MB Level 2-2

Training Materials

Basic Knowledge

CMTR2-2
REV 1.0
ASUS Confidential
 Content
„ Chapter 1 CPU …………………………………….P5~44
„ Chapter 2 Chipsets ……………………………P45~65
„ Chapter 3 Memory …………………………….P66~79
„ Chapter 4 BUS Architecture & Type..P80~116
„ Chapter 5 Storage & Type …………….P117~191
„ Chapter 6 RAID Technology ………….P192~207
„ Chapter 7 M/B Form Factor …………. P208~223

2
ASUS Confidential
 Content
„ Chapter 8 Legacy I/O .……………………P224~245
„ Chapter 9 VGA ………………………………..P246~273
„ Chapter 10 Audio ……………………………..P274~287
„ Chapter 11 Optical Device Drive ……..P288~306
„ Chapter 12 LCD Monitor …………………..P307~325
„ Chapter 13 Peripherals …………………....P326~344
„ Chapter 14 Power Supply …………………P345~351
„ Chapter 15 BIOS …………………………….…P352~360

3
ASUS Confidential
 Content
„ Chapter 16 ASUS Product Feature …..P361~372
„ Chapter 17 ASUS MB Naming Rule ….P373~380
„ Chapter 18 OS Installation Guide …….P381~443
„ Chapter 19 Wired/Wireless Network ..P444~452

4
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 1
CPU

ASUS Confidential
 Outline
„ Overview
„ Introduction
z Intel Platform
z AMD Platform

6
ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ CPU - The Central Processing Unit is the core of your
computer. It performs the calculations, allocates memory,
and coordinates the activities of all software running on
the computer.

7
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ Intel Platform
Current LGA775, Socket478 Pentium D/Pentium4/Celeron D/Celeron
Old Socket370 PentiumIII/Celeron
Slot1 PentiumIII/Pentium II/Celeron

„ AMD Platform

Current K8 Socket 940, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64,

939, 754 Sempron, Opteron, ..
K7 Socket A (462) Athlon XP, Sempron, Athlon, Duron, ..

8
ASUS Confidential
 Intel Platform

ASUS Confidential
 CPU History
16 bit 8086/8088
80286
32 bit 80386
80486
Pentium
Pentium II, Celeron
Pentium III, Celeron
32/64 bit Pentium 4, Pentium D, Pentium XE, Celeron, Celeron D

10
ASUS Confidential
 P III / P 4 Comparison
Pentium III Pentium 4
Code Name Coppermine Tualatin Willamette Northwood Prescott
Mfg. Tech 0.18um 0.13um 0.18um 0.13um 0.09um
Vcore 1.6~1.75V 1.45~1.475V 1.7~1.75V 1.5~1.55V 1.2~1.5V
Package FC-PGA FC-PGA2 OLGA FC-PGA2 FC-PGA2 / PPGA/
PLGA
Socket / Pins Socket 370 Socket 370 Socket 423 Socket 478 Socket 478 / LGA 775
Host Frequency 100 / 133MHz 133MHz 400MHz (100MHz 400MHz / 533MHz / 800MHz (200MHz
Quad Pumped) 800MHz Quad Pumped)
(100 / 133 / 200MHz
Quad Pumped)
L1 Cache 16 KB 32 KB 20 KB 20 KB 28 KB
L2 Cache 256KB 256 / 512KB 256KB 512KB 1~2MB

11
ASUS Confidential
 Pentium IV (Socket 478)

12
ASUS Confidential
 Pentium IV (LGA 775)

13
ASUS Confidential
 Pentium IV EE Processor
Code Name Gallatin
Mfg. Tech 0.13um / 0.09nm
Vcore 1.28~1.55V
Package FC-PGA2 / PLGA
Socket / Pins 478 / LGA 775
Host Frequency 800MHz (200MHz Quad Pumped)
L1 Cache 20 KB
L2 Cache 512 KB
L3 Cache 2 MB

sSpec# CPU Speed Bus Speed Mfg. Tech Stepping Cache Size Package Type

SL7RT 3.46 GHz 1066 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 775 pin LGA

SL7NF 3.46 GHz 1066 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 775 pin LGA

SL7RR 3.40 GHz 800 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 775 pin LGA

SL7GD 3.40 GHz 800 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 775 pin PLGA

SL7CH 3.40 GHz 800 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 478 pin PPGA

SL7AA 3.20 GHz 800 MHz 0.13 micron M0 2 MB 478 pin PPGA

14
ASUS Confidential
 Pentium D
sSpec# CPU Speed Bus Speed Mfg. Tech Stepping Cache Size Package Type

SL88R 3.20 GHz 800 MHz 90 nm A0 2 MB 775 pin PLGA

SL88S 3 GHz 800 MHz 90 nm A0 2 MB 775 pin PLGA

SL88T 2.80 GHz 800 MHz 90 nm A0 2 MB 775 pin PLGA

„ Dual Core Processing

„ 2 X 1MB Integrated Cache
„ Execute Disable Bit
„ Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology
„ Intel® EM64T

15
ASUS Confidential
 Pentium XE
sSpec# CPU Speed Bus Speed Mfg. Tech Stepping Cache Size Package Type

SL8FK 3.20 GHz 800 MHz 90 nm A0 2 MB 775 pin PLGA

„ Dual Core Processing

„ Hyper-Threading Technology
„ 2 X 1MB Integrated Cache
„ Execute Disable Bit
„ Intel EM64T

Dual Cores+HT = 4 Logical CPUs

16
ASUS Confidential
 Celeron D
Celeron D (Socket 478)
345 (3.06 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
340 (2.93 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
335 (2.80 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
330 (2.66 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
325 (2.53 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
320 (2.40 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
315 (2.26 GHz, 478-pin Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)

Celeron D (Socket 775)

345J (3.06 GHz, LGA 775 Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
340J (2.93 GHz, LGA 775 Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
335J (2.80 GHz, LGA 775 Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
330J (2.66 GHz, LGA 775 Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)
325J (2.53 GHz, LGA 775 Package based on 90nm process technology, 256-KB Advanced Transfer Cache; 533 MHz bus)

“J” identifies Celeron D processors that support

the Execution Disable feature.
17
ASUS Confidential
 Package
„ SPGA (Staggered Pin Grid Array) : Pentium Pro
„ PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) : Celeron
„ FC-PGA (Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array) : Pentium !!!
„ OLGA (Organic Land Grid Array ) : Pentium IV(Willimette)
„ FC-PGA2 : Pentium!!!(Tualatin) / Pentium IV(Northwood)
„ LGA (Land Grid Array) : Pentium IV(Prescott)

18
ASUS Confidential
 Processor Number Info.
„ Processor Number Information
http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/info.htm
„ Pentium 4 Socket 478
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/pentium4/sb/CS-011987.htm
„ Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/pentium4/extreme/sb/CS-
006431.htm
„ Pentium 4 LGA 775
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/pentium4/sb/CS-011986.htm
„ Celeron
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/celeron/sb/CS-007445.htm
„ Celeron D LGA 775
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/celerond/sb/CS-015820.htm
„ Celeron D Socket 478
http://support.intel.com/support/processors/celerond/sb/CS-012170.htm

19
ASUS Confidential
 Hyper Threading
Program

Thread 1 Thread 1
Thread 2 Thread 2
Thread 3 Thread 3

Register Register Register

Core Core Core

ASUS Confidential
CPU Dual_CPU_1
20 Dual_CPU_2
 Hyper Threading (cont’d)

Thread 1
Thread 2
Thread 3
Thread 4

Thread 1 Thread 3
Thread 2 Thread 4

Register_1 Register_2

Core
21
ASUS Confidential
 Features
„ Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology (Intel EM64T)
„ Execute Disable Bit
„ Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology
„ Enhanced Halt State(C1E)
„ Thermal Monitor 2(TM2)

22
ASUS Confidential
 EM64T
„ Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology (Intel EM64T) enables
64-bit computing and improves performance by allowing the
system to address more than 4 GB of both virtual and
physical memory.

„ Intel EM64T requires a computer system with a processor,

chipset, BIOS,operating system, device drivers and applications
enabled for Intel EM64T.

z OS : Microsoft Windows XP Pro x64*, or RedHat* and Novell*

desktop OS’s that support 64-bit computing
z Drivers : 64-bit drivers required
z BIOS : 64-bit readiness required
z Chipset : Support 64-bit computing
z Memory : 4 GB of RAM or more recommended for apps that can
benefit from high system memory
z CPU : Supports 64-bit computing
23
ASUS Confidential
 Execute Disable Bit
„ Can improve protection against malicious "buffer overflow"
attacks when properly enabled with a supporting operating
system.

24
ASUS Confidential
 EIST
„ Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology allows the system to
dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency, which
can result in decreased average power consumption and
decreased average heat production.

„ To take advantaged of Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology,

certain requirements must be met
z CPU: EIST support required. Currently P4 6xx series.
z Chipset: EIST support required. Currently Intel® 910, Intel®
915x/925X/XE, or Intel® 945x/955X Express Chipsets
z BIOS: EIST support required. Advanced > CPU Configuration >
Intel® SpeedStep Technology [Automatic]
z Operating System: EIST support required. Windows XP SP2 /
Windows Server 2003 SP1 / Linux 2.6 kernel or later version.

For more information, please also refer to Intel How To Document at

http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/asmo-na/eng/203838.htm

25
ASUS Confidential
 EIST

EIST On EIST Off

26
ASUS Confidential
 AMD Platform

ASUS Confidential
 AMD Processor
Product Name Code name Slot / Socket Use for
K7 Athlon Desktop

Athlon XP Desktop

Athlon 4 Mobile

Athlon MP Server

K8 AMD Athlon 64 Claw Hammer (Socket 754 / 939) General Desktop

AMD Athlon 64 FX Sledge Hammer (Socket 940 / 939) Performance Desktop,

Low End Server or
Work station
AMD Opteron Sledge Hammer (Socket 940) Performance Server
or Work station

Athlon 64 FX(Socket 940) support ECC Registered memory

Athlon 64 FX(Socket 939) support Unbuffered memory

28
ASUS Confidential
 AMD Athlon

„ Athlon Thunderbird
z Full CPU-speed, on-die 256KB L2 cache
z aluminum 0.18-micron process technology
z both in Slot A and Socket A version

29
ASUS Confidential
 AMD Athlon XP

„ Support a 266MHz FSB (Not 200MHz)

„ Athlon Palomino
z Full CPU-speed, on-die 256KB L2 cache
z aluminum 0.18-micron process technology
z Socket A version
„ Athlon Thoughbred
z Full CPU-speed, on-die 256KB L2 cache
z aluminum 0.13-micron process technology
z Socket A version
„ Athlon Barton
z Full CPU-speed, on-die 512KB L2 cache
z aluminum 0.13-micron process technology
FSB=333MHz
z Socket A version

