eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 87

eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

POLYNOMIALS AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
4.1.1 f~wgKv : eûc`xi g~j wbY©q ev exRMwYZxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb MwY‡Zi cÖvPxbZg mgm¨v¸wji g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K eûc`x‡K MvwYwZK cÖZx‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk ïiæ nq| Gi Av‡M
mgxKiY‡K K_vq wjLv nZ| MwYZ Ges weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi g~j wbY©q GKwU
Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

wkLbdj: GB Aa¨vq †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv

1. Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j-mnM m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4. c„_vqK Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6. g~j †`Iqv _vK‡j wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7. wØNvZ I wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
8. eûc`x Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e I Zvi NvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
9. wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji mv‡_ mn‡Mi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
e¨envwiK:
10. †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ mgxKi‡Yi mgvav‡bi Avmbœ gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4.1.2 eûc`x (Polynomial): GK ev GKvwaK Pj‡Ki AFYvZ¥K c~Y© mvswL¨K NvZ I aªæe‡Ki ¸Ydj m¤^wjZ
exRMwYZxq ivwk‡K eûc`x e‡j| eûc`x ivwk‡Z GK ev GKvwaK c` _vK‡Z cv‡i|
GK Pj‡Ki eûc`xi mvaviY AvKvi a0xn + a1xn1 + a2xn2 + ................ + an
Avevi, a0, a0x + a1, a0x2 + a1x + a2 cÖ‡Z¨‡KB eûc`x GLv‡b a0, a1, a2, ..........., an cÖf„wZ aªæeK
A_©vr x ewR©Z wbw`©ó msL¨v| eûc`xi PjK x Gi NvZ n me©`vB AFYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v|
7 msL¨vwU eûc`x KviY GLv‡b an = 7, a0 = a1 = ........ = an1 = 0
1
1
x + x2 + 5 ivwkwU eûc`x bq KviY wØZxq c‡` x Gi NvZ 2
1
x + 1 + x ivwkwU eûc`x bq KviY Z…Zxq c‡` x Gi NvZ 1
88 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
Avevi, ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c .................................. (i)
ax2 + bxy + cy2 ............................................................ (ii)
a0xn + a1xn1y + a2xn2y2 + ............. + anyn ................... (iii)
ivwk¸wj `yBwU Pj‡Ki eûc`xi D`vniY| axmyn †Kv‡bv eûc`xi GKwU c` n‡j (m + n) †K †mB c‡`i
NvZ e‡j| eûc`xi c`¸wji Nv‡Zi g‡a¨ D”PZg NvZ‡K eûc`xi NvZ e‡j| Dc‡ii D`vniY¸wj‡Z
(i) I (ii) bs eûc`xi NvZ 2 Ges (iii) bs eûc`xi NvZ n. (ii) Ges (iii) bs eûc`x mggvwÎK KviY
Zv‡`i mKj c‡`i NvZ GKB|
ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2gzx + 2fyz + lx + my + nz + k GKwU wZb PjKwewkó wØNvZ eûc`x|
4.1.3 mgxKiY I Zvi g~j : `yBwU ivwki g‡a¨ mgZv ÁvcK wee„wZ‡K mgxKiY ejv nq| mgxKiY `yB cÖKv‡ii
h_v A‡f` (identity) Ges kZ©hy³ mgxKiY hv‡K ms‡ÿ‡c ïay mgxKiY (equation) ejv nq| GKwU
mgxKiY †Kej Zvi AšÍf~©³ Pj‡Ki wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| †hgb x + 2 = 5 ‡Kej x = 3 Gi Rb¨
mZ¨| Avevi x(x 2) = 0 †Kej x = 0 A_ev x = 2 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨|
wKš‘ GKwU A‡f` AšÍf~©³ Pj‡Ki mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| †hgb x(x  2) = x2  2x A‡f`wU
x Gi †h †Kv‡bv gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| A‡f`‡K mvaviYZ '' Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
†hgb: x(x  2)  x2  2x.
†Kv‡bv mgxKi‡Yi AÁvZ Pj‡Ki †h gv‡bi Rb¨ mgxKiYwU wm× nq Zv‡K mgxKi‡Yi g~j (root) ejv nq|
†hgb : x2  5x + 6 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j 2, 3| KviY x = 2 A_ev x = 3 Øviv mgxKiYwU wm× nq|
4.1.4 eûc`x mgxKiY :
a0xn + a1xn1 + a2xn2 + .......... an2x2 + an1x + an = 0, a0  0 AvKv‡ii mgxKiY‡K eûc`x
mgxKiY e‡j|
†hLv‡b AÁvZ PjK x Gi NvZ AFYvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v Ges a0, a1, ......., an1, an n‡”Q x ewR©Z wbw`©ó
msL¨v A_©vr aªæeK| x Gi D”PZg NvZ n‡”Q mgxKiYwUi NvZ Ges a0 †K gyL¨ mnM (Leading
coefficient) e‡j|
†hgb : 7x3  4x2 + 5x  1 = 0 GKwU wÎNvZ mgxKiY KviY x Gi D”PZg NvZ = 3
Avevi x2  3x + 2 = 0 GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY KviY x Gi D”PZg NvZ = 2.
4.2(a) wØNvZ mgxKiY (Quadratic equation) : †Kv‡bv eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi PjK ivwki m‡e©v”P NvZ 2 n‡j Zv‡K
wØNvZ mgxKiY e‡j| GK PjKwewkó wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi Av`k© iƒc: ax2 + bx + c = 0, †hLv‡b a  0.
D`vniY¯^iƒc : x2  1 = 0, x2  5x + 6 = 0 cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wØNvZ mgxKiY|
4.2(b) Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb :
wØNvZ mgxKiY‡K Av`k© AvKv‡i wj‡L Zvi wØNvZ ivwkwU‡K `yBwU Drcv`‡Ki ¸Ydj AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv
nq| Drcv`K `yBwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi gvb k~b¨ a‡i AÁvZ PjK ivwki `yBwU gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|
D`vniY mgvavb Ki : x2  5x  6 = 0
mgvavb : x2  5x  6 = 0 ev, x2  6x +x  6 = 0 ev, x(x  6) + 1 (x  6) = 0
ev, (x  6) (x + 1) = 0  x = 1, 6
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 89

4.2(c) wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi mvaviY mgvavb :

wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi Av`k© AvKvi : ax2 + bx + c = 0, †hLv‡b a  0
 4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0 [Dfq c‡ÿ 4a Øviv ¸Y]
ev, (2ax)2 + 2.2ax.b + b2 + 4ac = b2 [Dfq c‡ÿ b2 †hvM K‡i]
ev, (2ax + b)2 = b2  4ac ev, 2ax + b =  b2  4ac
b  b2  4ac
ev, 2ax =  b  b  4ac  x =
2
2a
D`vniY mgvavb Ki : 6x2 + 13x  5 = 0
cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwU‡K ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB, a = 6, b = 13, c = 5
b  b2  4ac 13  (13)2  4.6.(5)
x= 2a m~ Î vby h vqx x = 2.6
13  169 + 120 13  289 13  17
ev, x = 12 = 12 = 12
13 + 17 13  17 1 5
x= , A_©vr x = 3 , 2
12 12
4.3 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j mnM m¤úK© :
ax2 + bx + c = 0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges  n‡j,
b + b2  4ac b  b2  4ac
= 2a ,  = 2a
b + b  4ac b  b2  4ac 2b
2
b
+= 2a + 2a = 2a =  a
(b)2  ( b2  4ac)2 b2  (b2  4ac) 4ac c
Ges  = 4a2 = 4a2 = 4a2 = a
b x Gi mnM
myZivs g~j؇qi mgwó =  +  = a =  2
x Gi mnM
c aª æ eK c`
Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj =  = a = x2 Gi mnM
D`vniY 6x2  3x + 2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq m, n n‡j m + n Ges mn wbY©q|
GLv‡b, a = 6, b = 3, c = 2
b (3) 1 c 2 1
 g~j؇qi †hvMdj = m + n =  a =  6 = 2 Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = mn = a = 6 = 3
4.4.1 c„_vqK (Discriminant) Ges wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ :
 b  b2  4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a  0) wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jØq: x = 2a .
mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ b  4ac ivwkwU Øviv wba©vwiZ nq weavq b  4ac ivwkwU‡K wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi
2 2

c„_vqK (discriminant) e‡j| G‡K D Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|

(i) g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡e hw` b2  4ac = 0 ev, b2  4ac = 0 ev, D = 0 nq|
b  0 b b
G‡ÿ‡Î mgvb g~jØq: x = 2a ev, x = 2a , 2a
90 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
(ii) g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e hw` b2  4ac > 0 ev, D > 0 nq|
(iii) g~jØq RwUj msL¨v (KvíwbK msL¨v) n‡e hw` b2  4ac < 0 ev, D < 0 nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î b2  4ac = (4ac  b2) =  i 4ac  b2 .
AZGe, G‡ÿ‡Î g~jØq AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v|
(iv) a, b, c cÖ‡Z¨‡K g~j` msL¨v n‡j g~jØq g~j` n‡e hw` b2  4ac c~Y©eM© msL¨v nq|
b2  4ac
KviY G‡ÿ‡Î b2  4ac c~Y©eM© msL¨v n‡j 2a
ivwkwU g~j` n‡e|

(v) a, b, c cÖ‡Z¨‡K g~j` msL¨v wKš‘ b2  4ac c~Y©eM© msL¨v bv n‡j g~j `yBwU Ag~j` I AbyeÜx n‡e
A_©vr p + q Ges p  q AvKv‡ii n‡e| †hLv‡b p g~j` msL¨v Ges q abvZ¥K g~j` msL¨v|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, GKwU wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq Df‡qB ev¯Íe A_ev Df‡qB RwUj
msL¨v n‡e| Avevi GKwU g~j g~j` n‡j AciwUI g~j` n‡e| Z`ªæc GKwU g~j Ag~j` n‡j AciwUI
Ag~j` n‡e|
wb‡gœi Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ g~‡ji cÖK…wZ Av‡iv mn‡R e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq:
D = b2  4ac

D < 0 n‡j g~jØq D = 0 n‡j g~jØq D > 0 n‡j g~jØq

RwUj/KvíwbK ev¯Íe I mgvb ev¯Íe I Amgvb

a I b g~j` a A_ev b Ag~j` D c~Y© eM© n‡j D c~Y© eM© bv

n‡j g~jØq n‡j g~jØq Ag~j` g~jØq g~j` n‡e n‡j g~jØq
g~j` n‡e n‡e Ag~j` n‡e

wØNvZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ n‡Z g~‡ji cÖK…wZ:

c„_vqK D>0 D=0 D<0
g~‡ji †jLwPÎ x-Aÿ‡K `yBwU †jLwPÎ x-Aÿ‡K ¯úk© †jLwPÎ x-Aÿ‡K ¯úk© ev
cÖK…wZ we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i, myZivs K‡i, myZivs g~jØq ev¯Íe I †Q` K‡i bv, myZivs g~jØq
g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb mgvb RwUj/KvíwbK msL¨v
Y Y Y

O O
wPÎ O X X X
Y'
Y' Y'
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 91

4.4.2 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ: [h. †ev. 19]

2
(i) ax + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Y c = 0 n‡j, GKwU g~j 0 (k~b¨)|
cÖgvY: c = 0 ewm‡q Avgiv cvB, ax2 + bx = 0 ev, x(ax + b) = 0  x = 0 A_ev ax + b = 0
A_©vr GKwU g~j 0 (k~b¨)|
(ii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Y b = 0 n‡j, g~j `yBwUi gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³ n‡e|
c c
cÖgvY: b = 0 ewm‡q Avgiv cvB ax2 + c = 0 ev, ax2 =  c ev, x2 = a  x =  a .
A_©vr g~j `yBwUi msL¨v-m~PK gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³|
gšÍe¨: c Ges a GKB wPýwewkó n‡j, g~j `yBwU RwUj msL¨v n‡e| Avevi c Ges a wecixZ wPýhy³ n‡j,
g~jØq ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡e|
b c
4.5 wØNvZ mgxKiY MVb : ax2 + bx + c = 0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU  I  n‡j  +  =  a ,  = a .
 wØNvZ mgxKiYwU ax2 + bx + c = 0
ev, x2 + a x + a = 0 ev, x2  a x + a = 0
b c b c
 
ev, x2  ( + )x +  = 0 ................. (i)
ev, (x  ) (x  ) = 0
mgxKiY (i) †K K_vq cÖKvk Ki‡j,
x2  (g~j `yBwUi †hvMdj) x + g~j `yBwUi ¸Ydj = 0
4.6 mvaviY g~j : ax2 + bx + c = 0 Ges a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi mvaviY g~j  n‡j,
a2 + b + c = 0 .................. (i)
Ges a12 + b1 + c1 = 0 .............. (ii)
2  1
eRª¸Yb m~Îvbymv‡i, = =
bc1  b1c ca1  c1a ab1  a1b
 ca1  c1a bc1  b1c  ca1  c1a 2
 
bc b c
 2 = ,=  = 
1 1
ab1  a1b ab1  a1b ab1  a1b ab1  a1b
ev, (bc1  b1c) (ab1  a1b) = (ca1  c1a)2 kZ©wU wm× n‡e|
4.7 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwki gvb :  I  †Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j n‡j  I  m¤^wjZ
†Kv‡bv ivwk‡Z  Gi cwi‡Z©  Ges  Gi cwie‡Z©  wjL‡j hw` ivwkwUi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b bv nq, Z‡e
ivwkwU‡K g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwk e‡j| †hgb: 2 + 2, 2 + 2 BZ¨vw`|
D`vniYgvjv
D`vniY-1 mgvavb Ki : x2  6x + 25 = 0
mgvavb : GLv‡b, a = 1, b = 6, c = 25
b  b2  4ac (6)  (6)2  4.1.25
x= 2a n‡Z x = 2.1
6 36  100 6  64 6  8i
ev, x = 2 = 2 = 2  x = 3  4i
92 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

