
Tsunamis might follow.
III. If you’re in a moving vehicle, STOP and get out! Do not
attempt to cross bridges, overpasses or flyovers which may
have been damaged.
 What to do AFTER an earthquake?
I. Be prepared for aftershocks. Once the shaking stops,
take the fastest and safest way out of the building.
II. DON’T…
a. …use elevators
b. …enter damaged buildings
c. …use telephone unless necessary
d. …PANIC
III. CHECK…
a. …yourself and others for injuries
b. ...water and electrical lines for damages
c. …for spills of chemical, toxic and flammable materials
d. …and control fires which may spread

IV. If you need to evacuate your residence, leave a

message stating where you are going and bring your
emergency supply kit

V. Keep updated on disaster prevention instructions form

battery-operated radios.
• Tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds
and thunderstorms that originates over the tropical
waters.
• Tropical cyclones rotate in a counterclockwise direction in
the northern hemisphere (conversely, clockwise in the
southern hemisphere).
• The term tropical cyclone encompasses tropical
depressions, tropical storms, typhoons and hurricanes.
• The classification of tropical cyclones according to the
strength of the associated winds as adopted by PAGASA
(as of 01 May 2015) are as follows:
a. TROPICAL DEPRESSION (TD) - a tropical cyclone with
maximum sustained winds of up to 61 kph.
b. TROPICAL STORM (TS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed of 62 to 88 kph.
c. SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (STS) - a tropical cyclone with
maximum wind speed of 89 to 117 kph.
d. TYPHOON (TY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind
speed of 118 to 220 kph.
e. SUPER TYPHOON (STY), a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed exceeding 220 kph.
• Every year, an average of 19 tropical cyclones enter the
Philippines Area of Responsibility (PAR), and about half
(9-10) make landfall in the Philippines.
• In the Western Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclones can form
in any month of the year.
• Flood is the overflowing of the normal confines of a
stream or bodies of water, or the accumulation of water
over areas that are not normally submerged.
• Flash Floods are also caused by heavy precipitation in a
short period of time, usually less than 6 hours.
• Storm surge is the rise and onshore surge of seawater as
the result primarily of the winds of a tropical cyclone, and
secondarily of the surface pressure drop near the center
of the tropical cyclone.
• The height of storm surge is dependent on the size,
intensity and movement of the tropical cyclone, shape of
the coastline as well as nearshore underwater
topography.
Basic Response to Fire inside burning area
a. Once you hear the fire alarm, evacuate to a safe area
right away.
b. If you see fires, pull fire alarms as you exit the area.
Inform other people present in the area of the fire that is
occurring.
c. If the fire is still small and can be extinguished, use an
appropriate fire extinguisher. Usually, normal fire
extinguishers do the job, but if unavailable, buckets of
water or damp cloths would do.
d. If the fire is already large and is rapidly spreading
(growth phase), immediately find the nearest exit and
exit the area.
e. Touch doors first to check if they are warm before
opening them. If they are warm, do not attempt to open
and proceed to a different route.
f. Use the stairs not elevators.
g. Close all windows and doors that you can reach as you
exit.
h. If there is smoke, stay as low as possible. Also, try to
cover your nose to prevent inhalation.
i. Once outside, move away from the exits and assemble
in a safe area designated by the evacuation plan of the
area or by emergency response teams.
 If outside a burning area?
a. Do not attempt to go inside the burning area.
b. Immediately contact the nearest fire station and other
emergency response numbers.
c. Listen and follow orders of the emergency response
teams.
d. Organize/Participate in a bucket relay. Bucket relay is
when people help the fire fighters by passing buckets full
of water either to try to extinguish the fire or to prevent
the fire from further spreading.
3. If you catch fire, do the “stop, drop, and roll” right away.
• Backdraft – phenomenon in which fire that has consumed
all available oxygen suddenly explodes when more
oxygen is made available, usually because a door or
window is opened
• Flashover – rapid transition from the growth to fully
developed stage; materials in room ignite all at once;
tongues of flame roll across ceiling; radiant heat affects
materials in room, raising them to ignition temperature
• Fuel load – total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a
given area
• Ignition temperature – minimum temperature at which a
substance burns
• Thermal layering – tendency of gases to form into layers
according to temperature (hottest gases at the top layer,
cooler gases form at the lower layers)