30
ASUS Confidential
 AMD Duron
„ Duron
z Almost with same features of Athlon Thunderbird
z Full CPU-speed, on-die 64 L2 Cache
z aluminum 0.18-micron process technology
z Socket A version only

Morgan
31
ASUS Confidential
 Athlon
Product Name

Code Name K7 K75 Thunderbird Palomino

Pluto Orion

Processor 0.25um 0.18um 0.18um 0.18um

Slot / Socket Slot A Slot A Socket A Socket A
FSB 200MHz 200MHz 266MHz 266MHz
X86 generation 7th 7th 7th 7th
L1 Cache 128KB 128KB 128KB 128KB
L2 Cache Discrete 512KB On die 256KB On die 256KB On die 256KB
L2 Cache Speed ½ CPU Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed
Multimedia 3D Now 3D Now 3D Now 3D Now! Professional

32
ASUS Confidential
 Athlon
Product Name

Code Name Palomino Thoroughbred A Thoroughbred B Barton

Processor 0.18um 0.13um 0.13um 0.13um
Slot / Socket Socket A Socket A Socket A Socket A
FSB 266MHz 266MHz 266MHz 333MHz
X86 generation 7th 7th 7th 7th
L1 Cache 128KB 128KB 128KB 128KB

L2 Cache On die 256KB On die 256KB On die 256KB On die 512KB

L2 Cache Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed

Multimedia 3D Now! Professional 3D Now! 3D Now! Professional 3D Now! Professional

Professional

33
ASUS Confidential
 Duron
Product Name

Code Name Spitfire Morgan

Processor 0.18um 0.18um

Vcore 1.6V 1.6V
Host Clock / FSB 100MHz/200MHz 100MHz/200MHz
X86 generation 7th 7th
L1 Cache 128KB 128KB
L2 Cache On die 64KB On die 64KB
L2 Cache Speed Full CPU Speed Full CPU Speed
Multimedia 3D Now 3D Now! Professional

34
ASUS Confidential
 K8 Platform
„ Sledge Hammer
„ Claw Hammer
„ Newcastle
„ Winchester
„ Venice
„ San Diego

35
ASUS Confidential
 Sledge Hammer

„ 0.13-micron process technology

„ L1 = 128KB
„ L2 = 1MB
„ Socket 940 Version
„ Hyper Transport = 800MHz
„ Support Dual Channel DDR
„ Support Registered Memory
„ “Opteron” is for Performance Server or Work station
„ “Athlon 64 FX” is for Performance Desktop

Athlon 64 FX-51
Athlon 64 FX-53
36
ASUS Confidential
 Claw Hammer

„ 0.13-micron process technology

„ L2 = 1MB
„ Both in Socket 754 and Socket 939 Version

Claw Hammer

Athlon 64 FX-53 Athlon 64 FX-55

Socket Type Socket 754 Socket 939
Hyper Transport 800MHz 1GHz
Dual Channel DDR No Yes

37
ASUS Confidential
 Newcastle

„ 0.13-micron process technology

„ L1 = 128KB
„ L2 = 512KB
„ Both in Socket 754 and Socket 939 Version

Newcastle
Socket Type Socket 754 Socket 939
Hyper Transport 800MHz 1GHz
Dual Channel DDR Yes No

38
ASUS Confidential
 Winchester

„ 0.09-micron process technology

„ L2 = 512KB
„ Socket 939 Version
„ Hyper Transport = 800MHz
„ Support Dual Channel DDR

39
ASUS Confidential
 Venice

„ 0.09-micron process technology

„ L2 = 512KB
„ Socket 939 Version
„ Hyper Transport = 800MHz
„ Support Dual Channel DDR
„ Support SSE3 Multimedia Instruction
„ Usher in DSL (Dual Stress Liner)

40
ASUS Confidential
 San Diego

„ 0.09-micron process technology

„ L2 = 1MB
„ Socket 939 Version
„ Hyper Transport = 800MHz
„ Support Dual Channel DDR
„ Support SSE3 Multimedia Instruction
„ Usher in DSL (Dual Stress Liner)

41
ASUS Confidential
 Sempron
„ Socket 462 (Athlon XP Core) : FSB=333MHz
„ Socket 754 (Athlon 64 Core)

SDA3100AIP3AX is the
OPN (Tray) for this AMD
Sempron CPU

OPN = Ordering P/N

42
ASUS Confidential
 Athlon MP

General General
Athlon MP Athlon MP
Processor Processor

North Bridge North Bridge

43
ASUS Confidential
 Comparison

CPU Athlon 64 FX Athlon 64 Athlon Sempron

XP
Socket 940 939 754 939 462 754 462

MC Yes Yes No Yes No

L1 128KB 128KB 128KB 128KB

L2 1MB 512KB/ 512KB 256KB/ 256KB

1MB 512KB
FSB 800 1000 800 1000 400 800 333

64Bit Support Not Support

44
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 2:
Chipset introduction

The heart of PC system

ASUS Confidential
 Agenda
„ PC system diagram
„ Northbridge
„ Southbridge
„ Conclusion

46
ASUS Confidential
 PC system diagram

„ Northbridge:
82945G (GMCH)
„ Southbridge:
82801GR (ICH7R)

47
ASUS Confidential
 NorthBridge Location

48
ASUS Confidential
 Northbridge-What is Northbridge ?
„ CPU (connect via FSB)
„ Memory module (connect directly)
„ AGP Slot (connect directly)
„ PCI-Express slot (connect directly)
„ Southbridge (connect via the bus)

49
ASUS Confidential
 NB Vendor: Intel
http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/express_flyer.htm

50
ASUS Confidential
 NB Vendor: VIA
For Intel CPU Platform

For AMD CPU Platform

51
ASUS Confidential
 NB Vendor: SiS

For Intel CPU platform

For AMD K8 CPU Platform

52
ASUS Confidential
 NB Vendor: nVidia

53
ASUS Confidential
 NB Vendor: ATi

54
ASUS Confidential
 Northbridge- Exterior
Intel 845PE VIA KM400A SiS 661FX

55
ASUS Confidential
 Northbridge-The function unit in Northbridge

56
ASUS Confidential
 Southbridge-Who connect with Southbridge

„ IDE device
„ SATA device
„ USB device
„ Audio device
„ LAN port
„ PCI device
„ PCI-E slot
„ BIOS chip

57
ASUS Confidential
 SouthBridge Location

58
ASUS Confidential
 Southbridge- Exterior
Intel ICH4 SiS 964 VIA VT8237R

59
ASUS Confidential
 Southbridge-The function unit in Southbridge

60
ASUS Confidential
 SB Vendor: Intel

61
ASUS Confidential
 SB Vendor: VIA

62
ASUS Confidential
 SB Vendor: SiS

63
ASUS Confidential
 Single Chipset: nVidia

64
ASUS Confidential
 Conclusion- Q & A
„ Please write down the major four manufacturers of
chipsets.
„ Please write down three ASUS models with Intel Chipset.
„ Which parts connect with AGP ?
„ Which chipset support AMD CPU ?
„ Try to simply describe the PC system diagram.

65
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 3:
Memory Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Outline
„ Introduction
„ The role of memory
„ Memory types
„ RAM family
„ What memory looks like
„ Performance terms

67
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ What is memory anyway?
„ All computer functions have common features
z Data processing (CPU, GPU….)
z Data storage (CDR, HDD, Memory…)
z Data movement (FSB, PCI-E, USB….)
z Control (North Bridge, South Bridge…)
„ Why memory improve performance?
z CPU runs much more faster than HDD.
If all data & application were stored in HDD.
CPU will always wait for HDD to pass data.
z Bottle neck in HDD, CPU idle most of the time
z Memory enhance the usage of CPU.

68
ASUS Confidential
 The role of memory

69
ASUS Confidential
 Memory types
„ RAM is volatile, capable being read/write in byte level
„ Flash memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory.
Please refer to Flash Memory(New).ppt for details.
„ ROM is a non-volatile, generally used for fixed data.
Please refer to ROM.pptfor details.

70
ASUS Confidential
 Memory types
Type Volatile? Writeable? Erase Size Cost (per Byte) Speed

SRAM Yes Yes Byte Expensive Fast

DRAM Yes Yes Byte Moderate Moderate

Masked ROM No No n/a Inexpensive Fast

Once, with a
PROM No device n/a Moderate Fast
programmer

Yes, with a device

EPROM No Entire Chip Moderate Fast
programmer

Fast to read, slow

EEPROM No Yes Byte Expensive
to erase/write

Fast to read, slow

Flash No Yes Sector Moderate
to erase/write

Expensive (SRAM
NVRAM No Yes Byte Fast
+ battery)

71
ASUS Confidential
 Memory types

72
ASUS Confidential
 RAM Family
„ Static RAM (SRAM)
z Faster, more expensive
z Need not to be recharged regularly like DRAM
z Cache
„ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
z Less expensive, need to be refreshed
z DRAM subtypes to be introduced
– Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Please refer to SDRAM(New).pptfor details.
– Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM (DDR)
Please refer to DDR(New).ppt for details.
– Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous DRAM (DDR2)
Please refer to DDR II(New).ppt for details.
– Rambus DRAM(RDRAM)
not being used anymore, not being discussed here.
Please refer to RDRAM(New).ppt for details.
73
ASUS Confidential
 DRAM Family

74
ASUS Confidential
 DRAM Family

„ Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM (DDR)

z transactions on both the rising and falling edges of the clock cycle.
z a 100 or 133MHz memory bus clock rate yields an effective data rate of 200MHz or 266MHz.
„ Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM 2(DDR2)
z Higher speed, larger capacity available with lower power consumption, compared with DDR
z On Die Termination (ODT), which will enhance signal quality

75
ASUS Confidential
 What memory looks like?

76
ASUS Confidential
 Performance release terms

„ Performance related terms

z Access Time (Nano seconds)
9 measuring from when the memory module receives a
data request to when that data becomes available.
9 lower numbers indicate faster speeds.
z CAS latency
9 the number of clock cycles it takes before a column can
be addressed on the DRAM chip.
9 Latency is a measure of delay

z Dual channel mode

please refer to the picture next page.

77
ASUS Confidential
 Dual Channel Mode

78
ASUS Confidential
 Other important term
z MEMORY BANKS
Most computer systems have two or more memory banks –
usually called bank A, bank B
z Error Correction Code (ECC)
data integrity checking method used primarily in high-end
PCs and file servers. Please refer to ECC(New).ppt for details.

z Serial Presence Detect (SPD)

store information about the memory module.

z Please visit
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/dram_memory.asp &
http://www.webopedia.com/Hardware/Memory/ for more
info.