D`vniY-2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h,
a2c + ac2 + b3 = 3abc. [Xv. †ev. 09]
mgvavb : awi, cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j , Zvn‡j AciwU  . 2

b
 g~j؇qi †hvMdj,  + 2 =  a .................... (i)
c c
Ges g~j؇qi ¸Ydj, .2 = a ev, 3 = a ......... (ii)
b3
(i) bs mgxKi‡Yi Dfq c‡ÿ Nb K‡i, ( + 2)3 =  a3

b3 b3
ev, 3 + 6 + 3..2 ( + 2)=  a3 ev, 3 + (3)2 + 33( + 2) =  a3
c c2 c  b b3 c c2 3bc b3
ev, a + a2 + 3.a  a =  a3 ev, a + a2  a2 + a3 = 0
 
ev, a2c + ac2  3abc + b3 = 0 [Dfq c‡ÿ a3 Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
 a2c + ac2 + b3 = 3abc.
D`vniY-3 ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  Ges Ak~b¨ n‡j †`LvI †h,

b2  2ac
(a + b)2 +(a +b)2 =
a2c2
[RUET. 07-08; Xv: †ev: 11; P: †ev: 12, 10; wm: †ev: 08; iv: †ev: 09; Kz: †ev: 07; e: †ev: 04]
b c
mgvavb :  +  =  a ............. (i) Ges  = a ........................... (ii)

(i) bs †_‡K cvB, a + a =  b .......... (iii)

ev, a + b =  a
(iii) bs †_‡K cvB, a +  =  b ev, a + b =  a
1 1
GLb, (a + b)2 + (a + b)2 = +
(a + b)2 (a + b)2
1 1 1 1 2 + 2
= 2+ 2 = 2 2+ 2 2= 2 2 2
(a) (a) a a a
b2 2c
2 
( + )2  2 a a b2  2ac 1 b2  2ac
= = 2 =  c2 = a2c2
a
2 2 2
c a2
a2. a2

b2  2ac
 (a + b)2 + (a + b)2 = a2c2
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 93

D`vniY-4 x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges a + b n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, (b + p) (ap  b) = q(a + 1)2
mgvavb: †h‡nZz x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges a + b
 (p + b)
  + a + b =  p ev, (1 + a) =  (p + b) ev,  = .............. (i)
1+a
(p + b)2 (p + b)
Avevi, (a + b) = q ev, a2 + b = q ev, a (1 + a)2  b 1 + a = q [ (i) bs n‡Z]
ev, a(p + b)2  b(p + b) (1 + a) = q(1 + a)2
ev, (p + b) (ap + ab  b  ab)= q(1 + a)2
 (p + b) (ap  b) = q(1 + a)2
D`vniY-5 p Gi gvb KZ n‡j (3p + 1)x2 + (11 + p)x + 9 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq (i) ev¯Íe I mgvb
(ii) ev¯Íe I Amgvb (iii) RwUj n‡e?
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi c„_vqK, D = (11 + p)2  4.(3p +1).9
ev, D = 121 + 22p + p2  108p  36 = p2  86p + 85 = (p  1) (p  85)
(i) g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡j D = 0  (p 1) (p  85)= 0  p = 1, 85
(ii) g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡j D > 0  (p 1)(p  85) > 0
kZ©wU mZ¨ n‡e hw` (p  1) Ges (p  85) Gi DfqB abvZ¥K A_ev DfqB FYvZ¥K nq|
A_©vr p  1 > 0 Ges p  85 > 0 cybivq p  1 < 0 Ges p  85 < 0
ev, p > 1 Ges p > 85 ev, p < 1 Ges p < 85
 p > 85 p<1
 p > 85 A_ev p < 1
(iii) g~jØq RwUj n‡j D < 0  (p  1) (p  85) < 0
kZ©wU mZ¨ n‡e hw` (p  1) Ges (p  85) Gi GKwU abvZ¥K Ges Ab¨wU FYvZ¥K nq|
A_©vr p  1 > 0 Ges p  85 < 0 cybivq p  1 < 0 Ges p  85 > 0
ev, p > 1 Ges p < 85 ev, p < 1 Ges p > 85
 1 < p < 85 hv Am¤¢e
 1 < p < 85
D`vniY-6 †`LvI †h, a = b bv n‡j 2x2  2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj ev¯Íe
n‡Z cv‡i bv †hLv‡b a I b ev¯Íe msL¨v| [h: †ev: 10, 04; gv: †ev: 08; Xv: †ev: 00]
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi c„_vqK, D = 4(a + b)  4.2.(a + b2)
2 2

ev, D = 4a2 + 8ab + 4b2  8a2  8b2 = 8ab  4a2  4b2

ev, D = 4 (a2  2ab + b2) = 4(a  b)2  0
 c„_vqK, D k~b¨ bv n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
c„_vqK k~b¨ n‡j, 4 (a  b)2 = 0  (a  b)2 = 0  a  b = 0  a = b.
myZivs a = b bv n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡Z cv‡i bv|
94 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

D`vniY-7 a(b  c)x2 + b(c  a)x + c(a  b) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j †`LvI †h a, b, c
nvigwbK cÖMg‡b (mgvšÍi avivi ¸Y‡evaK wecixZ aviv) _vK‡e|
mgvavb: a(b  c)x2 + b(c  a)x + c(a  b) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi
c„_vqK = b2(c  a)2  4ac(b  c) (a  b)
= b2(a  c)2  4ac(b  c) (a  b)
= {b(a  c)}2  4.a(b  c). c(a  b)
= (ab  bc)2  4.a(b  c). c(a  b)
= (ab  ac + ac  bc)2  4.a(b  c). c(a  b)
= {a(b  c) + c(a  b)}2  4a(b  c). c(a  b)
= {a(b  c)  c(a  b)}2
cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j c„_vqK k~b¨ n‡e|
 a(b  c)  c(a  b) = 0 ev, ab  ac  ac + bc = 0
1 1
+
1 1 2 a c 1
ev, bc + ab = 2ac ev, a + c = b ev, 2 = b
myZivs a, b, c nvigwbK cÖMg‡b _vK‡e|
D`vniY-8 hw` ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi GKwU g~j cx2 + bx + a = 0 Gi GKwU g~‡ji wظY nq,
Zvn‡j †`LvI †h, 2a = c A_ev, (2a + c)2 = 2b2. [Xv: †ev: 17, 14, 11, 03; e: †ev: 11, 03;
h: †ev: 15, 11, 06; gv: †ev: 11; wm: †ev: 13, 07, 01; Kz: †ev: 05; iv: †ev: 00]
2
mgvavb : ax + bx + c = 0 ..................... (i)
cx2 + bx + a = 0 ..................... (ii)
awi, mgxKiY (ii) Gi GKwU g~j =   mgxKiY (i) Gi GKwU g~j = 2
x = 2 n‡j mgxKiY (i) n‡Z 4a2 + 2b + c = 0 ............... (iii)
x =  n‡j mgxKiY (ii) n‡Z c2 + b + a = 0 .................... (iv)
(iii)  2  (iv)  4a2 + 2b + c  2c2  2b  2a = 0
ev, 4a2  2c2  2a + c = 0 ev, 22(2a  c)  1 (2a  c) = 0
ev, (2a  c) (22  1) = 0
nq, 2a  c = 0  2a = c
1 1
A_ev, 22  1 = 0 ev, 22 = 1 ev, 2 = 2   = 
2

 Gi gvb mgxKiY (iii) G ewm‡q cvB, 4a.2 + 2b.   + c = 0

1 1
 2
ev, 2a + c =  2 b  (2a + c)2 = 2b2
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 95
2ac
D`vniY-9 a tan + b sec = c mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, tan( + ) = .
a2  c 2
mgvavb: a tan + b sec = c .....................................(i)
 b sec = c  a tan
 (b sec)2 = (c  a tan)2
 b2 sec2 = (c  a tan)2
 b2 (1 + tan2) = c2  2ac tan + a2 tan2
 (a2  b2) tan2  2ac tan + (c2  b2) = 0 .......... (ii)
†h‡nZz kZ©vbymv‡i  I  cÖ`Ë (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j,
myZivs tan I tan n‡jv (ii) bs mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j|
2ac c2  b2
 tan + tan = 2 Ges tan.tan = 2
a b 2
a  b2
2ac
tan + tan a  b2
2
2ac (a2  b2) 2ac
LHS. = tan( + ) = = 2 = 2 2  2 = = RHS
1  tan.tan c  b (a  b ) (a  b2  c2 + b2) a2  c2
2
1 2 2
a b
Shortcut Technique only for MCQ
b
(i) ax2 + bx + c ivwki m‡e©v”P ev me©wb¤œ gvb Gi †ÿ‡Î x =  Ges Mwiô/m‡e©v”P gvb A_ev
2a
b2
jwNó/me©wb¤œ gvb = c  4a .

D`vniY (a) x Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ 7x2  8x + 1 ivwkwUi gvb me©wb¤œ n‡e?
b (8) 4
mgvavb: x =  2a =  =
27 7
D`vniY (b) 3 + 2x  x2 Gi m‡e©v”P gvb KZ? [DU. 1011, 0809; JNU. 0809;
CU, 0809; NU. 1112]
mgvavb: GLv‡b, a =  1, b = 2, c = 3.
b2 22
 m‡e©v”P gvb = c  4a = 3  = 3 + 1 = 4.
4(1)
D`vniY (c) 2x2 + 3x + 7 ivwkwUi me©wb¤œ gvb KZ? [ DU. 1112, 0607, 03 04;
JNU. 0708, RU. 0809; NU. 0910; IU. 0708; SUST. 1213; Xv. †ev. 19]
mgvavb: GLv‡b, a = 2, b = 3, c = 7
b2 32 9 47
 me©wb¤œ gvb = c  4a = 7  =78= 8 .
42
96 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
(ii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq ci¯úi Dëv (‡MŠwYK wecixZ) n‡j a = c.
D`vniY (m2  4) x2 + 4mx + (4m + 1) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj ci¯úi †MŠwbK wecixZ n‡j m
Gi gvb KZ? [ BUET. 0405, CUET. 1011]
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = m2  4, b = 4m, c = 4m + 1
g~j¸wj †MŠwbK wecixZ nIqvq, a = c  m2  4 = 4m + 1
 m2  4m  5 = 0  m2  5m + m  5 = 0
 m (m  5) + 1 (m  5) = 0  (m + 1) (m  5) = 0  m =  1, 5
(iii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq ci¯úi Dëv wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó n‡j a =  c.
D`vniY 4x2 + 2x + k = 0 Gi g~jØq ci¯úi Dëv wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó n‡j k Gi gvb KZ?
[Xv. †ev. 19; JU. 0506; CU. 0809]
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = 4, b = 2, c = k
g~jØq ci¯úi Dëv wKš‘ wecixZ wPýhy³ nIqvq, a =  c  4 =  k  k =  4
(iv) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi n ¸b n‡j, nb2 = ac (1 + n)2.
D`vniY 3x2  kx + 4 = 0 Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi 3 ¸Y n‡j k Gi gvb KZ?
[DU. 1415;RU. 0809; IU. 1516]
mgvavb: GLv‡b, a = 3, b =  k, c = 4, n = 3
 kZ©: nb2 = ac (1 + n)2  3(k)2 = 3  4 (1 + 3)2  3k2 = 192  k2 = 64  k =  8
D`vniY x2  7x + k = 0 Gi g~j؇qi AbycvZ 3: 4 n‡j k Gi gvb KZ? [BUTEX. 0405]
3
mgvavb: GLv‡b, a = 1, b = 7, c = k Ges g~j؇qi AbycvZ 3: 4 nIqvq, n = 4 .
2
3  49
kZ©: nb2 = ac (1 + n)2  4  (7)2 = 1  k 1 + 4  4 = k. 16  4 = 16  k = 12
3 3 49 3 k
 
1 1
(v) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  n‡j , g~jwewkó (wecixZ g~j) mgxKiY:
 
cx2 + bx + a = 0.
1 1
D`vniY 6x2  5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  n‡j I g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
 
[ Xv. †ev. 19; DU. 12-13, 0405, 0102, 9900; JNU. 0506; RU. 13  14]
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = 6, b =  5, c = 1
 mgxKiY: cx2 + bx + a = 0  1.x2  5x + 6 = 0  x2  5x + 6 = 0
1 1
(vi) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  ,  n‡j  ,  g~jwewkó mgxKiY: cx2  bx + a = 0.
 
1 1
D`vniY 6x2  5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  ,  g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
 
[JNU. 06  07]
mgvavb: GLv‡b, a = 6, b =  5, c = 1
 mgxKiY: cx2  bx + a = 0  1.x2  (5) x + 6 = 0  x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 97
(vii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  n‡j   I   g~jwewkó mgxKiY: ax2  bx + c = 0.
D`vniY x2 + x + 3 = 0 Gi g~jØq  I  n‡j  ,   g~jwewkó mgxKiY: x2  x + 3 = 0
[DU. 98  99; JNU. 08  09]
(viii) ax + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq  I  n‡j  +  Ges  g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
2

a2x2 + a(b  c)x  bc = 0.