79
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 4:
BUS Architecture & Type
PCI, AGP, PCI-X, PCI Express

ASUS Confidential
 PCI Overview
„ Introduction
„ Get on the PCI Bus
„ PCI Card’s Profile
„ History of PCI
„ PCI Bandwidth
„ PCI Feature

81
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ Peripheral Component
Interconnect Bus
z Developed by Intel in 1992

z Populated with PCI adapter

cards PCI BUS
South
for data transaction with PC Bridge LPC BUS
„ PCI Bus
z Data width = 32 bits

z PCI Bus Clock = 33MHz

z Actually 33/66 MHz, 32/64 bit

data width are allowed

82
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction(Cont.)
„ PCI Bus
z Master (Initiator) vs. Slave (Target)
z Bus Ownership requires to be requested
from PCI Arbitor which resides in North
bridge usually.
z Interrupt Request
– 4 pins ready : INTA, INTB, INTC, INTD
– Allowed to be shared
z PCI BIOS
– Must be executed while at POST routine
z PCI Device
– Single Function vs. Multifunction
z +5V and 3.3V operating voltage

83
ASUS Confidential
 Get On The PCI Bus

„ The illustration
shows how the
PCI buses
connect to CPU.

84
ASUS Confidential
 PCI Card’s profile

„ The illustration
shows how the
PCI card
connect to PCI
Slot.

85
ASUS Confidential
 History of PCI
Spec. Development Remark

PCI 1.0 1992 1st PCI Spec.

Support 5V voltage
Support Plug & Play
PCI 2.0 1993 Add Power Management

PCI 2.1 1994 Add 66MHz and 3.3V voltage

PCI 2.2 1998 Add Low-Profile PCI Spec for Barebone.

Release Mini PCI Spec.
PCI 2.3 2002 Don’t support 5V voltage only peripherals
Support 3.3V or Universal PCI peripherals
PCI 3.0 2004 Remove 5V voltage
Support 3.3V only
86
ASUS Confidential
 PCI Bandwidth

33MHz / 32bit：
33.33MHz * 4Byte = 133MB/s
66MHz / 64bit：
66.66MHz * 8Byte = 528MB/s

87
ASUS Confidential
 PCI Feature
„ PCI Bus
z Master (Initiator) vs. Slave (Target)
z Bus Ownership requires to be requested
from PCI Arbitor which resides in North
bridge usually.
z Interrupt Request
– 4 pins ready : INTA, INTB, INTC, INTD
– Allowed to be shared
z +5V and 3.3V operating voltage

88
ASUS Confidential
 AGP Overview
„ Introduction
„ Feature
„ Specification
„ Connector
„ Voltage Key
„ AGP Pro

89
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ AGP is an Accelerated Graphics Port on your
motherboard which is designed solely for graphics
cards. It is a shorter slot than a PCI slot and is
normally a dark brown color.

90
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction(Cont.)
„ AGP functions at 66MHZ by default on a 32bit bus.
AGP 1X operates in a traditional fashion while AGP 2X
is a "double pumped" solution transmitting data on
the rising and falling edges of the clock signal for
effectively double the throughput. AGP 4X and AGP
8X are both progressions that enable some additional
features the most important of which is added
bandwidth.

91
ASUS Confidential
 Feature
„ AGP
z Accelerated Graphics Port
z Developed by Intel Corporation
z Demands of 3D graphics data throughput
„ Spec „ Voltage
z AGP 1.0
z 3.3V
z AGP 2.0
z 1.5V
z AGP 3.0
„ Data Strobes
„ Electrical wires
z AGP 1X
z AGP Clock = 66MHz
z AGP 2X
z Data lines = 32 bits
z Almost same as PCI bus z AGP 4X
HOST BUS
z AGP 8X

AGP 8X MCH
AGP BUS

92
ASUS Confidential
 Feature

AGP 1X：
66.66MHz * 4Byte = 266MB/s
AGP 2X：
66.66MHz * 4Byte * 2 = 533MB/s
AGP 4X：
66.66MHz * 4Byte * 4 = 1066MB/s
AGP 8X：
66.66MHz * 4Byte * 8 = 2132MB/s ≒2.1GB/s

93
ASUS Confidential
 Specification

Data Rate 1X 2X 4X 8X
AGP 1.0 3.3V 3.3V N/A N/A
AGP 2.0 1.5V / 3.3V 1.5V / 3.3V 1.5V N/A
AGP 3.0 N/A N/A 1.5V 1.5V

94
ASUS Confidential
 Connector
„ Three types of AGP connectors
z AGP 1.0 Connector at 3.3V
z AGP 2.0 and AGP 3.0 Connector at 1.5V

z AGP Universal connector at 1.5V or 3.3V

3.3V key
3.3V Connector

Universal Connector

1.5V Connector
1.5V key
95
ASUS Confidential
 Voltage Key

1.5V Key 3.3V Key

3.3V 12V
AGP 4X

ASUS Confidential
96 AGP Pro
 AGP Pro
„ AGP Pro: AGP plus power extension to support more
power consumption

Added for
AGP Pro

Back to
chassis
3V Extension AGP Connector Pinout 12V Extension

AGP
2X/4X

97
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-X Overview
„ Introduction
„ I/O Bandwidth vs. Time
„ PCI-X Features
„ PCI-X System Flexibility
• Speed vs. Slot Tradeoff
• Hierarchical Structure
„ PCI-X System Configuration
„ Adapter Card Selection
„ Hardware Compatibility

98
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ PCI-X v1.0, a high performance addendum to the PCI
Local Bus specification co-developed by IBM,
Hewlett-Packard, and Compaq - normally competitors
in the PC server market - was unanimously approved
by the Peripheral Component Interconnect Special
Interest Group (PCI SIG) in the autumn of 1999.
Fully backward compatible with standard PCI, PCI-X
was seen as an immediate solution to the increased
I/O requirements for high-bandwidth enterprise
applications such as Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel,
Ultra3 SCSI and high-performance graphics.

99
ASUS Confidential
 I/O Bandwidth vs. Time

100
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-X Features
„ PCI-X Systems
• 32- or 64-bit,
• 3.3 Volt I/O
• Trade off speed for slots
1 slot @ 133 MHz; 2 slots @ 100 MHz; 4 slots @ 66 MHz
„ PCI-X Devices
• 32- or 64-bit
• 66, 133MHz
• 3.3Volt I/O or Universal
„ Bus runs in PCI-X or conventional mode (similar to
33/66 MHz modes in PCI 2.2)

101
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-X System Flexibility
„ Speed vs. Slot Tradeoff

102
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-X System Flexibility
„ Hierarchical Structure

103
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-X System Configuration

104
ASUS Confidential
 Adapter Card Selection

PCI-X 133MHz adapters support PCI-X 66MHz, 100MHz and 133MHz

frequencies. Note that for best performance in a 100MHz PCI-X slot a
133MHz PCI-X adapter must be inserted.

105
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Compatibility
„ The 5v to 3.3v Migration

106
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-E Overview
„ Introduction
„ PCI-E Infrastructure
„ PCI-E Slot Illustrator
„ Feature
„ PCI-E Application
„ Common Buses and Max Bandwidth
„ Performance

107
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ PCI-Express (formerly 3GIO) was a
development effort, led by the likes of Intel, to
advance the I/O (input output) functionality of
today's computers. With the ever greater
demand for fast processing and with the CPU
being bottlenecked by aging system busses,
this development was designed to regain the
balance between raw CPU speed and system
speed.

108
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction(Cont.)
„ The PCI Express bus is a serial bus
that works in full-duplex mode. Data
is transmitted in this bus through two
pairs of wires called lane. Each lane
allows a maximum transfer rate of
250 MB/s in each direction, almost
twice the rate of the PCI bus. The PCI
Express bus can be built by combining
several lanes in order to achieve
higher performance. We can find PCI
Express systems with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
and 32 lanes. For example, the
transfer rate of a PCI Express system
with 8 lanes (x8) is 2 GB/s (250 * 8).

109
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-E Infrastructure
„ A connection between two
a PCIe device and a PCIe
switch is called a link.
Each link is composed of
one or more lanes, and
each lane is capable of
transmitting one byte at a
time in both directions at
once. This full-duplex
communication is possible
because each lane is itself
composed of one pair of
signals: send and receive.

110
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-E Infrastructure(Cont.)

„ The figure
shows
connections
among whole
motherboard
system.

111
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-E Slot Illustrator
„ The PCI Express bus
defines a different
type of slot based
on the number of
lanes in the system.
For example, the
physical size of the
PCI Express bus x1
slot is different from
that of the PCI
Express bus x4. In
the Figure you can
see the difference
between the PCI
Express bus slots.
112
ASUS Confidential
 Feature

HOST BUS

North
PCI-E X16 Bridge
Memory BUS
PCI-E X16 BUS
PCI-E SLOT

Bus Width Clock Bandwidth(Unidirectional) Bandwidth(Bi-directional)

PCIE X1 8bits 2.5GHz 250MB/s 500MB/s
PCIE X2 8bits*2 2.5GHz 500MB/s 1GB/s
PCIE X4 8bits*4 2.5GHz 1GB/s 2GB/s
PCIE X8 8bits*8 2.5GHz 2GB/s 4GB/s
PCIE X16 8bits*16 2.5GHz 4GB/s 8GB/s
PCIE X32 8bits*32 2.5GHz 8GB/s 16GB/s

113
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-E Application
„ PCI Express was developed so that high-speed
interconnects such as 1394b, USB 2.0 and Gigabit
Ethernet would have an I/O architecture suitable for
their transfer high speeds.
„ Support for multiple interconnect widths via 1, 2, 4, 8,
12, 16 and 32 lane configurations aggregated to
match application bandwidth needs.

PCI Express 16X

114
ASUS Confidential
 Common Buses and Max Bandwidth

PCI 133MB/s
AGP 8X 2133MB/s
PCI Express 1X 250 [500]* MB/s
PCI Express 2X 500 [1000]* MB/s
PCI Express 4X 1000 [2000]* MB/s
PCI Express 8X 2000 [4000]* MB/s
PCI Express 16X 4000 [8000]* MB/s
PCI Express 32X 8000 [16000]* MB/s
IDE (Ultra DMA 100) 100MB/s
IDE (Ultra DMA 133) 133MB/s
Serial ATA 1 150MB/s
Serial ATA 2 300MB/s
IEEE1394a (Firewire 400) 50MB/s
IEEE1394b (Firewire 800) 100MB/s
USB 2.0 (480Mbps) 60MB/s

115
ASUS Confidential
 Performance
„ The figure shows difference of performance
among ISA, PCI, AGP, PCI interfaces.

116
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 5
Storage & Type

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Floppy Introduction
„ IDE Introduction
„ SATA Introduction
„ SCSI Introduction

118
ASUS Confidential
 Floppy Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 History of the Floppy Disk Drive

„ The floppy disk drive (FDD) was invented at IBM by

Alan Shugart in 1967. The first floppy drives used an
8-inch disk (later called a "diskette" as it got smaller),
which evolved into the 5.25-inch disk that was used
on the first IBM Personal Computer in August 1981.
The 5.25-inch disk held 360 kilobytes compared to
the 1.44 megabyte capacity of today's 3.5-inch
diskette. The 5.25-inch disks were dubbed "floppy"
because the diskette packaging was a very flexible
plastic envelope, unlike the rigid case used to hold
today's 3.5-inch diskettes.

120
ASUS Confidential
 History of the Floppy Disk Drive
By the mid-1980s, the improved designs of the
read/write heads, along with improvements in the
magnetic recording media, led to the less-flexible, 3.5-
inch, 1.44-megabyte (MB) capacity FDD in use today.
For a few years, computers had both FDD sizes (3.5-
inch and 5.25-inch). But by the mid-1990s, the 5.25-inch
version had fallen out of popularity, partly because the
diskette's recording surface could easily become
contaminated by fingerprints through the open access
area.

121
ASUS Confidential
 The Disk

„ A floppy disk, like a cassette tape, is made from a thin piece of

plastic coated with a magnetic material on both sides. However,
it is shaped like a disk rather than a long thin ribbon. The tracks
are arranged in concentric rings so that the software can jump
from "file 1" to "file 19" without having to fast forward through
files 2-18. The diskette spins like a record and the heads move
to the correct track, providing what is known as direct access
storage.

122
ASUS Confidential
 The Driver

Read/write heads for each side of the diskette

Read/Write Heads: Located on both sides of

a diskette, they move together on the same
assembly. The heads are not directly
opposite each other in an effort to prevent
interaction between write operations on
each of the two media surfaces. The same
head is used for reading and writing, while a
second, wider head is used for erasing a
track just prior to it being written. This
allows the data to be written on a wider
“clean slate,” without interfering with the
analog data on an adjacent track.

123
ASUS Confidential
 The Driver

Rear view of 3.5 inch driver

Front view of 3.5 inch driver

124
ASUS Confidential
 The Cable

Power cable
Floppy cable

125
ASUS Confidential
 IDE Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Usually, these devices connect to the computer through an
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. Essentially, an IDE
interface is a standard way for a storage device to connect to a
computer. IDE is actually not the true technical name for the
interface standard. The original name, AT Attachment (ATA),
signified that the interface was initially developed for the IBM AT
computer. In this article, you will learn about the evolution of
IDE/ATA, what the pinouts are and exactly what “slave” and
“master” mean in IDE.

127
ASUS Confidential
 What is IDE ?
„ IDE stands for Integrated Disk Electronics .
„ The official name for IDE interface is
ATA (AT-Attachment) interface .
„ What is the origin of name IDE , ATA?
„ ATAPI ?

128
ASUS Confidential
 Electronic
PWR Connector

Spindle Motor

DATA Connector

129
ASUS Confidential
 Mechanism

Spindle Motor (主軸馬達)

Case (機殼)

Head Actuator Group

(磁頭傳動組)
Platters (碟片)
Read / Write Heads
(讀寫頭)

130
ASUS Confidential
 Platter

131
ASUS Confidential
 Platter

3.5 inch
2.5 inch

Diameter = 3.5 inch

Diameter = 2.5 inch

132
ASUS Confidential
 Spindle
Revolutions Per Minute
(1). 5400rpm
(2). 7200rpm

Technology
(1). Ball Bearing Motor (滾珠軸承)
(2). Fluid Dynamic Bearing Motor (液態軸承)
BBM FDBM

Friction More Less

Noise More Less

Price Cheap Expensive

133
ASUS Confidential
 R.P.M.

ex :
7200 rpm
D=3.5 inch
Radius = 3.5 inch / 2 * 2.54 (cm / inch) = 4.445 cm
Speed = Circumference * R.P.M. = 2 * 4.445 (cm) * 3.14 * 7200rpm
= 121 km/h

134
ASUS Confidential
 R/W Head

N S N S
S N S N

135
ASUS Confidential
 Head Actuator Group
„ Head Actuator Group
z Actuator Arm

z Actuator Axis

z Actuator

136
ASUS Confidential
 Landing Zone and Park

137
ASUS Confidential
 Operating

Electromagnetic

MB Current Pulse
138
ASUS Confidential
 Operation
Data is recorded onto the magnetic surface of the disk in
exactly the same way as it is on floppies or digital tapes.

Platter

Magnetic

R/W Head

Flying Height ≒ 0.1~0.3 (um)

139
ASUS Confidential
 Flowchart
User / Application S/W
Request
OS

BIOS
System Transfer RAM
Logic Address C、H、S South Bridge
Logic Address C、H、S

IDE Controller
Access
H.D.D
140
ASUS Confidential
 Ground 40 39 DASP-
CS1- 38 37 CS0-
DA2 36 35 DA0
PDIAG 34 33 DA1
reserved 32 31 INTRQ
Ground 30 29 DMACK-
CSEL 28 27 IORDY/DDMARDY/DSTROBE
Ground 26 25 DIOR/HDMARDY/HSTROBE
Ground 24 23 DIOW- / STOP
Ground 22 21 DMARQ
KEY(Empty) 19 Ground

IDE Port DD15

DD14
18
16
17
15
DD0
DD1

Pin DD13
DD12
14
12
13
11
DD2
DD3
DD11 10 09 DD4

Definition DD10
DD09
08
06
07
05
DD5
DD6
DD08 04 03 DD7
Ground 02 01 Reset-

+5V

Gnd

Gnd

+12V
141
ASUS Confidential
 Ground 40 39 DASP-
IDE Port Pin Descriptions CS1- 38 37 CS0-
DA2 36 35 DA0
DD0-DD15 Data Bus bit 1-15 PDIAG 34 33 DA1
CSEL Cable Select reserved 32 31 INTRQ
Ground 30 29 DMACK-
CS0-CS1- Chip Select 0-1 CSEL 28 27 IORDY/DDMARDY/DSTROBE
DA0-DA2 Device Address bit 0 -2 Ground 26 25 DIOR/HDMARDY/HSTROBE
Ground 24 23 DIOW- / STOP
DMARQ DMA Request 22 21
Ground DMARQ
DMACK DMA Acknowledge KEY(Empty) 19 Ground
DD15 18 17 DD0
INTRQ Interrupt Request 16 15
DD14 DD1
DASP- Device Active/Slave Present DD13 14 13 DD2
DD12 12 11 DD3
PDIAG Passed Diagnostics
DD11 10 09 DD4
Reset Reset DD10 08 07 DD5
DD09 06 05 DD6
DIOW- I/O Write DD08 04 03 DD7
STOP Stop during UDMA data bursts Ground 02 01 Reset-

DIOR- I/O Read

HDMARDY- DMA Ready during UDMA data in burst +5V
HSTROBE Data Strobe during UDMA data out burst
IORDY I/O Ready Gnd

DDMARDY- DMA Ready during UDMA data out burst Gnd

DSTROBE DMA Strobe during UDMA data in buurst +12V
142
ASUS Confidential
 Transfer Timing Mode

PIO timing
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4
parameter :
t0 cycle time 600 ns 383 ns 240 ns 180 ns 120 ns

Multi-Word DMA
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2
timing parameter : 1/ 20ns = 50MHz
t0 cycle time 480 ns 150 ns 120 ns ATA/100
Ultra DMA timing
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6
parameter : 1/2
t_2cyc cycle time 120 ns 80 ns 60 ns 45 ns 30 ns 20 ns 7.5 ns

ATA/33 ATA/66 ATA/133

1/ 60ns = 16.6MHz 1/ 30ns = 33.3MHz 1/ 7.5ns = 66.6MHz
143
ASUS Confidential
 IDE Cable
„ The length of Standard IDE cable is 18 inch .
Once the endusers fit another longer IDE cable between his
HDDs and M/B , the signal quality on this cable could be worse .
And sometimes if the timing on ATA interface is of UDMA mode ,
then many errors may be reported .
„ If only one ATA device is attached on the cable , it is not
recommended to interconnect like this way below , for the open
stub segment on the cable may degrade the signal quality on
the bus ,during the high speed UDMA mode .

IDE Cable

HOST Open
(M/B IDE ATA Device
Controller)

144
ASUS Confidential
 IDE Cable

145
ASUS Confidential
 IDE setting in BIOS

Secondary

Primary

146
ASUS Confidential
 Spec.

Spec. PIO DMA Ultra DMA Remark

ATA-1 0,1,2 Sigleword: 1.40 pin cable
0,1,2 2.Support 2 devices (one
Multiword: channel)
0
ATA-2 0,1,2,3,4 Sigleword: 1.Fast ATA or Enhanced
0,1,2 IDE
Multiword: 2.Support LBA mode
0,1,2 (Support 137GB)

ATA-3 All All 1.Fast ATA-2

2.S.M.A.R.T.

147
ASUS Confidential
 Spec.
Spec. PIO DMA Ultra DMA Remark
ATA All All 0,1,2 1.Add ATAPI Spec.
ATAPI-4 2.Establish cable spec. for
80 wires
3.UDMA 2 = UDMA 33
ATA All All 0,1,2,3,4 1.80 pin Cable
ATAPI-5 2.UDMA 4 = UDMA 66

ATA All All 0,1,2,3,4,5 1.Support 48 bit addressing

ATAPI-6 (Support 144PB)
2.48 bit LBA is called
BigDrive
3.UDMA 5 = UDMA 100
ATA All All 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 1.UDMA 6 = UDMA 133
ATAPI-7 2.UDMA 133 is called
FastDrive by Maxtor

148
ASUS Confidential
 Transfer Mode
„ PIO (Programmed Input / Output)
„ DMA (Direct Memory Access)
„ UDMA (Ultra DMA) : “Double Transition Clocking”

UDMA 33
UDMA 66
UDMA 100
UDMA 133 : It’s called “FastDrive” by Maxtor

149
ASUS Confidential
 DMA Mode

„ There are two technical for Direct Memory

Access
„ Singleword:

Reset Signal Reset Signal 16 bit = 2 Byte = 1 Word

Data 1 Data 2 Data 3

„ Multiword
16 bit = 2 Byte = 1 Word

Data 1 Data 2 Data 3

150
ASUS Confidential
 Throughput
MB/Sec PIO Mode DMA Mode UDMA Mode
2.1 DMA SW Mode 0
3.3 PIO Mode 1
4.2 DMA SW Mode 1
DMA MW Mode 0
5.2 PIO Mode 2
8.3 PIO Mode 3 DMA SW Mode 2
11.1 PIO Mode 4
13.3 DMA MW Mode 1
16.7 PIO Mode 5 DMA MW Mode 2 UDMA Mode 0
25.0 UDMA Mode 1
33.3 UDMA Mode 2
44.4 UDMA Mode 3
66.7 UDMA Mode 4
100 UDMA Mode 5
133 UDMA Mode 6
151
ASUS Confidential
 Data Transfers

ATA-2 and ATA-3 Ultra ATA Ultra ATA/66

Ultra ATA/100 = 20 ns
Ultra ATA/133 = 7.5 ns

152
ASUS Confidential
 SATA Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
• Serial ATA provides:
• Scalable performance for the next decade(150MB,
300MB, 600MB…)
• Smaller, thinner cables(7 Pins: 4 pins signal, 3 pin
ground), longer cables length(1M)
• Software compatible with ATA
• Cost structure similar to parallel ATA

154
ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Serial ATA is the next -generation internal storage
interconnect, designed to replace parallel ATA
technology. Serial ATA is the proactive evolution of
the ATA interface from a parallel bus to a serial bus
architecture. This architecture overcomes the
electrical constraints that are increasing the difficulty
of continued speed enhancements for the classic
parallel ATA bus. Serial ATA will be introduced at
150Mbytes/sec, with a roadmap already planned to
600Mbytes/sec.