D`vniY x2  3x + 2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  +  Ges  g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
[DU. 0910, 0506; JNU. 1011]
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = 1, b =  3, c = 2
 mgxKiY: a2x2 + a (b  c)x  bc = 0
 12. x2 + 1( 3  2) x  ( 3).2 = 0  x2  5x + 6 = 0.
(ix) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j 2 I  2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
a2x2  (b2  2ac) x + c2 = 0.
D`vniY 2x2  5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j 2 I 2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
[IU. 1516]
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = 2, b =  5, c = 1  mgxKiY: a x  (b  2ac)x + c = 0
2 2 2 2

 22. x2  (25  2  2  1)x + 12 = 0  4x2  21x + 1 = 0

1 1
(x) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j 2 , 2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
 
c x  (b  2ac)x + a = 0
2 2 2 2

1 1
D`vniY x2  3x + 5 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j 2 , 2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
 
mgvavb: GLv‡b a = 1, b =  3, c = 5  mgxKiY: c x  (b2  2ac) x + a2 =0
2 2

 52x2  (9  2  1  5) x + 12 = 0  25x2 + x + 1 = 0
(xi) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + n,  + n g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
a (x  n)2 + b (x  n) + c = 0.
D`vniY 5x2  4x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + 2,  + 2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
5(x  2)2  4(x  2) + 1 = 0 ev, 5x2  24x + 29 = 0. [iv. †ev. 19; CU. 1415, 10  11]
(xii) ax + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j   n,   n g~jwewkó mgxKiY:
2

a (x + n)2 + b (x + n) + c = 0
D`vniY x2 + 5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j   2,   2 g~jwewkó mgxKiY
A_ev x2 + 5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq n‡Z 2 Kg g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
[DU. 1112, 0708; IU. 1516]
2
mgvavb: wb‡Y©q mgxKiY: (x + 2) + 5( x + 2) + 1 = 0
 x2 + 4x + 4 + 5x + 10 + 1 = 0  x2 + 9x + 15 = 0
98 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

Abykxjbx-4.1
1. mgvavb Ki :
(i) x2 = 2x (ii) (2x  3)2 = 15 (iii) 15  6x  2x2 = 0
(iv) 2x2 + 5x  9 = 0 [w`. †ev. 17] (v) x2 + 14x + 51 = 0 (vi) 2x2  x + 1 = 0
2. (i) 3x2  kx + 4 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j AciwUi wZb¸Y n‡j, k-Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| [DU. 14-15]
(ii) hw` ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi Pvi¸Y nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, 4b2 = 25ac.
(iii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi GKwU g~j AciwUi n ¸Y n‡j †`LvI †h, nb2 = ac(1 + n)2 [RUET. 10-11]
3. (i) hw` x2  px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU µwgK c~Y© msL¨v nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h,
p2  4q  1 = 0. [Xv: †ev: 15, 13, 03; h: †ev: 11; e: †ev: 16, 10; w`: †ev: 16, 09; P: †ev: 03]
(ii) x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi cv_©K¨ 1 n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, p2 + 4q2 = (1 + 2q)2.
[mKj †evW©. 18; Xv: †ev: 07, 02; gv: †ev: 10;, e: †ev: 08; iv: †ev: 13; P: †ev: 05; Kz: †ev: 03; wm: †ev: 03]
1 1 1
(iii) x + = q mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi AšÍi r n‡j, p †K q Ges r Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
px
[mKj †evW©. 18; Xv: †ev: 09; w`: †ev: 14, 11; P: †ev: 11; iv: †ev: 09; wm: †ev: 08; h: †ev: 14; e: †ev: 01]
4. (i) hw` x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h,
p3  q(3p  1) + q2 = 0. [e: †ev: 05]
(ii) 27x + 6x  (p + 2) = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j p Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
2

[BUET. 03-04, CUET. 08-09; Xv: †ev: 19, 06, 04; P: †ev: 19, 11, 07; iv: †ev: 12, 05, 01;
wm: †ev: 11; h: †ev: 13, 09; e: †ev: 14, 09, 02; Kz: †ev: 05; gv: †ev: 05]

(iii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, c(a  b)3 = a(c  b)3.
[e: †ev: 07; P: †ev: 02]
2
(iv) ax + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi n Zg Nv‡Zi mgvb nIqvi kZ© wbY©q Ki|
1
5. (i) x2  (1 + k2)x + (1 + k2 + k4) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j, †`LvI †h, 2 + 2 = k2.
2
(ii) r(1  r) = 1 mgxKi‡Yi RwUj g~jØq z1 I z2 n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, z13 + z23 = 2. [RUET. 04-05]

6. (i) hw` ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi AbycvZ 3 : 4 nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, 12b2 = 49ac.
[BUTEX. 04-05; P: †ev: 11]
(ii) hw` px2 + qx + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi AbycvZ m : n nq Z‡e †`LvI †h,
m n q
n+ m+ p = 0 [RUET. 08-09; h: †ev: 14; Xv: †ev: 08; w`: †ev: 15, 12; wm: †ev: 15, 12;
e: †ev: 19, 09, 03; iv: †ev: 14, 12; Kz: †ev: 14, 10, 07; gv: †ev: 11, 08, 04; P: †ev: 15, 09]
(r + 1)2 b2
(iii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi AbycvZ r n‡j, †`LvI †h, r = ac
[CUET. 05-06; Kz: †ev: 08; wm: †ev: 01]
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 99
7. (i) k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k2  3)x2 + 3kx + (3k + 1) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ci¯úi †MŠwYK
wecixZK n‡e? [BUET. 04-05, CUET. 10-11; Kz: †ev: 10; e: †ev: 01]

(ii) hw` ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi †MŠwYK wecixZ‡Ki eM© nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki
†h, a3 + c3 + abc = 0.
8. (i) hw` ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ,  nq Zvn‡j cx2  2bx + 4a = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j
`yBwU ,  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
[h: †ev: 19, 07, 05; iv. †ev. 19, 11; w`: †ev: 10; P: †ev: 06; gv: †ev: 05; Kz: †ev: 02]
(ii) hw` ax + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ,  nq Zvn‡j, ac(x2 + 1)  (b2  2ac)x = 0 Gi
2

g~j `yBwU ,  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| [RUET. 12-13; w`. †ev. 17; Kz: †ev: 13;
wm: †ev: 19, 02; P: †ev: 17, 13, 09; gv: †ev: 03]
(iii) x  px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq ,  n‡j †`LvI †h,
2

1 1
loge (1 + px + qx2) = ( + )x  2 (2 + 2)x2 + 3 (3 + 3)x3  ...............
1 1
(iv) x2  px + q = 0 Gi g~jØq , n‡j †`LvI †h,
 
1 1
loge (x2 + px + q) = logeq + ( + )x  (2 + 2)x2 + (3 + 3)x3  ...........
2 3
2 2
9. ax + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi AbycvZ a1x + b1x + c1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUi
b2 ac
Abycv‡Zi mgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, b 2 = a c . [h: †ev: 03]
1 1 1

10. wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸wji g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki :

(i) x2  6x + 9 = 0 (ii) x2  11x + 24 =0
(iii) x2  4x + 5 = 0 (iv) 6x2  5x  1 = 0 [iv. †ev. 17]
(v) x2  4x + 1 = 0 [e. †ev. 19] (vi) 3x2 + 2x 7 = 0 [CUET. 13-14]
(vii) (b  c)x2 + (c  a)x + (a  b) = 0, †hLv‡b a, b, c g~j` msL¨v|
(viii) x2 + 2(a + b)x + 2(a2 + b2) = 0, †hLv‡b, a, b ev¯Íe msL¨v|
11. p Gi gvb KZ n‡j px2  4x + 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj (i) RwUj (ii) ev¯Íe I mgvb
(iii) ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e?
12. (i) k Gi gvb wK n‡j (k  1)x2  (k + 2)x + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj ev¯Íe Ges mgvb n‡e?
[h: †ev: 19, 12; Xv: †ev: 13; w`: †ev: 13; gv: †ev: 12, 01; iv: †ev: 08; e: †ev: 06]
(ii) k Gi gvb wK n‡j (4  k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j `yBwU mgvb n‡e?
[RUET. 12-13, iv. †ev. 19]
2 2
(iii) x + px + 8 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 4 Ges x + px + n = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `ywU ci¯úi mgvb
n‡j n Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| [CUET. 13-14, 11-12]
100 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
13. (i) †`LvI †h, (p2  q2)x2 + 2(p2 + q2)x + p2 q2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj g~j` n‡e †hLv‡b
p, q g~j` msL¨v| [Xv: †ev: 05]
(ii) hw` a, b, c g~j` Ges a + b + c = 0 nq, Zvn‡j †`LvI †h, (b + c  a)x2 + (c + a  b)x +
(a + b  c) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj g~j` n‡e| [Kz: †ev: 13; Xv: †ev: 14, 12; e: †ev: 02]
14. (i) †`LvI †h, x  (a + b)x + ab  c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe n‡e †hLv‡b a, b, c ev¯Íe msL¨v|
2 2

hw` g~jØq mgvb nq, Z‡e a, b, c Gi gvb m¤ú‡K© wK wm×všÍ †bIqv hvq? [Kz. †ev. 14]
1 1 1
(ii) †`LvI †h, + + = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj ev¯Íe n‡e, †hLv‡b k ev¯Íe msL¨v|
x1 x xk
1 1 1
(iii) †`LvI †h, + + = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq me©`v ev¯Íe n‡e Ges a = b = c bv n‡j
xa xb xc
g~jØq mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv| [e: †ev: 13; iv: †ev: 13]
(iv) (k  2)x  (8  2k)x  (8  3k) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j k Gi Dci wK kZ©
2

cÖ‡hvR¨?
(v) a, b ev¯Íe n‡j †`LvI †h, 2bx2 + 2(a + b)x + 3a = 2b mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj ev¯Íe n‡e;
hw` mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j AciwUi wظY nq, Zvn‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, a = 2b A_ev 4a = 11b.
[Xv. †ev. 01; P. †ev. 16, 10; wm. †ev. 14, 06; iv. †ev. 15, 04]
(vi) a, b, c ev¯Íe n‡j †`LvI †h, (a  b  c)x2 + ax + b + c = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj ev¯Íe n‡e|
a 2a
hw` mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j AciwUi wظY nq Z‡e †`LvI †h, b + c = 3 A_ev 3 .
15. (i) px2 + 2qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, x2 + 2(p + r)x +
(p2 + r2 + 2q2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU KvíwbK n‡e|
(ii) x2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, 2x2  4(1 + c)x +
(b2 + 2c2 + 2) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU KvíwbK n‡e| [KUET. 05-06]
2 2 2
(iii) hw` a x + 6abx + ac + 8b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU mgvb nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h,
ac(x + 1)2 = 4b2x mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwUI mgvb n‡e| [h: †ev: 09; iv: †ev: 02]
2
16. (i) k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k + 1)x + 2(k + 3)x + 2k + 3 ivwkwU GKwU c~Y©eM© n‡e?
[KUET. 09-10, BIT- 01-02; Kz. †ev. 06]
h2 k2
(ii) †`LvI †h, (h2  a2)x2  2hkx + k2  b2 ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© n‡e hw` a2 + b2 = 1nq|
[wm: †ev: 10, 04]
(iii) hw` (x a) (x  b) + (x  b) (x  c) + (x  c) (x  a) ivwkwU GKwU c~Y©eM© nq, Z‡e †`LvI
†h, a = b = c. [Kz. †ev. 15]
17. wb‡Pi g~j¸wj Øviv MwVZ mgxKiYmg~n wbY©q Ki:
(i) 2, 5 (ii) 1, 8 [h. †ev. 19] (iii) 2,  1 (iv) 2  i (v) 3  5
1
(vi) 2 + 3 i [Kz. †ev. 17] (vii) GKwU g~j 1 + 5 (viii) GKwU g~j [e. †ev. 19]
2 5
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 101
1 1
18. (i) 4x2  6x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + Ges  + g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
 
[KUET. 04-05; P: †ev: 19; e: †ev: 14; Xv: †ev: 08; iv: †ev: 10, 08; Kz: †ev: 13, 11; gv: †ev: 10; wm: †ev: 14]
1 1
(ii) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + Ges  + g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|
 
[P. †ev. 17; Xv. †ev. 02; Kz. †ev. 08; gv. †ev. 07]
3 3
(iii) x2  5x + 3 = 0 Gi g~jØq  I  n‡j I g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki| [h. †ev. 17]
5 5
(iv) x2 + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j (  )2 Ges ( + )2 g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|
[e: †ev: 05]
1 1
(v) 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j Ges 3 g~jØq Øviv MwVZ mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|
3 
[BUET. 05-06]
(vi) x + x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ,  n‡j  Ges  g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki| wb‡Y©q
2 2 2

mgxKiY I cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi AwfbœZvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| [KUET. 06-07]

q q
(vii) x2  px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ,  n‡j I g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
p p
wb‡Y©q mgxKiY I cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi AwfbœZvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| [KUET. 07-08]
19. ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j wb‡Pi g~j¸wj Øviv MwVZ mgxKiYmg~n wbY©q Ki :
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) , [iv. †ev. 17] (ii) 2, 2 [e: †ev: 12] (iii) 3 , 3 [RUET. 11-12]
     