155
ASUS Confidential
 Parallel ATA Issues

2 Fundamental Problems
„ 5V signaling/tolerance
„ 26 signal lines

156
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA Primer

„ 100% SW compatible
„ Capabilities (hot plug)..
„ Primary inside the box storage
connection with cable length <1m..
„ Low voltage differential signaling.
„ Higher performance than equivalent ATA.
„ Scalability (150MB > 300MB > 600MB)
„ Star topology (point to point, no hubs)
„ Suitable for mobile use (power
consumption)

157
ASUS Confidential
 SATA Feature
-Low Pin Count (4 pin)
-Fast (600MB)
-Low Voltage (0.25V)
-Use long cable (1 Meter)
-Inside-The-Box
-Point to point

158
ASUS Confidential
 S-ATA 1.0 Spec.
„ Spec. defines interface between the host and the device
„ Protocol and mechanisms defined

159
ASUS Confidential
 S-ATA II Definition
„ Phase 1: Address immediate needs for server &
networked storage segments

„ Phase 2: Deliver next generation speed and

additional desktop and server capabilities

160
ASUS Confidential
 Cable and Connector

•Connector location on 2.5 and 3.5

devices compatible for use in common
receptacle
•Connector suitable for hot plug and
blind mating, suitable for backplane
use

161
ASUS Confidential
 SATA Connector

Right Angle Serial ATA Cable

Assembly

Straight Serial ATA Cable

Assembly

Device Connector Host Signal

Plug

162
ASUS Confidential
 Signals Assigned

163
ASUS Confidential
 Configuration 3.5”

35A1 35B4

35B1 35B5

35B2 35C1

ASUS Confidential
35B3 164
 Configuration 2.5”

25A1

165
ASUS Confidential
 Prototype

Maxtor Prototype (35B1) Seagate Prototype (35B4)

166
ASUS Confidential
 Cable Construction

Ground

Ground

167
ASUS Confidential
 Connector Pin Definition (1)

S1 Gnd
S2 A+ Signal line(pair A)
S3 A- Signal line(pair A)
Signal Segment

S4 Gnd
S5 B+ Signal line(pair B)
S6 B- Signal line(pair B)
S7 Gnd

168
ASUS Confidential
 Connector Pin Definition (2)

S1 V33 3.3V Power

S2 V33 3.3V Power Legacy power connector
S3 V33 3.3V Power
S4 Gnd
Power Segment

S5 Gnd
S6 Gnd
S7 V5 5V Power
S8 V5 5V Power
S9 V5 5V Power
S10 Gnd
S11 Reserved
S12 Gnd
S13 V12 12V Power
S14 V12 12V Power
SATA power connector
S15 V12 12V Power

169
ASUS Confidential
 Out Of Band

106.7 ns 106.7 ns
Connector
Serial ATA OOB
Controller
Connector

106.7 ns
320 ns
Device Connector
Serial ATA OOB
Controller
Device Connector

170
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA & Parallel ATA
„ Parallel ATA

Parallel
M/B ATA Slave Master
driver driver
adapter

Parallel ATA: 40 Pins

171
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA & Parallel ATA
„ Serial ATA

Serial ATA:Four signal lines

Serial Serial driver

M/B ATA
adapter
Serial driver

172
ASUS Confidential
 Improving the Cable Plant

„ Cost down
„ Improve system cooling

S-ATA System P-ATA System

173
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA—Star Topology

• Point-to-point topology has performance

benefits:
– Each device gets full bandwidth
– No bus arbitration

HDD

Host HDD
Controller

HDD

174
ASUS Confidential
 Comparison Table
ATA SATA SCSI SAS FC

Interface Type Parallel Serial Parallel Serial Serial

Addressing 2 1 or 16 w/SATA II 16 128 16 million

Distance (m) .5 1 12 10 10km

68-pin copper/optical
Connection 80-pin 7-pin 7-pin
internal/ext internal/external

Dual Port
No No No Yes Yes

pt. to pt. with

Topology bus pt. to pt. bus loop, fabric
expanders

Duplex half half half full full

4096 with 127-loop 2*24

Max. Devices 1 or 15 with port
2 16 expanders fabric
multiplier

Cable Length 30m (copper)

0.4m 1m 12m 10m 300m (optical)
175
ASUS Confidential
 Storage I/F

I/F Parallel ATA USB IEEE 1394 Serial ATA

Target Internal External External Internal

Market
Cost Low > Parallel > Parallel = Parallel
ATA ATA ATA
Speed 133MB/s 480Mbps 800Mbps 600MB/s

Bootable Yes No No Yes

Hot Plug No Yes Yes Yes

176
ASUS Confidential
 IDE v.s. SATA Connector

177
ASUS Confidential
 SATA & P-ATA Routing

Serial ATA Connectors

Parallel ATA Connectors

178
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA Roadmap (1)

Generation1 Generation2 Generation3

Approximate Data 150MB/s 300MB/s 600MB/s

Rate

Approximate mid 2001 mid 2004 mid 2007

179
ASUS Confidential
 Serial ATA Interface

PCI BUS
South
Bridge LPC BUS

Serial ATA

Generation1 Generation2 Generation3

Approximate Data 150MB/s 300MB/s 600MB/s

Rate

Approximate mid 2001 mid 2004 mid 2007

180
ASUS Confidential
 Layout

181
ASUS Confidential
 Layout

182
ASUS Confidential
 Layout

SATA Power
SATA HD Cable
Interface

SATA Data
Cable

183
ASUS Confidential
 SCSI Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ The Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a
parallel I/0 bus and protocol that permits the
connection of a variety of peripherals including disk
drives, tape drives, modems, printers, scanners,
optical devices, test equipment, and medical devices
to a host computer. This chapter provides an
overview of the SCSI system.

185
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
The SCSI bus connects all parts of a
computer system so that they can
communicate with each other. The
bus frees the host processor from
the responsibility of I/O internal
tasks.
The SCSI protocol is a peer-to-peer
relationship: one device does not
have to be subordinated to another
device in order to perform I/0
activities. A total of eight devices
can be connected to the bus
simultaneously. Only two of these
devices can communicate on the
bus at any given time.

186
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction SCSI Types
Name Specification # of Devices Bus Width Bus Speed MB / PS

Asynchronous
SCSI-1 8 8 bits 5 MHz 4 MB
SCSI

Synchronous
SCSI-1 8 8 bits 5 MHz 5 MB
SCSI
Wide
SCSI-2 16 16 bits 5 MHz 10 MB
SCSI
Fast
SCSI-2 8 8 bits 10 MHz 10 MB
SCSI
Fast/Wide
SCSI-2 16 16 bits 10 MHz 20 MB
SCSI
Ultra SCSI-3
8 8 bits 20 MHz 20 MB
SCSI SPI
Ultra/Wide SCSI-3
8 16 bits 20 MHz 40 MB
SCSI SPI
Ultra2 SCSI-3
8 8 bits 40 MHz 40 MB
SCSI SPI-2
Ultra2/Wide SCSI-3
16 16 bits 40 MHz 80 MB
SCSI SPI-2
Ultra3 SCSI-3
16 16 bits 80 MHz 160 MB
SCSI SPI-3
Ultra3/Wide SCSI-3
16 16 bits 80 MHz 320 MB
SCSI SPI-3
187
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction SCSI Termination
Termination simply means that each
end of the SCSI bus is closed, using
a resistor circuit. If the bus were
left open, electrical signals sent
down the bus could reflect back and
interfere with communication
between SCSI devices and the SCSI
controller. Only two terminators are
used, one for each end of the SCSI
bus. If there is only one series of
devices (internal or external), then
the SCSI controller is one point of
termination and the last device in the
series is the other one. If there are
both internal and external devices,
then the last device on each series
must be terminated.
188
ASUS Confidential
 Layout

SATA HD
SCSI Cable
Interface

189
ASUS Confidential
 Reference

ASUS Confidential
 Reference

„ http://www.howstuffworks.com/
„ http://www.adaptec.com/

191
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 6:
RAID Technology

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ What is RAID
„ Why RAID
„ Software RAID vs. Hardware RAID
„ Software RAID
„ Hardware RAID
„ RAID Levels

193
ASUS Confidential
 What is RAID
„ Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
„ The group of disk drives
„ Many Physical Disk as One Virtual Disk
„ Reduce Cost
„ Increase System Availability

194
ASUS Confidential
 Why RAID
„ RAID Storage offer several benefit:
z Fault Tolerance
– Allow continued data access and reconstruction
in the event of a disk failure
– Storing redundant data or parity data to
overcome disk failure
z Performance
– Group of several small drives is more efficient
than one large drive

195
ASUS Confidential
 Why RAID (Cont.)
z Data Availability and Reliability
– Provide fault-tolerant function against data loss
because of a disk failure
– Automatically recover from disk failure, provide
continuous service
z Dynamical Increased Storage Capacity
– Allow to add disk and expend the array
z Simplified Storage Management
– Group many smaller disk drives into one or
more virtual disks
– Allow manage mass storage into a single array

196
ASUS Confidential
 Software RAID vs. Hardware RAID

„ Software RAID
z Implemented by operating system or special software driver.
z All array running like any other application
„ Hardware RAID
z Implemented directly on RAID controller
z Managed by embedded processors and special RAID
hardware and firmware on controller
z Two type of hardware RAID:
– Bus-based
– Controlled by a host bus adapter
– External Controller Based
– RAID controller located in the external storage case with
the disk drives

197
ASUS Confidential
 Software RAID

Advantages Disadvantages
„ All necessary software is „ Software-based arrays
contained within the OS will reduce overall server
„ No need purchase performance
additional equipment other „ Occupy system memory,
then disk drives consume host CPU cycles
„ Lowest initial investment and system bus bandwidth
of implementing RAID „ The configuration of a
basic array, array
management limited by OS
„ RAID-5 Cannot support
the array as a boot device
198
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware RAID

Advantages Disadvantages
„ RAID controller can have a „ Share the bandwidth of
processor embedded on the the host PCI bus
card, leaves the CPU host free
Bus-
„ Support many of the high
based
performance RAID feature then
Software RAID

„ Resistant to a failure of the „ Cost prohibitive for

server, it ideal for use in a anything other than mid-
clustering environment range to high-end enterprise
External
„Battery backup, it can cache class servers
controller
until the data can be written on
the disk subsystem

199
ASUS Confidential
 RAID Levels
„ RAID-0
„ RAID-1
„ RAID-3
„ RAID-5
„ RAID 0+1
„ RAID 50

200
ASUS Confidential
 RAID – 0 (Striping)
„ Data (Block) Striping
„ Striping for Performance
z Fast Read/Write but no fault tolerance

Data Data Data

Minima Disk 2

Capacity N*

Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Redundancy No

( * N = Number of Disk )

Data

201
ASUS Confidential
 RAID – 1 (Mirror)
„ Disk Mirroring
„ High Speed Read/Write
„ High Cost
Data

Minima Disk 2

Capacity N/2 *

Redundancy Yes
Disk 1 Disk 2
( * N = Number of Disk )

Data Data
202
ASUS Confidential
 RAID - 3
„ Block Striping
„ One Drive is Dedicated to Parity
„ Fast Read/Slow Write (Parity Bottleneck)
Data

Minima Disk 3
A0 A1 A2 A Parity
B0 B1 B2 B Parity
C0 C1 C2 C Parity Capacity N-1 *
D0 D1 D2 D Parity
E0 E1 E2 E Parity
F0 F1 F2 F Parity Redundancy Yes
G0 G1 G2 G Parity
H0 H1 H2 H Parity ( * N = Number of Disk )
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4

Data 203
ASUS Confidential
 RAID - 5
„ Multiple Block Striping
„ The Parity is Distributed Across All Disk in the Array
„ Fast Write/Slow Read
Data

Parity
Generation

Minima Disk 3

A0
A1
B0
B1
C0
Parity 1
0 Parity
D1
Capacity N-1 *
A2 Parity 2 C2 D2
Parity 3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 Parity 4 Redundancy Yes
A5 B5 Parity 5 D5
A6 Parity 6 C6 D6 ( * N = Number of Disk )
Parity 7 B7 C7 D7
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4

204
ASUS Confidential
 RAID 0+1
„ Mirroring and Disk Striping

Data Data Data Minima Disk 4

Capacity N/2 *

RAID 0
Redundancy Yes
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3
( * N = Number of Disk )
RAID 1

Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3

205
ASUS Confidential
 RAID 50
„ RAID 3 and Block Striping
„ High I/O Rates
„ High Data Transfer Performance
Data

Minima Disk 5

A0 A1 A Parity A B
B0 B1 B Parity C D
C0 C1 C Parity E F Capacity N-3 *
D0 D1 D Parity G H
E0 E1 E Parity I J
F0 F1 F Parity K L
Redundancy Yes
G0 G1 G Parity M N
H0 H1 H Parity O P
Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 1 Disk 2 ( * N = Number of Disk )
3 RAID Layer 0 RAID Layer

206
ASUS Confidential
 RAID Installation Guide
„ For more information about RAID installation on ASUS
motherboard, please also refer to ASUS support site at
http://support.asus.com/technicaldocuments/technicaldocuments.aspx?SLanguage=en-us

207
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 7:
Motherboard Form Factor

ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor of motherboard
Y2000 Form Factors
191mm

229mm

Flex ATX
Form Factor

NLX Form Factor

209
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (1)
Baby AT Form Factor AT
Keyboard

AT Power connector
P2B -B

ASUS Baby-AT solution

P2L-B ( Intel LX )
P2B-B ( Intel BX )
P2Z-B (Intel ZX)
P2V-B (Via 693)
MEW-B (Intel 810)
MES-B ( SiS 620 )

- B stands for Baby-AT

form factor

210
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (2)
ATX Form Factor LPT Parallel Ports
COM Serial Ports
USB Ports
ASUS ATX solution

P2L97 ( Intel LX )
P2B ( Intel BX ) PS / 2
P2Z (Intel ZX) Keyboard
P2V (Via 693) Mouse

P3W -E
MEW (Intel 810)
MES ( SiS 620 ) ATX
P3C-E (Intel 820) Power

Currently, most of ASUS motherboards are of ATX form factor.

There is no need to identify the ATX feature within the model name.
If no -B, -N, -M are attached in the model name,
211 then it is implied of ATX form.
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (3)
Micro ATX Form Factor
Max. 4 slots
allowable.
ATX
Power

P2Z - VM
TX97-M (Intel TX)
P2L-M ( Intel LX )
P2B-VM ( Intel BX )
P2Z-VM (Intel ZX)
MEB-M (Intel 810)
MEL-M ( SiS 620 )

- M stands for
Micro ATX
form factor
212
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (4)
NLX Form Factor
ASUS NLX solution
LPT and
COM ports
TX97-N ( Intel TX )
SP98-N (SiS 5598) PS/2 port
P2L-N ( Intel LX )
P2E-N (Intel EX) USB port
P2B-N ( Intel BX )
MES-N ( SiS 620 ) VGA port

- N stands for NLX TX97 - N Joystick &

form factor Audio port

NLX - R Riser Card

All ASUS NLX motherboards share the same RISER card.

213
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (2)
ATX Power Supply

3.3V * 11 1 3.3V * When system is powered

-12V 12 2 3.3V * off by Windows, there are
a couple of chips or
COM 13 3 COM components still
consuming the power
PS-ON 14 4 5V by way of this pin +5VSB.
COM 15 5 COM +5V Standby
COM 16 6 5V By this pin,
many features can
COM 17 7 COM be supported :
-5V 18 8 PW-OK WOL(Wake on LAN)
Wake By Keyboard
5V 19 9 5VSB Wake on Ring
5V 20 10 12V (Modem Ring On)

214
* optional
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (2)
ATX Power Supply 24pins

215
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (4) NLX Chassis
ASUS NLX chassis
B5
B9

NLX form factor

Riser Card motherboard

Slim CDROM

Floppy Drive

216
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (4)
ASUS NLX Riser Card : NLX-R

Riser Card
NLX form factor
motherboard

217
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (5)
Flex ATX Form Factor
Processor Socket
I/O card implementing
method is defined in
Flex ATX spec

CUWE-FX
CEW-FX (Intel 810)
CUWE-FX ( Intel 810E )
CUSI-FX (SiS 630)

- FX stands for
Flex ATX
form factor

218
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (5)
Flex ATX Form Factor

219
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (5)
Flex ATX Form Factor

CUWE-FX

220
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (6)
Pico-BTX, Micro-BTX and BTX

221
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (6)
System Layout for BTX

BTX

Micro-BTX

Pico-BTX

222
ASUS Confidential
 Form Factor (6)
Layout for BTX

223
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 8:
Legacy I/O

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ PS/2
„ Serial port (COM port)
„ LPT
„ IEEE1394
„ USB

225
ASUS Confidential
 Comparison Table
Meaning Transfer rate Interface
PS/2 the 6-pin mini-DIN mouse
and keyboard connection
N/A Mouse
(Green)
ports which were introduced
by the IBM Personal
System/2 Keyboard
(Purple)

Serial Port Also called “COM Port” 115200bps

modem, terminal
adapter, scanner

LPT Line Printing Terminal / Line

PrinTer / Local PorT
1.5Mbps

Printer

226
ASUS Confidential
 Comparison Table
Meaning Transfer rate Interface
IEEE1394 Apple: FireWire
Sony: iLink
100Mbps / 200Mbps /
400Mbps

USB Universal Serial Bus Low Speed Mode: 1.5Mbps

Full Speed Mode: 12Mbps
High Speed Mode: 480Mbps

227
ASUS Confidential
 PS/2: the SPEC

„ A type of port developed by IBM for

connecting a mouse or keyboard to a PC.
„ supports a mini DIN plug containing just 6
pins.
„ uses for connecting mouse and keyboard.

228
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find PS/2 port?
„ 6-pin Mini-DIN used on mouse and keyboard

229
ASUS Confidential
 COM: the SPEC
„ PC supports up to 1~2 serial ports.
„ COM1 = the first serial port; COM2 =The
second serial port, etc.
„ often use for devices such as modem,
terminal adapter, scanner.
„ The term originated before the days of the
mouse, when the serial port was primarily
used for modem COM-munications. Contrast
with LPT1.

230
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the COM port?
„ COM port on motherboard

231
ASUS Confidential
 LPT: the SPEC
„ LPT stands for Line Printing Terminal, Line
PrinTer, and Local PorT
„ standardized as IEEE 1284
„ name of the parallel port interface on IBM
PC-compatible computers.
„ decreasing use because of the rise of
Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire (IEEE
1394) devices.
„ Use for device such as printer.

232
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the LPT?
„ LPT Connector and the LPT port on motherboard

233
ASUS Confidential
 IEEE1394: the SPEC

„ A very fast external bus standard that

supports data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps
(in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in 1394b).
„ also called FireWire (Apple), iLink (Sony)
„ A single 1394 port can be used to connect up
63 external devices.

234
ASUS Confidential
 Why IEEE1394?

„ supports isochronous data -- delivering data

at a guaranteed rate. This makes it ideal for
devices that need to transfer high levels of
data in real-time, such as video devices.
„ What devices are using 1394 interface?
z digital cameras, camcorders, printers, TVs,
network cards and mass storage devices.

235
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the IEEE1394 port?
„ IEEE1394 port on motherboard

236
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the IEEE1394 connector?

[Note] The IEEE 1394 connector (purple) looks very similar with a USB connector (blue).
Never connect a USB cable to the IEEE 1394 connector.

237
ASUS Confidential
 IEEE1394 and BIOS setting
„ The onboard 1394 controller can be enabled in
BIOS > Advanced > Onboard Devices
Configuration

238
ASUS Confidential
 USB : the SPEC
„ USB stands for Universal Serial Bus
„ Supported OS: since Windows 98.
„ Benefit: USB devices can be connected to without
turning the computer off, enabling removable devices
to be plugged and unplugged as needed.
„ Bandwidth: 12 Mbps for USB 1.0 and 1.1 and 480
Mbps for Hi-Speed USB 2.0.
„ Up to 127 peripheral devices can be attached to the
bus, and USB 1.1 devices can plug into USB 2.0 ports.

For more information, please refer to http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/

239
ASUS Confidential
 What kind of device is in USB interface?

„ Human Interface devices - mice, keyboards, joysticks,

trackballs, touchpads, gamepads, microphones, video and still
image cameras, PC card readers, and scanners
„ Output devices - text and graphics printers, photo printers
and speakers
„ Storage devices - floppy drives, hard drives, Zip drives
Communication devices - infrared devices, ISDN devices,
networking equipment and modems
„ Hubs - standalone, keyboard hubs and monitor hubs.
„ Mini-A and Mini-B connectors are connect with small portable
devices such as PDAs, music players, digital cameras and
cellphones.

240
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the USB port?
„ USB port on motherboard

241
ASUS Confidential
 Where to find the USB connector?

[Note] The USB connector (blue) looks very similar with a IEEE 1394 connector (purple).
Never connect a IEEE 1394 cable to the USB connector.