 
(iv)   1,   1 (v) 2, 2 (vi)  + 1,  + 1
 
1 1 +
(vii) , (viii) 2 ,  (ix) (1  ), (1  ).
  4   4
20. (i) px2 + qx  p = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j p + q, p + q g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki Ges
†`LvI †h, (p + q) (p + q) =  p2. [Xv: †ev: 10; h: †ev: 10]
(ii) px + 8(q  p)x + 4(4p  8q + r) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq (4  2) Ges (4  2) n‡j, , 
2

g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|

 
(iii) hw`  I  Amgvb nq A_P 2 = 5  3 Ges 2 = 5  3 nq, Z‡e Ges g~jwewkó
 
mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki| [BUET. 00-01]
(iv) ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j, †`LvI †h, 2 +  Ges 2 +  g~jwewkó mgxKiY
a2x2 + (ab  b2 + 2ca)x + c2 + ca  bc = 0 n‡e| mgxKiY `yBwUi c„_vqK h_vµ‡g D1 Ges D2 n‡j
†`LvI †h, D2 = (a  b)2.D1
(v) †`LvI †h, cx2 + bx + a = 0 Gi g~j `yBwU h_vµ‡g ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~j `yBwUi wecixZ
gv‡bi mgvb|
102 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
21. (i) Giƒc GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi g~j `yBwU 17x2  3x + 14 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi †hvMdj
Ges ¸Yd‡ji mgvb|
(ii) Ggb GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi g~j `yBwU h_vµ‡g x2  2ax + a2  b2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j
`yBwUi mgwó Ges AšÍid‡ji cig gvb n‡e|
[w`: †ev: 19, 14; iv: †ev: 14; Xv: †ev: 10, 06; h: †ev: 12, 08, 04; Kz: †ev: 09, e: †ev: 15, 08]
22. (i) 4x2 + 4ax + a2  b2 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ,  n‡j †`LvI †h, x2 + (a  b) x  ab = 0
mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU  +  Ges    n‡e| [iv: †ev: 02]
(ii) hw`    ivwk `ywU x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j nq Z‡e
1 1
†`LvI †h, (p2  4q) (p2x2 + 4px)  16q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `ywU n‡e  . [CUET. 07-08]
 
23. (i) hw` x2  bx + c = 0 Ges x2  cx + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wji g‡a¨ †Kej GKwU aªæe‡Ki cv_©K¨
_v‡K, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h, b + c + 4 = 0. [Xv: †ev: 10; wm: †ev: 12, 09; Kz: †ev: 12, 09;
h: †ev: 13, 08; e: †ev: 04; gv: †ev: 06; P: †ev: 01]
(ii) ax + 2bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  Ges Ax2 + 2Bx + C = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq
2

b2  ac B2  AC
( + ) I ( + ) n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, = .
a2 A2
24. (i) px2 + qx + 1 = 0 Ges qx2 + px + 1 = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`LvI †h,
p + q + 1 = 0. [RUET. 12-13, CUET. 03-04; Xv: †ev: 19, 07, 01; gv: †ev: 12, 09, 07, 02;
wm: †ev: 11, 05; iv: †ev: 11, 05; w`: †ev: 10; e: †ev: 10, 06; P: †ev: 04]
(ii) hw` ax + bx + c = 0 Ges cx2 + bx + a = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K, Zvn‡j
2

†`LvI †h, c + a =  b. [iv. †ev. 19; e: †ev: 13; w`: †ev: 13; P: †ev: 08; h: †ev: 02]
(iii) †h kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ px + qx + 1 Ges qx2 + px + 1 ivwk `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY Drcv`K _vK‡Z
2

cv‡i Zv wbY©q Ki|

(iv) hw` x2 + bx + c = 0 Ges x2 + mx + n = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K, Zvn‡j
†`LvI †h, GB g~jwU (bn  cm)/(m  b) Gi eM©g~j|
(v) hw` x2 + kx  6k = 0 Ges x2  2x  k = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K Zvn‡j k Gi
gvb¸wj wbY©q Ki| [KUET. 08-09; wm: †ev: 13; Xv: †ev: 12, 00; iv: †ev: 07, 01; e: †ev: 07; P: †ev: 01]
(vi) p + q + r = 0 n‡j †`LvI †h, x2 + px + qr = 0, x2 + qx + rp = 0 Ges x2 + rx + pq = 0
mgxKiY¸wji cÖwZ †Rvovi GKwU K‡i mvaviY g~j Av‡Q|
(vii) x2 + px + q = 0 Ges x2 + qx + p = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`LvI †h,
Zv‡`i Aci `yBwU g~j x2 + x + pq = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j n‡e|
[BUTEX. 09-10; w`: †ev: 12; e: †ev: 15, 11]
2 2
(viii) x + bx + ac = 0 Ges x + cx + ab = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j cÖgvY Ki †h,
a + b + c = 0; AviI cÖgvY Ki †h, Zv‡`i Aci g~jØq Øviv x2 + ax + bc = 0 mgxKiY wm× nq|
(ix) hw` x2 + px + q = 0 Ges x2 + qx + p = 0 mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _v‡K,
Z‡e 2x2 + (p + q  2)x = (p + q  2)2 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq wbY©q Ki| [BUET. 02-03]
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 103
25. ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j wb‡Pi cÖwZmg ivwk¸wji gvb wbY©q Ki :
(i) 4 + 22 + 4 (ii) 2 + 2, 3 + 3, 4 + 4
(iii) 21 + 21, 31 + 31 (iv) (a2 + b)1 + (a2 + b)1
26. wb‡Pi wØNvZ ivwk¸wji me©wbgœ/m‡e©v”P gvb wbY©q Ki :
(i) 2x2  x + 2 [Xv. †ev. 19] (ii) 2x2  5x + 7 (iii) 5x2 + 8x  2
(iv) 2x  x2 (v) 5  2x  x2 (vi) 4  5x  2x2
DËigvjv
1 7 1 1 1
1.(i) 0, 2 (ii)  2 , 2 (iii) 2 (3  39) (iv) 4 (5  97) (v) 7  i 2 (vi) 4 (1  i 7)
1 n
2. (i)  8 3. (iii) p = 2q  4q + r 4. (ii) 1, 6 (iv)  
c n+1 c n+1 b
2 2
+ =  7. (i) 1, 4
a a a
8. (i) 2/, 2/ (ii) /, / 10. (i) ev¯Íe, mgvb, g~j` (ii) ev¯Íe, Amgvb, g~j` (iii) RwUj
(iv) ev¯Íe, Amgvb, g~j` (v) ev¯Íe, Amgvb, Ag~j` (vi) ev¯Íe, Amgvb, Ag~j` (vii) ev¯Íe, Amgvb, g~j`
4 4 4
(viii) RwUj 11. (a) p > 3 (b) p = 3 (c) p < 3 12. (i) 2 ev 10 (ii) 0 ev 3 (iii) 9

14. (i) a = b, c = 0 (iv) 0  k  3, k  2 16. (i) 3, 2 17. (i) x2  7x + 10 = 0

(ii) x2  7x  8 = 0 (iii) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 (iv) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 (v) x2  6x + 4 = 0
(vi) x2  4x + 7 = 0 (vii) x2 + 2x + 6 = 0 (viii) x2 + 4x  1 = 0 18. (i) 4x2  30x + 25 = 0
(ii) acx2 + b(c + a)x + (c + a)2 = 0 (iii) x2  5x + 3 = 0 (iv) x2  2(a2  2b)x + a4  4a2b = 0
(v) 125x2  63x + 8 = 0 (vi) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (vii) x2  px + q = 0
19. (i) cx2 + bx + a = 0 (ii) c2x2 (b2  2ac)x + a2 = 0
(iii) c3x2 + b(b2  3ac)x + a3 = 0 (iv) ax2 + (2a + b)x + (a + b + c) = 0
(v) ac2x2 + b(b2  3ac)x + a2c = 0 (vi) acx2 + b(a + c)x + a2 + b2 + c2  2ac = 0
(vii) (25ac  4b2)x2  3abx + a2 = 0 (viii) 2a ax2+ (b a  2a c)x  b c = 0
(ix) a2x2 + a(b + 2c)x + c(a + b + c) = 0
20.(i) x2  qx  p2 = 0 (ii) px2  4qx + r = 0 (iii) 3x2  19x + 3 = 0
21. (i) 289x2  289x + 42 = 0 (ii) x2  2(a + b)x + 4ab = 0 24. (iii) p + q + 1 = 0 (v) 0, 3, 8
3 b + 3a c  4ab c
4 2 2 2
b  2ac 3abc  b3 b4 + 2a2c2  4ab2c
2
(viii) 3,  2 25. (i) a4 (ii) c2 , c3 , c4
3abc  b3 b4 + 2a2c2  4ab2c b2 + 2a(b  c)
(iii) , (iv)
a2c a 3c a(b + c2) + b(b2  2ac)
2

15 31 26 57
26. (i) (ii) (iii)  (iv) 1 (v) 6 (vi)
8 8 5 8
104 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

4.8 eûc`x m¤úwK©Z KwZcq Dccv`¨ :

K) fvM‡kl Dccv`¨ : hw` †Kv‡bv eûc`x f(x) †K x  a Øviv fvM Kiv nq, Z‡e fvM‡kl n‡e (a).
cÖgvY: awi, (x) = p0xn + p1xn1 + ......... + pn1x + pn
 (a) = p0an + p1an1 + ........... + pn1a + pn
 (x)  (a) = p0(xn  an) + p1(xn1  an1) + ............ + pn1(x  a)
¯úóZB Wvbcÿ x  a Øviv wefvR¨|
 (x)  (a) = (x  a) Q(x), †hLv‡b Q(x) fvMdj
ev, (x) = (x  a) Q(x) + (a)
 (x) †K (x  a) Øviv fvM Ki‡j fvM‡kl n‡e (a).
L) Drcv`K Dccv`¨: eûc`x mgxKiY (x) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j a n‡j (x  a) n‡e (x) Gi GKwU Drcv`K|
cÖgvY : x = a mgxKiYwU wm× K‡i|  (a) = 0
myZivs fvM‡kl Dccv`¨ n‡Z cvB, (x) = (x  a)Q(x)
 (x) eûc`xwU x  a Øviv wefvR¨|
 x  a n‡”Q (x) Gi GKwU Drcv`K|
M) n-NvZwewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi m‡e©v”P n msL¨K g~j _v‡K|
cÖgvY: awi, (x) = a0xn + a1xn1 + ............ + an1x + an = 0
Ges GB eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j r1.
 Drcv`K Dccv`¨ n‡Z, (x) = (x  r1)Q1(x)
GLv‡b, Q1(x) GKwU eûc`x ivwk, hvi NvZ n  1.
myZivs Q1(x) = 0 mgxKiYwUiI GKwU g~j _vK‡e Ges awi g~jwU r2,
Zvn‡j Q1(x) = (x  r2)Q2(x).
 (x) = (x  r1) (x  r2)Q2(x)
GB c×wZ n msL¨K evi cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvB,
(x) = a0(x  r1) (x  r2) ............. (x  rn) = 0
‡hLv‡b a0 g~L¨ mnM Ges r1, r2, ........... rn n‡”Q (x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi n msL¨K g~j|
hw` mgxKiYwUi n msL¨‡Ki †P‡q AwaK g~j _v‡K, Z‡e g‡b Kwi Aci GKwU g~j s.
Zvn‡j x = s mgxKiYwU‡K wm× K‡i|
A_©vr (s) = a0(s  r1) (s  r2) ............. (s  rn) = 0
‡h‡nZz s †K r1, r2, ............. rn †_‡K wfbœ aiv n‡q‡Q, myZivs (s  r1) (s  r2) ........... (s  rn) Gi
†Kvb Drcv`‡Ki gvb k~b¨ n‡e bv|
 (s)  0 A_©vr (x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j s n‡Z cv‡i bv|
AZGe n NvZwewkó eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi m‡e©v”P n msL¨K g~j _v‡K|
`ªóe¨-1: (x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wji me¸wj wfbœ wfbœ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv GKB g~j GKvwaKevi
_vK‡j Zv‡K cybive„Ë g~j (repeated roots) e‡j|
`ªóe¨-2: †h‡Kv‡bv Nv‡Zi eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi mKj g~j ev¯Íe I RwUj msL¨v‡m‡U we`¨gvb _v‡K Ges
cybive„wË mnKv‡i g~‡ji †gvU msL¨v eûc`xi Nv‡Zi mgvb|
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 105
(N) Dccv`¨ : GKwU eûc`x mgxKi‡Y RwUj g~j AbyeÜx hyM‡j _v‡K|
cÖgvY : awi, (x) = 0 eûc`x mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j  + i,   0.
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, mgxKiYwUi Ab¨ GKwU g~j   i.
 g~j؇qi mswkøó Drcv`K؇qi ¸Ydj
= {x  ( + i)} {x  (  i)}
= {(x  ) i} {(x  ) + i} = (x  )2 + 2.
n NvZ wewkó (x) eûc`x‡K (x  )2 + 2 Øviv fvM K‡i wjLv hvq,
(x) = Q(x) {(x  )2 + 2} + Rx + R'....................... (i)
‡hLv‡b fvMdj Q(x) n‡”Q (n  2) Nv‡Zi eûc`x Ges Rx + R' n‡”Q mij Nv‡Zi eûc`x|
(i) bs G x =  + i ewm‡q Drcv`K Dccv`¨ Abyhvqx
f(x) = f( + i) = 0 Avevi, (x  )2 + 2 = 0.
R( + i) + R' = 0 ev, R + R' + iR = 0 .................. (ii)
(ii) n‡Z ev¯Íe I KvíwbK Ask mgxK…Z K‡i,
R + R' = 0 Ges R = 0  R = 0 †Kbbv   0
 R' = 0
Zvn‡j, (i) bs n‡Z, (x) = Q(x) {(x  )2 + 2}
AZGe, (x), {x  ( + i)} {x  (  i)} Øviv wefvR¨|
 x =   i, f(x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j|
`ªóe¨ : GKBfv‡e cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, g~j` mnM wewkó eûc`x mgxKiY (x) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j
+  n‡j Avi GKwU    n‡e|
4.9 wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji mv‡_ mn‡Mi m¤úK© :
awi, a0x3 + a1x2 + a2x + a3 = 0 GKwU wÎNvZ mgxKiY Ges Gi g~j wZbwU h_vµ‡g , , .
 a0x3 + a1x2 + a2x + a3  a0 (x  ) (x  ) (x  )
ev, a0x3 + a1 x2 + a2 x + a3  a0{x3  ( +  + )x2 + ( +  + )x + }
a a a
 0 0 0
GLb Dfqcÿ n‡Z x2, x Gi mnM Ges aªæeK msL¨v mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
a1 a2 a3
 +  +  =  a ,  +  +  = a ,  =  a
0 0 0
a1 a a
ms‡ÿ‡c,  =  a ,  = (1)2 a ,  = (1)3 a3 .
2
0 0 0
Abyiƒ‡c, a0xn + a1xn1 + a2xn2 + ............... + an1x + an = 0 eûc`x mgxKi‡Yi n msL¨K g~j
a
h_vµ‡g r1, r2, .........., rn n‡j me¸wji †hvMdj, r1 =  a1
0
a
g~j¸wji `yBwU K‡i wb‡q m¤¢ve¨ ¸Ydj¸wji †hvMdj, r1r2 = (1)2 a2
0

3 a3
g~j¸wji wZbwU K‡i wb‡q m¤¢ve¨ ¸Ydj¸wji †hvMdj, r1r2r3 = (1) a
0
......... ......... ......
a
me g~j¸wji ¸Ydj, r1r2r3 ....... rn = (1)n an
0
106 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
`ªóe¨: wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j wZbwU , ,  n‡j mgxKiYwU wb¤œiƒc:
x3  ( +  + ) x2 + ( +  + ) x   = 0.
we‡kl `ªóe¨: (a) wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq
(i) mgvšÍi cÖMg‡b _vK‡j, g~j·qi mvaviY AvKvi:   , ,  + .

(ii) ¸‡YvËi cÖMg‡b _vK‡j, g~j·qi mvaviY AvKvi: , , 

(iii) fvwRZ cÖMg‡Y (mgvšÍi cÖMg‡bi ¸Y‡evaK wecixZ/Harmonic) _vK‡j, g~j·qi mvaviY AvKvi:
1 1 1
, ,
  +
(b) PZzN©vZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j PviwU-
(i) mgvšÍi cÖMg‡b _vK‡j, g~j PviwUi mvaviY AvKvi:  3,   ,  + ,  + 3
 
(ii) ¸‡YvËi cÖMg‡b _vK‡j, g~j PviwUi mvaviY AvKvi: , , , 3
3 
(iii) fvwRZ cÖMg‡Y (mgvšÍi cÖMg‡bi ¸Y‡evaK wecixZ/Harmonic) _vK‡j, g~j PviwUi mvaviY
1 1 1 1
AvKvi: , , ,
  3     +   + 3

4.10 wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖwZmg ivwk : awi, GKwU wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , , . Zvn‡j 2 + 2 + 2
ivwkwU‡Z  I  Gi Ae¯’vb e`j K‡i cvB 2 + 2 + 2. Avevi,  I  Gi Ae¯’vb e`j K‡i cvB
2 + 2 + 2. wKš‘ 2 + 2 + 2, 2 + 2 + 2 Ges 2 + 2 + 2 GKB ivwk| Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv ivwk‡Z
†h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU g~‡ji ¯’vb wewbg‡qi d‡j hw` ivwkwUi †Kvb cwieZ©b bv N‡U Zvn‡j ivwkwU‡K cÖwZmg
ivwk (symmetric expression) e‡j|
wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZmg ivwk‡K  +  + ,  +  +  Ges  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|
cÖwZmg ivwk‡Z  wP‡ýi e¨envi: GKwU cÖwZmg ivwk †h mKj c‡`i †hvMd‡j MwVZ Zvi †h‡Kv‡bv
GKwU c‡`i evgcv‡k  wPý e¨envi K‡i cÖwZmg ivwkwU‡K mswÿß AvKv‡i wjLv hvq|
D`vniY (i) a2 + b2 + c2 = a2 (ev b2 ev c2)
(ii) ab + bc + ca = ab (ev bc ev ca)
(iii) a3 + b3 + c3 = a3 (ev b3 ev c3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(iv) a + b + c =  a ev  ev  
 b c
(v) a2b + ab2 + b2c + bc2 + ca2 + c2a = a2b (ev ab2 ev b2c ev bc2 ev ca2 ev c2a)
(vi) (a  b)2 = (a  b)2 + (b  c)2 + (c  a)2
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 107

D`vniYgvjv
D`vniY-1 x3  6x2 + 21x  26 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 2 n‡j Aci g~j `yBwU wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 2, Zvn‡j x3  6x2 + 21x  26 eûc`xwUi GKwU Drcv`K
n‡e x  2.
 x3  6x2 + 21x  26 = x3  2x2  4x2 + 8x + 13x  26
= x2(x 2)  4x(x 2) + 13(x  2) = (x  2) (x2  4x +13)
myZivs cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi Aci `yBwU g~j n‡e x2  4x + 13 = 0 Gi g~jØq|
GLb, x2  4x + 13 = 0 mgxKi‡Y a = 1, b = 4, c = 13
b  b2  4ac
x= m~Îvbyhvqx
2a
(4)  (4)2  4.1.13 4  16  52 4  36 4  6i
x= 2.1 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 2  3i
 mgxKiYwUi Aci g~jØq 2 + 3i Ges 2  3i.
D`vniY-2 x3  px2 + qx  r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j wZbwU mgvšÍi cÖMgb †kªYx‡Z _vKvi kZ© wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : awi, g~j wZbwU a  d, a, a + d.
(p) p
 g~j¸wji †hvMdj, a  d + a + a + d =  1 = p ev, 3a = p  a = 3 ......... (i)
Avevi, `yBwU K‡i wb‡q g~j¸wji ¸Yd‡ji †hvMdj,
(a  d)a + a(a + d) + (a + d) (a  d) = q ev, 3a2  d2 = q ............................ (ii)
g~j¸wji ¸Ydj, (a  d).a. (a + d) = r ev, a(a2  d2) = r ................................ (iii)
p p2 p2 p2 3r
ev, 3  9  d2 = r ev, 9  d2 = p  d2 = 9  p
3r
 
a2 Ges d2 Gi gvb mgxKiY (ii) G ewm‡q,
3p2 p2 3r 2p2 3r
9  9 p+ = q ev, 3
9 + p = q ev, 2p + 27r = 9pq
 2p3 + 27r  9pq = 0 BnvB wb‡Y©q kZ©|
D`vniY-3 g~j¸wj ¸‡YvËi cÖMgbfy³ n‡j 8x3  42x2 + 63x  27 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|

mgvavb : awi, g~j wZbwU , , .

 (27) 27 3
Zvn‡j g~j·qi ¸Ydj, .. =  8 ev, 3 = 8 ev,  = 2


Avevi, g~j·qi †hvMdj, +  +  =  8 ev,  + 1 +  = 4
(42) 1 21
  
3 1 +  + 2 21 1 +  + 2 7
ev, 2   4
= ev, = 2 ev, 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 7
   
1
ev, 22  5 + 2 = 0 ev, (2  1) (  2) = 0   = 2 ,  = 2
3 3
AZGe g~j¸wj: 4 , 2 , 3
108 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
2 2 2
D`vniY-4 x3 + bx + c = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j wZbwU , ,  n‡j, + + Gi gvb
+ + +
wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : x3 + 0.x2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jÎq , , .
  +  +  = 0,  +  +  = b,  =  c
  +  =  ,  +  =  , +=
2 2 2 2 2 2
 + + = + + =       =  ( +  + ) = 0
 +   +   +    
(3r  q)
D`vniY-5 x3 + qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , ,  n‡j †`LvI †h, (  )2 = .

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, x3 + qx + r = 0 [BUTEX. 02-03]
ev, x3 + 0.x2 + qx + r = 0 ............ (i)
†h‡nZz (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , , 
  +  +  = 0,  +  +  = q,  =  r
GLb, (  )2 = ( + )2  4 = ( )2  4 = 2  4
= (   )  4 [  +  +  = 0   =    ]
=        3
3
=  ( +  + )  3 =  q 

3r 3r  q
=q+ =
 
D`vniY-6 x3 + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j Aci `yBwUi AšÍ‡ii wظY n‡j †`LvI †h,
13b
GKwU g~j 3a (a  b)
mgvavb: x3 + ax + b = 0 ev, x3 + 0.x2 + ax + b = 0 ........... (i)
g‡b Kwi, (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , , 2(  )
  +  + 2(  ) = 0 ev,  = 3 .................................(ii)
Avevi,  + 2(  ) + 2(  ) = a
ev,  + 2(2  2) = a
ev, . 3 + 2(2  92) = a [(ii) bs n‡Z]
ev, 132 = a .................................................................. (iii)
cybivq, . 2(  ) =  b ev, 2. (3) (  3) =  b ev, 123 =  b .............. (iv)
12 b 13b 13b
(iii) Ges (iv) n‡Z  =  ev,  =   = 3 = 
13 a 12a 4a
13b 13b
 2(  ) = 2  12a + 4a  = 2.12a = 3a
26b 13b
 
13b
myZivs cÖgvwYZ n‡jv †h GKwU g~j 3a
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 109

D`vniY-7 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c Ges g(x) = cx2 + bx + a [Xv. †ev. 17]

K) f(x) = 0 Gi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
b3  3abc
L) f(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq h_vµ‡g ,  n‡j †`LvI †h, (a + b)3 + (a + b)3 = a3c3
.
M) f(x) = 0 Gi GKwU g~j, g(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~‡ji wظY n‡j †`LvI †h, 2a = c A_ev (2a + c)2 = 2b2.
mgvavb: K)K †`Iqv Av‡Q, f(x) = 0
 b  b2  4ac
ev, ax2 + bx + c = 0,  x = 2a
GLv‡b, b  4ac †K c„_vqK ejv nq Ges D Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2

(i) D = b2  4ac = 0 n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡e|

(ii) D = b2  4ac > 0 n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e|
(iii) D = b2  4ac > 0 Ges c~Y©eM© n‡j g~jØq ev¯Íe, Amgvb I g~j` n‡e|
(iv) D = b2  4ac < 0 n‡j g~jØq RwUj n‡e|
L f(x) = 0 ev, ax2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges .
L)
b
Zvn‡j g~j؇qi †hvMdj,  +  =  a ev, a + a =  b
 a + b =  a Ges a + b =  a
c
Avevi g~j؇qi ¸Ydj,  = a
1 1
L.H.S = (a + b)3 + (a + b)3 = (a)3 + (a)3 =  3 3  3 3
a aα
1 1 1 1  + 3 3
1 ( + )3  3 ( + )
=  a3 3 + 3 =  a3  3 3 =  a3 
    ()3
b  3. c. b 1 b3 + 3abc
3
b3 3bc
 3 +  a3 
1 a
2
a a 1 a a a3
= 3 3 = 3 3 = 3
a c a c c
a3 a3 a3
1  b3 + 3abc b3  3abc
=  a3  c3 = c3a3 = R.H.S
M †`Iqv Av‡Q, f(x) = 0 ev, ax2 + bx + c = 0 .................... (i)
M)
Ges g(x) = 0 ev, cx2 + bx + a = 0 ..................................... (ii)
awi, (ii) bs mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 
Zvn‡j (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 2
 4a2 + 2b + c = 0 .................................................... (iii)
Ges c2 + b + a = 0 .................................................... (iv)
2  1
(iii) Ges (iv) n‡Z eRª¸Yb m~Îvbymv‡i, = 2 2=
2ab  bc c  4a 4ab  2bc
ev, (c2  4a2)2 = (2ab  bc) (4ab  2bc) [ ga¨gwUi n‡ii eM© = cÖvšÍ؇qi n‡ii ¸Ydj]
110 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
ev, (4a2  c2)2 = b(2a  c) 2b(2a  c) ev, (2a + c)2 (2a  c)2  2b2(2a  c)2 = 0
 (2a  c)2 {(2a + c)2  2b2} = 0
nq, (2a  c)2 = 0 ev, 2a  c = 0 2a = c
A_ev, (2a + c)2  2b2 = 0 (2a + c)2 = 2b2
Abykxjbx-4.2
1. hw` x3  px2 + qx  r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj a, b, c nq Z‡e gvb wbY©q Ki:
1 1 1
(i) + +
b2c2 c2a2 a2b2
[P: †ev: 14; wm: †ev: 09; h: †ev: 06; iv: †ev: 00]
1 1 1
(ii) a2 + b2 + c2 [w`: †ev: 09; gv: †ev: 04; h: †ev: 03; Kz: †ev: 01]
2. x3 + qx + r = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj a, b, c n‡j wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q Ki|
(i) (b + c) (c + a) (a + b) (ii) (b  c)2 + (c  a)2 + (a  b)2 [P. †ev. 05]
1
(iii) (b + c  a) (c + a b) (a + b  c) [gv. †ev. 06] (iv)  a + b