242
ASUS Confidential
 USB and BIOS setting

„ The USB can be enabled in BIOS > Advanced

> USB Configuration

243
ASUS Confidential
 Reference
For more information, please refer to the links below:

„ PS/2
z http://www.answers.com/topic/ps-2-connector?hl=ps%2F2
z http://www.computerhope.com/help/ps2.htm

„ Serial port (COM port)

z http://www.computerhope.com/help/serial.htm
z http://computer.howstuffworks.com/serial-port.htm
z http://www.answers.com/serial%20port

„ LPT (Parallel port)

z http://www.answers.com/topic/lpt-1?method=6
z http://www.answers.com/parallel%20port

244
ASUS Confidential
 Reference
For more information, please refer to the links below:

„ IEEE1394
z Basic information about IEEE1394:
http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/About/TechTalk.htm
z Benefits of Adopting FireWire:
http://www.1394ta.org/Press/2004Press/november/11.a.htm
z Top 10 1394 Device Interoperability Errors:
http://www.1394ta.org/Technology/Top10_Interop_Errors.pdf

„ USB:
z Basic information about USB:
– http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/
– http://www.usbman.com/What%20is%20USB.htm
– http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-serial-bus
– http://computer.howstuffworks.com/usb.htm

245
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 9:
ASUS VGA Card Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Overview

„ AGP and PCI-Express Introduction and Compare

„ ASUS VGA Card Naming Rule Introduction (ATI & nVIDIA)
„ ASUS VGA Innovation
z Splendid

z GameLive Show

z GameReplay

z OnScreenDsplay

z HyperDrive

z SmartCooling

z VideoSecurity Online

z SmartDoctor

z GameFace Live
„ Hardware Installation Procedure 1~5
„ Troubleshooting Procedures 1~5
247
ASUS Confidential
 AGP Introduction
„ AGP
z Accelerated Graphics Port
HOST BUS
z Developed by Intel
Corporation
z Demands of 3D graphics
data throughput AGP 8X MCH

AGP BUS
Spec AGP 1.0 AGP 2.0 AGP 3.0

Voltage 3.3V 1.5V 0.8V

Data Strobes AGP 1X AGP 4X AGP 8X

AGP 2X
Clock 66MHz 66MHz 66MHz

Data lines 32 bits 32 bits 32 bits

Bandwidth 266MB/s 1066MB/s 2133MB/s

533MB/s
Backward compatible NA Yes (AGP 1X) Yes (Only backward
compatible AGP 4X)

248
ASUS Confidential
 PCI-Express Introduction

HOST BUS

North
PCI-E X16 Bridge
Memory BUS
PCI-E X16 BUS
PCI-E SLOT

Bus Width Clock Bandwidth(Unidirectional) Bandwidth(Bi-directional)

PCIE X1 8bits 2.5GHz 250MB/s 500MB/s
PCIE X2 8bits*2 2.5GHz 500MB/s 1GB/s
PCIE X4 8bits*4 2.5GHz 1GB/s 2GB/s
PCIE X8 8bits*8 2.5GHz 2GB/s 4GB/s
PCIE X16 8bits*16 2.5GHz 4GB/s 8GB/s

249
ASUS Confidential
 AGP & PCI-Express Bandwidth Compare

AGP 1X 266MB/s
AGP 2X 533MB/s
AGP 4X 1066MB/s
AGP 8X 2133MB/s
PCI Express 1X 250 [500]* MB/s
PCI Express 2X 500 [1000]* MB/s
PCI Express 4X 1000 [2000]* MB/s
PCI Express 8X 2000 [4000]* MB/s
PCI Express 16X 4000 [8000]* MB/s
PCI Express 32X 8000 [16000]* MB/s
* PCI Express is a two-way serial connection.
* In the table the first number is the bandwidth in one direction and the second number is the combined bandwidth in both directions.
250
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS VGA Card Naming Rule Intro.
- ATI Chipset
EAX800XT/2DT/256M

E: PCI Express Interface

A: ATI Chipset
X800XT: ATI Chipset Marketing Name - Radeon X800XT
2DT: 2 DVI Outputs & 1 TV output
256M: Total Onboard Memory Size 256MB

A9600XT/TVD/128M
A: ATI Chipset AGP Interface
9600XT: ATI Chipset Marketing Name - Radeon 9600XT
TVD: 1 D-Sub Connector For VGA Output, 1 S-Video & Composite TV Input And
Output and 1 DVI Output
128M: Total Onboard Memory Size 128MB

251
ASUS Confidential
 EAX800XT/2DT/256M
22ndndDVI-I
DVI-I
connector
connectorforfor
high
highquality
quality
LCD
LCDandandVGA
VGA
output
output

S-Video
S-Video&&Composite
Composite
TV
TVoutput
output

DVI-I
DVI-Iconnector
connectorfor
for
high
highquality
qualityLCD
LCDand
and
VGA
VGAoutput
output

252
ASUS Confidential
 NVIDIA Chipset

EN6800ULTRA/2DT/256MB

E: PCI Express Interface

N: NIVIDA Chipset
6800ULTRA: NVIDIA Chipset Marketing Name – GeForce 6800Ultra
2DT: 2 DVI Outputs and 1 S-Video & Composite TV output
256M: Total Onboard Memory Size 256MB

V9560Ultra/TVD/128M
V: NVIDA Chipset AGP Interface (N:N6600/TD/128MB)
9560Ultra: NVIDA Chipset Marketing Name – GeForce FX 5600Ultra
TVD: 1 D-Sub Connector for VGA Output, 1 S-Video & Composite TV Input
and Output and 1 DVI Output
128M: Total Onboard Memory Size 128MB

253
ASUS Confidential
 9560Ultra/TVD/128M

DVI-I
DVI-Iconnector
connectorfor
for
high
highquality
qualityLCD
LCDand
and
VGA
VGAoutput
output

D-Sub
D-Subconnector
connectorfor
for
VGA
VGAoutput
output
S-Video
S-Video&&Composite
Composite
TV
TVinput
inputand
andoutput
output

254
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - Splendid
„ Splendid Video Enhancing Technology detects
activation and usage of video applications and
automatically optimizes image quality for the best
visual result.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/137

Original Image Power by

255
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - GameLive Show
„ GameLiveShow allows gamers to stream broadcast
their gaming experience live over the Internet. Other
players can now go online to check out how you
expertly beat the whole game.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/138

256
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - GameReplay
„ GameReplay records your gaming experiences into
MPEG4 video files so that your team can review all
the moves and tactics later on to get better for the
next tournament.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/139

257
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - OnScreenDsplay

„ Gamers can use ASUS OSD (OnScreenDisplay) to

adjust the brightness, contrast, and gamma value in
any PC game without leaving the game or changing
the monitor hardware settings.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/15

258
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - HyperDrive
„ The new HyperDrive technology that allows you to
easily and dynamically change the speed of the GPU
and memory to gain more power from your graphics
card.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/14

259
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation – SmartCooling
„ SmartCooling is an ASUSexclusive technology that
effectively reduces the fan noise under normal use,
and dissipates the heat when the GPU loading is high.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/13

260
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation – VideoSecurity Online

„ In case a motion is detected in the defined

surveillance area, VideoSecurity Online automatically
raises an alarm, records a video or take snapshots
and save it to your hard disk.
„ VideoSecurity Online also can stream real-time video
of the monitored area to your web browser, allowing
you to monitor your home or office when you are
away.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/12

261
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - SmartDoctor
„ ASUS SmartDoctor monitors the Fan RPM, AGP Power
Level, GPU and RAM temperature, and has a slide bar
for easy manual overclocking.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/11

262
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Innovation - GameFace Live
„ GameFace Live allows you to connect up to 8 players
multi-player with voice and video chat in any PC
game that adopts the Microsoft DirectX technology.
„ Please refer to the below link for detailed information:
http://www.asus.com.tw/products1.aspx?l1=2&share
=icon/10

263
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Installation Procedure 1
„ Step 1:
Please turn off the power to install this
hardware device.

264
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Installation Procedure 2
„ Step 2:
Make sure the hardware device is inserted
accurately.

265
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Installation Procedure 3
„ Step 3:
Switch on the power and make sure the CPU
fan and chassis fan are functioning properly.

266
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Installation Procedure 4
„ Step 4:
Make sure the operating system has detected
new hardware device and also request to
install drivers.

267
ASUS Confidential
 Hardware Installation Procedure 5
„ Step 5:
If device is setup successfully, you will see
this image from "Device Manager" page.

268
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Troubleshooting Guide 1
„ Note 1:
Be aware of that the end of the VGA card may touch
the clips of memory slots. Always insert memory
modules first before installing the VGA card.

269
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Troubleshooting Guide 2
„ Note 2:
Avoid any devices or components shorted to
the front and the back of the VGA card.

270
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Troubleshooting Guide 3
„ Note 3:
If the VGA card requires extra power supply
(Normally on high-end cards), please make
sure the 4-pin power connector is connected.

271
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Troubleshooting Guide 4
„ Note 4:
The VGA card should always be well seated
on the AGP slot after the VGA card is secured
on the chassis.

272
ASUS Confidential
 VGA Troubleshooting Guide 5
„ Note 5:
Make sure you have the monitor cable
properly connect to the VGA card.

273
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 10:
Audio

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ AC97 (Audio Codec’97)
„ HD Audio (High Definition Audio)

275
ASUS Confidential
 AC’97 (Audio Codec’97)
AC'97 HD Audio
Released date Intel/1997 Intel/2004
Channel
5.1/7.1 7.1
numbers
96KHz/20bit (Single-channel)
Sound Quality 48KHz/20bit (Multi-channel) (Recording and 192KHz/32bit
Playback)
Jack Re-tasking
Jack-Sensing & Enumeration
Multi-Streaming
Plug & Play
Special Features Jack-Sensing
Universal Audio Jack
Enhanced Voice Capture
S/PDIF (Sony/Philip Digital Interface) Out
Coaxial S/PDIF Out
External
AC-Link Azalia Link
Interface
Bandwidth 11.5MB/s (Total) 24MB/s (Single channel)
Integrated CNR (Communication and Networking Riser)
Features AMR (Audio and Modem Riser)
276
ASUS Confidential
 AC’97 (Audio Codec’97)

„ What is AC’97 Sound?

¾ A specification for building audio and modem functions
on a PC motherboard.
¾ AC'97 is made up of a controller connected to
analog/digital codecs by one specific interface called
"AC Link."
¾ The two subsystems separate the digital controller,
which is built into the PC chipset, from the analog
circuits, which can be in a chip on the motherboard
¾ AC’97 also implemented with CNR (Communication
and Networking Riser) card, or an AMR (Audio and
Modem Riser) card on a motherboard.