(vi) a + a b + b c + c
1 1 1 1 1 1
(v) + +
a+bc b+ca c+ab      
3. (i) x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj a, b, c n‡j a2 + b2 + c2 wbY©q Ki|
(ii) x3  px2 + qx  r = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj , ,  n‡j 2 + 2 + 2 Ges 3 + 3 + 3 wbY©q Ki|
[BUET. 14-15]
(iii) x + px + qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj , ,  n‡j,  wbY©q Ki|
3 2 3

[w`. †ev. 19; Kz. †ev. 19; iv: †ev: 10, 06; P: †ev: 06, 04, 00; wm: †ev: 05, 02; h: †ev: 00]
(iv) 3x  2x2 + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj , ,  n‡j, 2 wbY©q Ki| [iv: †ev: 15; h: †ev: 05]
3

4. (i) x3  5x2 + 17x  13 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 1 n‡j Ab¨ g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|
[Xv: †ev: 04; e: †ev: 12; h: †ev: 07]
8
(ii) 3x3  4x2 + x + 88 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j  3 n‡j Ab¨ g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|

(iii) x3  7x2 + 8x + 10 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 1 + 3 n‡j Ab¨ g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|
(iv) GKwU g~j 3 + 2 n‡j x4  9x3 + 27x2  33x + 14 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
(v) GKwU g~j 1 n‡j x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
(vi) x4  5x3 + 10x2  10x + 4 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 1 + i n‡j Ab¨ g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|
[P: †ev: 03]
(vii) x + 4x + 5x + 2x  2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 1 + i n‡j Ab¨ g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|
4 3 2
[gv: †ev: 03]
(viii) GKwU g~j 1 + 2i n‡j x4  5x3 + 7x2  7x 20 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
[e: †ev: 17; Kz: †ev: 15]
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 111
5. (i) `yBwU g~‡ji †hvMdj k~b¨ n‡j 4x3 + 16x2 9x  36 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki| [P: †ev: 14; Kz: †ev: 03]
(ii) `yBwU g~‡ji †hvMdj 0 n‡j 4x4  4x3  13x2 + 9x + 9 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
(iii) `yBwU g~‡ji cig gvb mgvb wKš‘ wecixZ wPýwewkó n‡j 8x4  2x3  27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
(iv) `yBwU g~‡ji †hvMdj 5 n‡j 3x3  13x2  x + 6 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
[CUET. 09-10; Kz: †ev: 11]
(v) GKwU g~j Ab¨ GKwU g~‡ji wظY n‡j 24x  14x  63x + 45 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
3 2

[Kz: †ev: 12]

6. (i) `yBwU g~‡ji AbycvZ 1 : 2 n‡j x  5x + 2x + 8 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
3 2

(ii) `yBwU g~‡ji AbycvZ 3 : 2 n‡j x3  9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
(iii) `yBwU g~‡ji AbycvZ 3 : 4 n‡j 2x3  x2 22x 24 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
[P: †ev: 13; Kz: †ev: 13; wm: †ev: 10, 07; w`: †ev: 11; iv: †ev: 07; h: †ev: 01]
(iv) `yBwU g~‡ji AbycvZ 2 : 3 n‡j 3x3 + x2  8x + 4 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
7. (i) 'a' Gi ev¯Íe gvb KZ n‡j x3 + 3ax2 + x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv mgvšÍi cÖMg‡b _vK‡e?
[BUET. 14-15]
3 2
(ii) px + 3qx + 3rx + t = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj ¸‡bvËi cÖMgb †kªwYfy³ nIqvi kZ© wbY©q Ki|
8. g~j¸wj mgvšÍi cÖMgb †kªYxfy³ n‡j wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸wj mgvavb Ki :
(i) 32x3  48x2 + 22x  3 = 0
(ii) x4  2x3  21x2 + 22x + 40 = 0
9. g~j¸wj ¸‡YvËi cÖMgb †kªYxfy³ n‡j wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸wj mgvavb Ki :
(i) 3x3  26x2 + 52x  24 = 0 [Kz: †ev: 04]
(ii) 27x3 + 42x2  28x  8= 0
10. (i) g~j¸wj mgvšÍi cÖMg‡bi †MŠwYK wecixZ cÖMgbfy³ n‡j 6x3  11x2 + 6x 1 = 0 mgxKiYwU
mgvavb Ki|
(ii) x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wj mgvšÍi cÖMg‡bi †MŠwYK wecixZ cÖMgbfy³ n‡j
†`LvI †h, 2q3 = r(3pq  r)
11. (i) GKwU wÎNvZ mgxKiY MVb Ki hvi `yBwU g~j 3 Ges 2  3i.
(ii) ‡Kv‡bv wÎNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 2  2 3 i Ges g~j¸wji ¸Ydj 80 n‡j mgxKiYwU wbY©q
Ki| [wm. †ev. 17]
(iii) GKwU PZzN©vZ mgxKiY MVb Ki hvi `yBwU g~j 1  i Ges 2 + 3 .
(iv) GKwU PZzN©vZ mgxKiY MVb Ki hvi `yBwU g~j h_vµ‡g 2, 3 Ges evKx `yBwU g~j x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
mgxKi‡Yi g~j| [BUET. 02-03]
112 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
1 1 1
12. (i) 2x3 + 3x2  x  1 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jÎq , ,  n‡j
, , g~jwewkó wÎNvZ mgxKiY MVb Ki|
2 2 2
1 1 1
(ii) x3 + 3x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , ,  n‡j , Ges  g~jwewkó wÎNvZ
 
mgxKiY MVb Ki|
DËigvjv
p2  2q q2  2pr q q 1
1. (i) r 2 (ii) r2 2. (i) r (ii) 6q (iii) 8r (iv) r (v) 2r (vi)  r {(q  1)2 + r2}
3. (i) p2  2q (ii) p2  2q, p3  3pq + 3r (iii) 3pq  p3  3r (iv) 1
4. (i) 2  3i (ii) 2  7i (iii) 5, 1  3 (iv) 1, 2, 3  2 (v)  i, 2  i
3 3
(vi) 1, 2, 1  i (vii) 1  2 , 1  i (viii) 1  2i, 4, 1 5. (i) 4,  2 , 2
3 3 1 1 3 2 1 5 3 3
(ii)  2 , 2 , 2 (1  5) (iii)  2 , 4 ,  3 , 3 (iv)  3 , 2 (5  13) (v)  3 , 4 , 2
3 2
6. (i) 2, 4, 1 (ii) 1, 4, 6 (iii)  2 , 2, 4 (iv) 3 , 1, 2
7. (a) (i) 2q3  3pqr + p2t = 0 (ii) pr3 = q3t (b) a = 1
1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1
8. (i) 4 , 2 , 4 (ii) 4, 1, 2, 5 9. (i) 3 , 2, 6 (ii) 2,  9 , 3 10. (i) 3 , 2 , 1
11. (i) x3  7x2 + 25x  39 = 0 (ii) x4  6x3 + 11x2  10x + 2 = 0 (iii) x4  x3  9x2  x + 30 = 0
(iv) x3  x2  4x  80 = 0 12. (i) 4x3 + 2x2  3x  1 = 0 (ii) x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 5 = 0
m„Rbkxj Abykxjb
1. F(x) = 27x2 + 6x  (m + 2), P(x) = rx2  2nx + 4m Ges Q(x) = mx2 + nx + r. [Xv. †ev. 19]
K) (2 + 2 3 i) g~jwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
L) F(x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j Aci g~jwUi e‡M©i mgvb n‡j, m Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
M) P(x) = 0 Ges Q(x) = 0 mgxKiY `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h,
(2m  r)2 + 2n2 = 0 A_ev 2m + r = 0.
2. x2 + bx + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , . [P. †ev. 17]
K) DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiYwUi wbðvqK KZ?
L) c(x2 + 1)  (b2  2c)x = 0 Gi g~j `yBwU ,  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
1 1
M) Giƒc GKwU mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi g~jØq  + I  + .
 
3. mx2 + nx + 1 = 0, lx2 + nx + m = 0 `yBwU wØNvZ mgxKiY| [w`. †ev. 17]
K) Drcv`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ 2x + 5x  9 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
2

L) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`LvI †h, m + l =  n.

M) DÏxc‡Ki 1g mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ,  n‡j ml(x2 + 1)  (n2  2ml)x = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , 
Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 113
4. 2x2  px + q = 0 Ges x2 + px + q = 0 `yBwU wØNvZ mgxKiY| 1g mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  Ges 2q
mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq a I b.
K) x2  5x + 7 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
L) a4  b4 Gi gvb p I q Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
M) mgxKiY `ywUi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`LvI †h, 6p2 + q = 0.
5. 2x2  3x + 1 = 0 ............. (i)
x3 + mx + n = 0 ............. (ii)
K) x2 + 2x  1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
L) (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  n‡j g~j؇qi †hvMdj I we‡qvMd‡ji ciggvb g~jwewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
1
M) (ii) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq a, b, c n‡j  c3 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
6. x2 + 2ax + a = 0 GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY; hvi g~jØq  I  †hLv‡b  > .
K) x2  5x + c = 0 Gi GKwU g~j 4 n‡j Ab¨wU KZ?
L) a Gi †Kvb abvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ 32  1022 + 32 = 0 n‡e?
M) a Gi gvb KZ n‡j mgxKiYwUi g~jØq (i) ev¯Íe I mgvb (ii) ev¯Íe I Amgvb (iii) RwUj n‡e?
7. ax2 + bx  c = 0; a  0 ................... (i)
x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 ...................... (ii)
K) x2  8x  9 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|

L) `„k¨Kí-1 Gi mgxKi‡Yi `yBwU g~j m I n n‡j m + n Ges mn g~j wewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
1 1 1
 
M) †h k‡Z© `„k¨Kí-2 Gi g~j¸wj mgvšÍi cÖMg‡b _vK‡e Zv wbY©q Ki|
8. px2 + qx + 1 = 0 I qx2 + px + 1 = 0 `yBwU wØNvZ mgxKiY Ges x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 wÎNvZ
mgxKiYwUi g~jÎq , , .
K) 5 1 g~j wewkó GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
L) 1g I 2q mgxKi‡Yi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j †`LvI †h, p + q + 1 = 0.
M) wÎNvZ mgxKiYwU †_‡K 3 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
9. x2 + px + q = 0 Ges x2 + qx + p = 0 `yBwU eûc`x mgxKiY|
K) 4x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
L) DÏxc‡Ki g~j؇qi cv_©K¨ GKwU aªæe ivwk n‡j p I q Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i †`LvI †h,
x2 + (p + q)x + 4 = 0 Gi g~jØq mgvb|
M) p = 5 Ges q = 6 Gi Rb¨ 1g mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  ( > ) n‡j   2,  3 Ges 8 wb‡q
MwVZ wÎNvZ mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|
114 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
10. ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a  0) Ges cx2  2bx + 4a = 0, (c  0) `yBwU wØNvZ mgxKiY| cÖ_g
mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq , .
K) x2 + 14x + 51 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki|
L) wØZxq mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq‡K  I  Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
M)   +  I  +  g~j wewkó mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
1 1
   
11. 2x  9x + 9x + 2 = 0 .............(i)
3 2

2x2 + px + q = 0 ......................(ii)
K) k Gi gvb KZ n‡j 5x2  kx + 6 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi cuvP¸Y n‡e?
2 2
L) (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq 2, ,  n‡j Ges g~jwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY †ei Ki|
 
M) (ii) G ewY©Z mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi eM© n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, p3  6pq + 2q2 + 4q = 0
1 1 1
12. x2 + kx  6k = 0, + = Ges 3x3  26x2 + 52x  24 = 0 wZbwU mgxKiY|
x px q
K) k Gi gvb KZ n‡j 1g mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡e?
L) wØZxq mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi AšÍi r n‡j p †K q I r Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki|
M) wÎNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~j¸wj ¸‡YvËi cÖMgb †kªwYfy³ n‡j Zv mgvavb Ki|
13. x2 + x + 1 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq , .
K) mgxKiYwUi g~j؇qi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
L) †`LvI †h, 4 + 22 + 4 = 0
M) Ggb GKwU PZzN©vZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi wZbwU g~j ,  Ges 2  i.
14. x2 + bx + c = 0 ............................................ (i)
x2 + cx + b = 0 ........................................... (ii)
2x2  4(1 + c)x + (b2 + 2c2 + 2) = 0 .......... (iii)
K) Ggb GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi GKwU g~j 2 + 3
L) (i) I (ii) bs Gi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡e †Kvb k‡Z©?
M) (i) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡j †`LvI †h, (iii) bs mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq KvíwbK n‡e|
15. (i) ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq  I  Ges   0,   0.
(ii) cx2  2bx + 4a = 0
K) Ggb GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY wbY©q Ki hvi GKwU g~j 1 + i.
b
L) (i) †_‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, (a + b)1 + (a + b)1 = ac
M) mgxKiY؇qi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, (2a  c)2 + 2b2 = 0 A_ev, 2a + c = 0.
16. f(x) = 2x3  9x2 + 9x + 2, g(x) = ax2 + bx + c Ges a, b I c aªæeK|
K) x2  4x + 1 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
L) f(x) = 0 Gi g~j¸wj wbY©q Ki|
M) g(x) = 0 Gi g~jØq  I  n‡j, 3  3 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 115
17. (x  a) (x  b) + (x  b) (x  c) + (x  c) (x  a) GKwU exRMvwYwZK ivwk
Ges (k2  3)x2 + 3kx + (3k + 1) = 0 GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY|
K) k Gi gvb KZ n‡j, cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ci¯úi †MŠwYK wecixZ n‡e?
L) cÖ`Ë ivwkwU GKwU c~Y© eM© n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, a = b = c
m n
M) k = 2 Gi Rb¨, cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq m I n n‡j, n2 I m2 g~j wewkó mgxKiY MVb Ki|
18. (x) = 3x2 + 12x + 5  p(x + q)2 + r, x  .
(K) (x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~‡ji cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki|
(L) p, q, r Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
(M) (x) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + 1 Ges  + 1 g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU wbY©q Ki|
DËigvjv
 
1. K) x2  4x + 16 = 0 (L) 1, 6 2. (K) b2  4c (L) , (M) cx2 + b(1 + c)x + (c + 1)2 = 0
 
 5  9.85   5± 3i
3. (K) x = (M) , 4. (K) (L) (2pq  p3). p2  4q
4   2
m3 + 3n2
5. (K) ev¯Íe, Amgvb I Ag~j` (L) 4x2  8x + 3 = 0 (M)
n3
6. (K) 1 (L) a = 3 (M) (i) 0, 1 (ii) a < 0 A_ev a > 1 (iii) 0 < a < 1
7. (K) ev¯Íe, Amgvb I g~j` (L) c2x2 + (ac  bc)x  ab = 0 (M) 9pq  2p3 = 27r
8. (K) x2 + 2x + 6 = 0 (M) 3c  a3 + 3ab 9. (K) RwUj (M) x3 + 18x2 + 104x + 192 = 0
2 2
10. (K) 7  2 i (L)  ,  (M) acx2 + b(c + a)x + (c + a)2 = 0 11. K)  216
 
2
(L) x2 + 29x + 4 = 0 12. (K) 0, 24 (L) 2q  4q2 + r2 (M) 3 , 2, 6 13. (K) RwUj msL¨v
(M) x4  3x3 + 2x2 + x + 5 = 0 14. (K) x2  4x + 1 = 0 (L) b + c + 1 = 0 15. (K) x2  2x + 2 = 0
3
5 ± 33 (b2  4ac) 2 3c b2  4ac
16. (K) ev¯Íe, Amgvb I Ag~j` (L) 2, 4 (M) a3 + a2
17. (K) 1, 4 (M) 25x2 + 126x + 5 = 0 18. (K) ev¯Íe, Amgvb I Ag~j` (L) p = 3, q = 2, r = 7
(M) 15x2 + 96x + 64 = 0
•be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1. ‡Kvb dvskbwU eûc`x? [mKj †evW©. 18]
3
K) 2x2  5 x + 1 L) x3  x2 + 4x + 1 M) x3 + 2x2  3x + x  1 N) 2x2  x + 1
2. x2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi c„_vqK KZ? [P. †ev. 17]
K) 4 L) 0 M) 1 N) 4
3. 4x  x  4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 2 n‡j Aci g~j KZ?
2
[Xv. †ev. 17]
K) 4 L) 2 M) 0 N) 2
116 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
4. 3x2  5x  3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi †hvMdj †KvbwU?
5 3 5 3
K)  3 L)  3 M) 3 N) 3
1 1
5. 6x2  5x + 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  I  n‡j + =? [e. †ev. 19, 17]
 
5 5 5 5
K)  3 L)  12 M) 12 N) 3
6. x2 + px + q = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 3 + i n‡j p I q Gi gvb KZ? [iv. †ev. 17]
K) 6,  10 L) 6, 10 M) 6, 10 N) 6, 10
7. x  4x + k = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb n‡j k Gi gvb †KvbwU?
2
[e. †ev. 17]
K) 4 L) 1 M) 1 N) 4
8. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j x  3x + 2 + k = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU Drcv`K (x  3) n‡e?
2
[Xv. †ev. 17]
K) 3 L) 2 M) 1 N) 2
9. 1 + 2 g~jwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev. 19; h. †ev. 17]
K) x  2x  1 = 0 L) x + 2x  1 = 0
2 2
M) x  2x + 1 = 0
2
N) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
10. 1  i g~jwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K) x2  2x + 2 = 0 L) x2  2x  2 = 0 M) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 N) x2 + 2x  2 = 0
1
11. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j n‡j Aci g~j †KvbwU? [mKj †evW©. 18]
2 5
K) 2  5 L) 2  5 M)  2 + 5 N) 2 + 5
12. 2x  3x  3x + 2 = 0 Gi g~j¸wj ,  I  n‡j,   Gi gvb KZ?
3 2
[h. †ev. 17]
3 3
K)  2 L) 1 M) 1 N) 2
13. 2x3  3x  5 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jÎq , ,  n‡j,  Gi gvb KZ? [P. †ev. 17]
3 3 5
K)  2 L) 0 M) 2 N) 2
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
14. x2  2x + 4 = 0 mgxKiYwUi
(i) g~j؇qi †hvMdj = 2 (ii) g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 4 (iii) g~j¸wj RwUj msL¨v
Dc‡ii evK¨¸wji g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
2
15. 3x + x + 2 = 0 Gi †ÿ‡Î [h. †ev. 17]
1 2
(i) g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb (ii) g~j؇qi †hvMdj =  3 (iii) g~j؇qi ¸Ydj = 3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 117
16. x2  ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq m I n n‡j
a  a2  4b
(i) m + n = a (ii) mn = b (iii) m I n Gi gvb =
2
Dc‡ii evK¨¸wji g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
17. ax + bx + c = 0, (a  0) mgxKi‡Yi c„_vqK D n‡j
2
[P. †ev. 17]
(i) g~jØq ev¯Íe hLb D  0 (ii) g~jØq mgvb hLb D = 0 (iii) g~jØq g~j` hLb D < 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
18. x  2x  1 = 0 Gi g~jØq
2

(i) ev¯Íe (ii) g~j` (iii) Amgvb

Dc‡ii evK¨¸wji g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
19. x  4x + a = 0 Gi g~jØq
2

(i) mgvb n‡e hw` a = 4 nq (ii) RwUj n‡e hw` a > 4 nq (iii) ev¯Íe n‡e hw` a  4 nq
Dc‡ii evK¨¸wji g‡a¨ †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
x2  3x  p = 0 GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY| [Kz. †ev. 17]
20. mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j '2' n‡j p Gi gvb KZ?
K) 10 L) 2 M) 2 N) 10
21. g~jØq ev¯Íe I mgvb n‡j p Gi gvb
9 9 3 3
K) 4 L) 4 M) 4 N) 4
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 22 I 23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
x3  5x2 + 6 = 0 wÎNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~jÎq a, b I c. [P. †ev. 19]
22. ab Gi gvb †KvbwU?
K) 6 L) 0 M) 5 N) 6
1
23. abc Gi gvb †KvbwU?
1 1
K) 6 L)  6 M) 0 N) 5
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 24-26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
x2  5x + 6 = 0 GKwU wØNvZ mgxKiY|
24. mgxKiYwUi g~jØq  I  n‡j,  +  = KZ?
K) 5 L) 4 M) 6 N) 6
118 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
25. mgxKiYwUi g~jØq a, b n‡j, a2 + b2 = KZ?
K) 11 L) 13 M) 25 N) 36
26. ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi g~jØq cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi mgwó I AšÍid‡ji ciggv‡bi mgvb n‡j,
a, b I c Gi gvb KZ?
K) a = 1, b = 6, c = 5 L) a = 1, b = 6, c = 5
M) a = 1, b = 6, c = 5 N) a = 1, b = 6, c = 5
wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© cixÿvi eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1 1
27. hw` x2 + x + 2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges  nq, Z‡e + =? [DU: 96-97]
 
2 1 2 2
K) 3 L)  2 M)  3 N)  9
28. 3x2  2x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi e‡M©i mgwó KZ? [DU: 98-99; CU: 06-07; IU: 04-05]
2 2 2 2
K) 3 L) 9 M)  3 N)  9
29. x2  4x + 4 = 0 Gi exRØq  Ges  n‡j, 3 + 3 Gi gvb KZ? [DU: 00-01]
K) 24 L) 32 M) 16 N) 8
30. x2  5x + c = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 4 n‡j Ab¨wU KZ? [BUTEX. 09-10; DU. 08-09]
K) 5 L) 4 M) 4 N) 1
31. 3x  kx + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j AciwUi 3 ¸Y n‡j k Gi gvb
2
[DU: 14-15]
K) 8 L) 8 M) 8 N)  8
32. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k2  3)x2 + 3kx + (3k + 1) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j `yBwU ci¯úi wecixZ n‡e?
[RU: 08-09, 07-08; JU: 05-06]
K) 4, 1 L) 4, 1 M) 4, 2 N) 1, 4
33. (x  1) = 2 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq
2
[JU: 09-10; P. †ev. 19]
K) Ag~j` L) Aev¯Íe M) g~j` N) †KvbwUB bv
2
34. ax + bx + c = 0 wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi g~j `yBwU mgvb n‡e hw` [KUET. 05-06]
2 2 2
K) b > 4ac L) b < 4ac M) b = 4ac N) b = 0
35. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j x  6x  1 + k(2x + 1) = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq mgvb n‡e?
2
[JU: 09-10;
CU: 14-15, 12-13, 09-10, 07-08, 03-04, 02-03; KU: 09-10, 03-04; RU: 06-07]
K) 3 ev 6 L) 2 ev 5 M) 2 ev 6 N) 3 ev 5
36. k Gi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ mgxKiY (k + 1)x2 + 4(k  2)x + 2k = 0 Gi g~j؇qi gvb mgvb n‡e Zv
[DU: 04-05]
K) 4 L) 8 M) 2 N) 3
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 119
37. p Gi wKiƒc gv‡bi Rb¨ x2 + px + 1 = 0 mgxKiYwUi g~jØq RwUj n‡e [DU: 02-03; JU: 14-15]
K) 2  p  2 L)  4 < p  4 M) 2 < p < 2 N) 4  p < 4
2
38. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (3k + 1)x + (11 + k)x + 9 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq RwUj msL¨v n‡e?
[BUET. 12-13]
K) k > 1 L) k < 85 M) k  85 N) 1 < k < 85
2
39. p Gi gvb KZ n‡j px + 3x + 4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv ev¯Íe I Amgvb n‡e?
[RU: 14-15, 08-09; KU: 14-15; e. †ev. 19]
9 7 9 9
K) p < 15 L) p > 16 M) p < 16 N) p > 16
40. k Gi gvb KZ n‡j (k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 3)x + 2k + 3 ivwkwU GKwU c~Y©eM© n‡e? [BUET. 12-13, 08-09]
K) 2, 3 L) 2, 3 M) 2, 3 N) 2, 3
41. x + a x + a = 0 Gi g~j¸wj
4 2 2 4
[RUET. 09-10]
K) ev¯Íe L) RwUj M) g~j` N) mgvb
42. GKwU wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 1 + i n‡j Aci g~jwU [JU: 09-10]
K) 1 + i L) 1 + i M) 1  i N) 1  i
1
43. ‡Kv‡bv wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 1 + i n‡j mgxKiYwU n‡e [DU. 17-18]

K) x2  x + 1 = 0 L) 2x2  2x + 1 = 0 M) x2 + x + 1 = 0 N) 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
44. †Kvb wØNvZ mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 5  1? [DU. 13-14]
K) x2 + 2x + 6 = 0 L) x2 + x + 3 = 0 M) x + 2x  6 = 0
2
N) x + x  3 = 0
2

45. (5 + 3i) g~j (root) wewkó wØNvZ mgxKiYwU n‡e [JNU: 15-16]
K) x2  10x + 34 = 0 L) x2 + 5x + 34 = 0 M) x2 + 5x  34 = 0 N) x2  5x  34 = 0
46. x2  2x + 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  + ,  g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU n‡e [DU: 05-06]
K) x2  5x + 6 = 0 L) 3x2  2x + 1 = 0 M) x2  3x + 2 = 0 N) 2x2  3x + 1 = 0
47. x2  7x + 12 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j  +  Ges  g~jwewkó mgxKiYwU Kx? [DU. 09-10]
K) x  19x + 84 = 0
2
L) x + 14x  144 = 0
2

M) x  14x + 144 = 0
2
N) x2 + 19x  84 = 0
1 1
48. 6x2  5x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j , g~jwewkó mgxKiY †KvbwU? [DU. 04-05]
 
K) x2  5x + 6 = 0 L) x2  4x + 3 = 0 M) x2  11x + 30 = 0 N) x2  2x + 1 = 0
1 1
49. x2  5x  3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq x1, x2 n‡j x , x g~jwewkó mgxKiY †KvbwU?
1 2

[DU: 12-13, 01-02, 99-00; RU: 13-14]

K) 3x  5x + 1 = 0
2
L) 5x + x  3 = 0
2
M) 3x + 5x  1 = 0 N) 5x2  x  3 = 0
2
120 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
50. hw`  I  mgxKiY x2 + x + 2 = 0 Gi g~j nq, Z‡e   I   †h wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~j Zv nj
[DU: 98-99]
2
K) x + x + 2 = 0 L) x  x  2 = 0
2
M) x  x + 2 = 0
2
N) x + x  2 = 0
2

51. x  5x  1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq n‡Z 2 Kg g~jwewkó mgxKiY †KvbwU?

2
[DU. 06-07]
2
K) x + x + 7 = 0 L) x  x + 7 = 0
2
M) x + x  7 = 0
2
N) x  x  7 = 0
2

52.  +  = 3,  +  = 7 n‡j  I  g~j wewkó mgxKiY †KvbwU?

3 3
[KUET. 11-12]
K) x2  3x + 7 = 0 L) 9x2  27x + 20 = 0 M) 9x2  20x + 27 = 0 N) 3x2  21x + 20 = 0
53.    = 8, 3  3 = 152 n‡j,  I  g~jwewkó wØNvZ mgxKiY †KvbwU? [KUET. 12-13]
K) x2  8x  2 = 0 L) x2  2x  15 = 0 M) x2 + 15x + 12 = 0 N) x2 + 12x + 8 = 0
54. a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 Ges a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi Dfqg~jB mvaviY nIqvi kZ©
[JU: 10-11; RU: 08-09; IU: 0506; RU: 03-04]
K) a1b2 = a2b1 L) (a1b2  a2b1) = (c1a2  c2a1)2
a b c
M) a1 + a2 = b1 + b2 = c1 + c2 N) a1 = b1 = c1
2 2 2

55. x  11x + a = 0 Ges x  14x + 2a = 0 Gi GKwU mvaviY g~j _vK‡j a Gi gvb †Kvb¸wj?
2 2

[RUET. 11-12, KUET. 08-09]

K) 0, 24 L) 0, 24 M) 1, 1 N) 1, 1
56. px2 + qx + 1, qx2 + px + 1 ivwk `ywUi GKwU mvaviY Drcv`K _vK‡Z cv‡i hw`
[JU: 06-07, 05-06, 05-06; KU: 03-04; RU: 06-07, 02-03; NU: 04-05]
K) p + 1 = 0 L) q + 1 = 0 M) p + q  1 = 0 N) p + q + 1 = 0
57. x  2x + 5 Gi b~¨bZg gvb KZ?
2
[DU: 11-12, BUET. 09-10]
11
K) 3 L) 4 M) 5 N) 4

58. x2  3x + 5 Gi b~¨bZg gvb [DU: 06-07, 03-04; JNU: 07-08; RU: 08-09; NU: 09-10]
15 11
K) 3 L) 5 M) 4 N) 4

59. 5 + 3x  x2 Gi m‡e©v”P gvb [DU: 08-09; JNU: 11-12]

11 29 27
K) 3 L) 4 M) 4 N) 4

60. 5  3x  x2 Gi m‡e©v”P gvb  [DU: 10-11; NU: 11-12]

K) 3 L) 5 M) 47/4 N) 29/4
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 121
61. 3x  x2  5 Gi Mwiôgvb [JNU: 08-09; CU: 08-09]
11 11  11 17
K) 3 L) 4 M) 4 N) 4
62. 3(9x  4.3x1) + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb †KvbwU? [DU. 10-11]
1
K) 1, 0 L) 3 , 1 M) 0, 1 N) 1, 1
63. x2 + ax + b = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq mgvb Ges x2 + ax + 8 = 0 mgxKiYwUi GKwU g~j 4 n‡j
b Gi gvb KZ? [BUET. 09-10]
K) 4 L) 8 M) 9 N) 12
64. 9x  12x + 4 = 0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq ,  n‡j g~j؇qi AbycvZ ( : ) KZ? [JNU: 14-15]
2

K) 4 : 9 L) 3 : 2 M) 1 : 1 N) 4 : 3
65. 2x2  7x + 5 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges ; x2  4x + 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~jØq  Ges  n‡j
( + ) : (  ) = ? [DU: 15-16]
K) 6 : 5 L) 5 : 6 M) 11 : 1 N) 1 : 6
66. (x + ) (x  ) + (x  ) (x + ) + (x + ) (x + ) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wji †hvMdj k~b¨ n‡e
hw` [RUET. 09-10]
K)  +  +  = 0 L)  =  +  M)  =  +  N)  =  + 
67. 3x  1 = 0 Gi g~j¸wj , ,  n‡j  +  +  Gi gvb
3 3 3 3
[DU: 16-17]
1
K) 1 L) 0 M) 3 N) 1
68. 2x3  5x + 3 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸‡jv , ,  n‡j, ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) Gi gvb KZ? [JU: 15-16]
3 3
K) 3 L) 3 M) 2 N)  2

69. x3  5x2 + 17x  13 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU g~j 1 n‡j Aci g~j `yBwU
[KU: 11-12, 09-10; RU: 09-10; IU: 06-07]
K) 2  3i L) 3  2i M) 1  3i N) 1  i
70. 27x  63x + 42x  8 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j †Kvb¸wj?
3 2
[KUET. 10-11]
1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 4
K) 27 3  12 L) 3 9 2 M) 9 3 2 N) 3 3 3
71. x3  px2 + qx  r = 0 mgxKi‡Yi g~j¸wji wecixZ g~j¸wj Øviv MwVZ mgxKiY †KvbwU?
[KUET. 13-14; Xv. †ev. 19]
3 2 3 2
K) x + px + qx + r = 0 L) x + qx + rx + p = 0
M) rx3 + qx2 + px  1 = 0 N) rx3  qx2 + px  1 = 0
122 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY

DËi: 1.(N) 2.(L) 3.(N) 4.(N) 5.(N) 6.(L) 7.(N) 8.(L) 9.(K) 10.(K) 11.(M) 12.(K) 13.(K) 14.(N) 15.(M)
16.(K) 17.(K) 18.(M) 19.(N) 20.(N) 21.(L) 22.(L) 23.(L) 24.(K) 25.(L) 26.(K) 27.(L) 28.(N)
29.(M) 30.(N) 31.(N) 32.(K) 33.(K) 34.(M) 35.(L) 36.(L) 37.(M) 38.(N) 39.(M) 40.(L) 41.(L)
42.(N) 43.(L) 44.(K) 45.(K) 46.(K) 47.(K) 48.(K) 49.(M) 50.(M) 51.(N) 52.(L) 53.(L) 54.(N)
55.(K) 56.(N) 57.(N) 58.(N) 59.(M) 60.(N) 61.(M) 62.(K) 63.(M) 64.(M) 65.(M) 66.(M) 67.(N)
68.(M) 69.(K) 70.(N) 71.(N)

(a) †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ wØwefw³KiY c×wZ‡Z (Bisection Method) mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb wbY©q

cixÿY bs (a) ZvwiL :

cixÿ‡Yi bvg: wØwefw³KiY c×wZ‡Z (Bisection Method) x  x  4 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi ev¯Íe g~‡ji
3

gvb Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q|

ZË¡: (x) dvskbwU Awew”Qbœ Ges (a) I (b) wecixZ wPý wewkó n‡j, a I b Gi g‡a¨
a+b
(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡e Ges g~jwUi gvb n‡e, x0 = hw` (x0) = 0 nq|
2
Avevi, (x0)  0 Ges (a) < 0, (b) > 0 Y
y = f(x)
Ges (x0) > 0 n‡j, g~jwU a Ges x0 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
a + x0 a
 g~jwU x1 = 2 X O x0 b
wKš‘, (x0) < 0 n‡j, g~jwU b I x0 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡e|
Y
b+x
 g~jwU x1 = 2 0 | GB c×wZ‡Z g~‡ji gvb wbY©q Kivi c×wZ‡K Bisection Method
(wØwefw³KiY c×wZ) e‡j|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: (i) miæ kxlhy³ †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) ivevi (iv) kvc©bvi (v) MÖvd †ccvi (vi) Puv`v
(vii) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
Kvh© c×wZ:
(i) x-Gi wfbœ wfbœ ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ (x)-Gi mswkøó gvb †ei Kwi|
(ii) `yBwU µwgK msL¨v a I b wbY©q Kwi †hb (a) I (b) ci¯úi wecixZ wPýhy³ nq|
(iii) a I b-Gi Mo gvb †_‡K g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Kwi|
dj msKjb:
x (x) = x3  x  4 gšÍe¨
1 (1) = 4 ( ve) 1 I 2 Gi g‡a¨ GKwU ev¯Íe
2 (2) = 2 (+ve) g~j we`¨gvb|
1+2 (1.5) =  2.125 (ve) 1.5 I 2 Gi g‡a¨ ev¯Íe g~j
x0 = = 1.5
2 (2) = 2 (+ve)
we`¨gvb|
1.5 + 2 (1.75) = 0.390625 (ve) 1.75 I 2 Gi g‡a¨ ev¯Íe g~j
x1 = = 1.75
2 (2) = 2 (+ve)
we`¨gvb|
 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY 123
1.75 + 2 (1.875) = 0.7167 (+ve) 1.75 Ges 1.875 Gi g‡a¨
x2 = = 1.875
2 (1.75) =  .3906 (ve)
ev¯Íe g~j we`¨gvb|
1.75 + 1.875 (1.8125) = 0.14184 (+ve) 1.75 Ges 1.8125 Gi g‡a¨
x3 = = 1.8125
2 (1.75) = .3906 (ve)
ev¯Íe g~j we`¨gvb|
1.75 + 1.8125 (1.78125) = .129608 (ve) 1.78125 Ges 1.8125 Gi g‡a¨
x4 = = 1.78125
2 (1.8125) = .14184 (+ve)
ev¯Íe g~j we`¨gvb|
1.78125 + 1.8125 (1.796875) = .0048 (+ve) 1.78125 Ges 1.796875 Gi
x5 = = 1.796875
2 (1.78125) = .129608 (ve)
g‡a¨ ev¯Íe g~j we`¨gvb|
1.78125 + 1.796875 (1.7890625) = .0627 (ve) 1.7890625 Ges 1.796875 Gi
x6 =
2 (1.796875) = .0048 (+ve)
= 1.7890625
g‡a¨ ev¯Íe g~j we`¨gvb|
 wb‡Y©q ev¯Íe g~‡ji gvb =
1.7890625 + 1.796875 = 1.79296875 = 1.793 (cÖvq)
2
djvdj: g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb = 1.793

(b) †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ cybive„wË c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgxKi‡Yi g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb wbY©q

cixÿY bs (b) ZvwiL :

cixÿ‡Yi bvg : cybive„wË c×wZ (Newton-Raphson Method) cÖ‡qvM K‡i x  sinx = 2 mgxKi‡Yi
GKwU ev¯Íe g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb Pvi `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q Ki|
ZË¡ : (x) dvskbwU Awew”Qbœ Ges (a) I (b) wecixZ wPý wewkó n‡j, a I b Gi g‡a¨
(x) = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe g~j _vK‡e|
y = (x) eµ‡iLvwUi P(x0, y0) we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY n‡e, y  y0 = '(x0) (x  x0)
hw` ¯úk©KwU x-Aÿ‡K T we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i, †hLv‡b T we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ T(x1, 0) Zvn‡j,
0  y0 = '(x0) (x1  x0)
 (x1  x0) '(x0) = y0 Y
y0
 x1  x0 = 
'(x0)
(x0)
 x1 = x0  [ y0 = (x0)] P(x0, y0)
'(x0)
(x ) y = f(x)
Avevi, x2 = x1  '(x1 ) a
1 X
.............................. O T(x1, 0) b
..............................
Y
mvaviYfv‡e †jLv hvq,
(xn1)
xn = xn1  ; n = 1, 2, 3, .................. BZ¨vw`|
'(xn1)
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: (i) miæ kxlhy³ †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) ivevi (iv) kvc©bvi (v) MÖvd †ccvi (vi) Puv`v
(vii) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`|
124 eûc`x I eûc`x mgxKiY
Kvh©c×wZ :
(i) g‡b Kwi, (x) = x  2  sinx
(ii)'(x) = 1  cosx [AšÍixKiY K‡i]
(iii) x = 2 I x = 3 ewm‡q (2) Ges (3) Gi wPý cixÿv K‡i GKwU ev¯Íe g~‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kwi|
(x )
(iv) x1 = x0 + h0 †_‡K g~‡ji gvb †ei Kwi| †hLv‡b, h0 = '(x0 )
0

m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ g~‡ji gvb wbY©q Kwi|

(v) xn+1 = xn + hn
dj msKjb : K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii e¨envi c×wZ (Model fx-570MS):
ON MODE MODE MODE MODE 2
x (x) = x  2  sinx gšÍe¨
2 (2) = 2  2  sin2
= .909297 (ve) 2 I 3 Gi g‡a¨ GKwU ev¯Íe g~j
3 (3) = 3  2  sin3 we`¨gvb
= .85887 (+ve)
x0 =2
(x0) = x0  2  sinx0 '(x0) = 1  cosx0 (x0) x1 = x0 + h
h0 = 
'(x0)
(2) = 2  2  sin2 '(2) = 1  cos2 .909297 x1 = 2 + .64209
h0 =
= .909297 = 1.416146 1.416146 = 2.642092
= .642092

(x1) = x1  2  sinx1 '(x1) = 1  cosx1 (x1) x2 = x1 + h

h1 = 
'(x1)
(2.642092) '(2.642092) .163105 x2 = 2.555233
h1 = 
= 2.642092  2  = 1  cos(2.642092) 1.877821
sin(2.642092) = 1.877821 = .086859
= .163105

(x2) =x2  2  sinx2 '(x2) = 1  cosx2 (x2) x3 = x2 + h

h2 = 
'(x2)
(2.555233) '(2.555233) .001901 x3 = 2.554196
h2 = 
= 2.555233  2  sin = 1  cos 2.555233 1.832961
2.555233 = 1.832961 = .001037
= .001901

wb‡Y©q g~‡ji Avmbœ gvb x3 = 2.554196

= 2.5542 (Avmbœ)
Abykxjbx
1. wØ wefw³KiY c×wZ‡Z (Bisection Method) x3  x2  10x + 1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi ev¯Íe g~‡ji gvb Pvi
`kwgK ch©šÍ wbY©q|
2. cybive„wË c×wZ (Newton-Raphson Method) cÖ‡qvM K‡i x2  3x  1 = 0 mgxKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯Íe
g~‡ji gvb wZb `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ wbY©q|