277
ASUS Confidential
 AC’97 (Audio Codec’97)
„ AC’97 System Diagram

278
ASUS Confidential
 AC’97 (Audio Codec’97)

„ Version History
¾ AC '97 V2.2
Included S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface).
¾ AC’97 V2.3
Supported Plug&Play (PnP)
Added Jack-Sensing
Supported Universal Jack

For detail information, please refer to AC’97 V2.2&2.3 specification as below links.
http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/audio/ac97_r23.pdf
http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/audio/ac97r22.pdf

279
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)

AC'97 HD Audio

Released date Intel/1997 Intel/2004

Channel
5.1/7.1 7.1
numbers
96KHz/20bit (Single-channel)
Sound Quality 192KHz/32bit
48KHz/20bit (Multi-channel)

Jack Re-tasking
Jack-Sensing & Enumeration
Enhanced Voice Capture
Special Plug & Play
Multi-Streaming
Features Universal Audio Jack
Jack-Sensing
S/PDIF (Sony/Philip Digital Interface) Out
Coaxial S/PDIF Out

External
AC-Link Azalia Link
Interface
Bandwidth 11.5MB/s (Total) 24MB/s (Single channel)

Integrated CNR (Communication and Networking Riser)

Features AMR (Audio and Modem Riser)
280
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)
„ HD Audio Diagram

281
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)
¾ UAA (Unified Audio Architecture )

282
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)
¾ Multi-Streaming
Intel HD Audio features multi-streaming capabilities
that give users the ability to send two or more
different audio streams to different locations at the
same time, from the same PC.

Note:
The feature isn’t supported by all HD audio codecs. Some codes may not
283
support the feature.
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)

¾ Jack Re-tasking
Intel HD Audio also provides improvements that support better jack re-tasking. The
computer can sense when a device is plugged into an audio jack, determine what
kind of device it is, and change the port function if the device has been plugged into
the wrong port.

284
ASUS Confidential
 Intel High Definition Audio (HD audio)

„ Enhanced Voice Capture

Intel HD Audio enables enhanced voice
capture through the use of array microphones,
giving users more accurate speech input.

285
ASUS Confidential
 How to connect to speakers

For 7.1 channels connector

286
ASUS Confidential
 How to connect to speakers

For 5.1 channels connector

287
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 11:
Optical Device Drive Basic

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ How do optical devices work?
„ Spinning Media
„ Writing a CD/DVD
„ Writing Strategies
„ What is buffer memory?
„ Region Codes
„ ASUS ODD Features
„ ASUS ODD Naming Rule
„ Media Type

289
ASUS Confidential
 How do optical devices work?
When a optical media (CD/DVD) is inserted in the CD/DVD player, the CD/DVD
drive passes a laser beam over the track. When the laser passes over a flat
area in the track, the beam is reflected directly to an optical sensor on the laser
Assembly (pickup head). The CD player interprets this as a 1, if the beam
passes over a bump, the light is bounced away from the optical sensor. The CD
Player recognizes this as a 0.

Signal or Data read:

No Signal/Data read:

290
ASUS Confidential
 Spinning Media

A CD has a long, spiraled data track,

if you were to unwind this track,
it would extend out 5 KM long.

The bumps are arranged in a spiral path, starting at the center

of the disc. The CD player spins the disc while the pickup head
moves outward from the center of the CD. At a steady speed,
the bumps move past any point at the outer edge of the CD
more rapidly than they move past any point nearer the CD's
center. In order to keep the bumps moving past the laser at a
constant rate, the player must slow the spinning speed of the
disc as the laser assembly movesoutward.

291
ASUS Confidential
 Writing a CD/DVD
CD-recordable discs, or CD-Rs, don't have any bumps or flat areas at all.
Instead, they have a smooth reflective metal layer, which rests on top of a
layer of photosensitive dye. When the disc is blank, the dye is translucent:
Light can shine through and reflect off the metal surface. But when you
heat the dye layer with concentrated light of a particular frequency and
intensity, the dye turns opaque: It darkens to the point that light can't
pass through.

292
ASUS Confidential
 Writing Strategies
CLV Writing Strategy
CLV – Constant Linear Velocity.
Recording Quality is Ensured yet with limited writing speed

Speed

16X CLV

8X

4X

Time

293
ASUS Confidential
 Writing Strategies
CAV Writing Strategy
CAV – Constant Angular Velocity.
„ Creates a perfectly smooth acceleration curve for perfect burning quality
„ Drive motor lasts longer
„ Laser Head lasts longer

Speed
CAV
52X

40X

32X

24X

Time
294
ASUS Confidential
 Writing Strategies
Zone-CLV Writing Strategy

„ Recording Quality is Ensured yet Time Consuming

„ Writer will divide the whole writing process into different Zones/Sectors.

Speed

40X
link Z-CLV
32X
link
24X
link
16X
Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone4

Time
295
ASUS Confidential
 Writing Strategies
P-CAV Writing Strategy
P-CAV – Partial Constant Angular Velocity.
„ A Perfect Combination of CLV and CAV
„ Max. Speed is reached through smooth acceleration without any links
„ Higher Average Recording Speed & Minimum Recording Time

Speed
P-CAV
40X

32X

24X

16X

Time
296
ASUS Confidential
 What is buffer memory?
Buffers are commonly used when burning data onto a compact disc, where
the data is transferred to the buffer before being written to the disc. A
buffer memory is a temporary storage area, usually in optical device. The
purpose of buffer memory is to act as a holding area, enabling the device
to manipulate data before writing it.

297
ASUS Confidential
 Region Codes
DVD makers has agreed to separate worldwide DVD into 6 different regions. Discs
without region locks will play on any player in any country. It's not an encryption
system, it's just one byte of information on the disc that the player checks.

298
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features
ASUS ODD offers the following main features:

„ FlextraLink™ Anti-buffer Under Run Error Technology

„ FlextraSpeed™
„ AFFM (Airflow Field Modification)
„ QuieTrack™
„ DDSSII (Double Dynamic Suspension System II)

299
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features
FlextraLink™ Anti-buffer Under Run Error Technology

FlextraLink™ will monitor the data buffer status during recording process. If data buffer is less than 1% of the
total buffer used during recording process, FlextraLink™ will stop the current recording process by placing a
marker in the blocked region. At this moment, new data will fill in the buffer zone while the PUH will also re-
position itself.

300
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features
FlextraSpeed™

FlextraSpeed™ will monitor the disc’s recording status. When the disc is unable to
sustain PUH laser and high-speed recording, it will adjust to optimal recording speed
automatically. If the disc has bad or unbalanced track that is difficult to trace, the
burner will self-adjust the speed according to the disc’s quality condition and continue
with the recording process.

301
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features

AFFM (Airflow Field Modification)

AFFM (Air Flow Field Modification) is designed to change the uneven airflow field and
pressure distribution inside the drive to lead to quieter operation. By applying four
strips on AFFM structural design, the ROM drive pressure distribution and noise level
will reduce significantly.

302
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features
QuieTrack™

With the use of DDSS II and AFFM techniques, the aid of mechanical design,
consideration of system noise spreading such as reflection, absorption and transmission
features forms ASUS QuieTrack ROM Drives.

303
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Features
DDSSII (Double Dynamic Suspension System II)
The specification of a disc highlighted that there is a range for rotating unbalance. So,
discs themselves are not perfect in their own nature. When disc is inserted in a
ROM drive, the drive and the disc will be spinning in an unbalanced manner. Thus,
creating vibration, which is also related to the spinning speed. As a result, when it is
spinning at high speed, the vibration will become severe. When vibration becomes too
vigorous, the Servo Control System will also fail to read and record data.

304
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS ODD Naming Rule
CB = Combo drive (CRW + DVD-ROM) (Ex.: CB-5216A)
CD = CD-ROM drive (Ex.: CD-S520B)
CRW = CD Re-Writable drive (Ex.: CRW-5232A3)
DVD = DVD-ROM drive (Ex.: DVD-E616A)
DRW = DVD Re-Writable drive (Ex.: DRW-1608P2)
SCB = Slim Combo drive (Ex.: SCB-2424A-U)
SDRW = Slim DVD Re-Writable drive (Ex.: SDRW-0804P)
XXX-T = SATA interface. (Ex.: CRW-5232A-T)
XXX-XXX-U (USB) = External device with USB interface (Ex.: CRW-5232A-U)
XXX-XXX-D (Dual)= External device with USB + IEEE1394 interface (Ex.:DRW-1604P-D)

305
ASUS Confidential
 Media Type

DVD -R
CD-R CD-RW DVD-R DVD+R DVD+RW DVD-RW DVD +R DL DVD-RAM Blue Ray
DL

4.70/
Data Capacity 700~750MB 4.70GB 8.50GB 25GB
9.40GB

306
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 12:
LCD Monitor

PM17T/ PM17D

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Quick specification
„ Function adjustment
„ Bright/ Dark dots
„ How to test bright dots ?
„ How to test dark dots ?
„ Troubleshooting

308
ASUS Confidential
 Quick Specification

Model PM17T PM17D

Panel size 17.0” 17.0”
Max. Resolution 1280x1024 1280x1024
Pixel Pitch 0.264mm 0.264mm
Brightness 250cd/m2 250cd/m2
Contrast Ratio 450:1 450:1
Viewing Angle (H/V) 140/140 140/140
Response Time 16ms 16ms
Inputs DVI-D,D-Sub D-Sub
Regulation Approval TCO99, Enery Star, UL, cUL, TUV-
GS, CB, CE, FCC, CCC, BSMI,
TCO99, Enery Star, UL, cUL,
TUV-GS, CB, CE, FCC, CCC,
Gost-R, C-Tick BSMI, Gost-R, C-Tick

309
ASUS Confidential
 Panel Size

„ For CRT monitors,

screen size is measured
diagonally from outside
edges of the display
casing.
„ For LCD monitors,
screen size is measured
diagonally from the
inside of the beveled
edge. The
measurement does not
include the casing.

310
ASUS Confidential
 Maximum Resolution
„ indicates the maximum possible sharpness and clarity
of an image that a monitor can display
„ Also refer as “native resolution”
„ measured in number of dots (pixels)
„ For example:
a 15 inch monitor with a resolution of 640x480 pixels
= 640 distinct dots on each of 480 lines
≒ 300,000 pixels
= displays about 50 dots per inch.
„ The higher the monitor's resolution, the greater the
sharpness and clarity.

311
ASUS Confidential
 Brightness
„ The HSV (Hue, Saturation, „ Brightness:
Value) model, also called HSB z Measured in candelas per
(Hue, Saturation, Brightness) meter squared (cd/m2)
z The brightness rating for
LCD is commonly referred
to “nits” and it’s range from
70 to 250 nits.
z The higher the nits, the
brighter the display.
z The better the brightness
uniformity, the better the
monitor’s viewable area.
z user’s visual experience will
be varied by the
environment and the
content being viewed.

312
ASUS Confidential
 Brightness
„ Brightness can be
expressed as a total
energy value (different
for each of the curves in
the diagram), or as the
amplitude at the
wavelength where the
intensity is greatest
(identical for all three
curves).

313
ASUS Confidential
 Contrast Ratio
„ Measure of the difference of brightness levels
between the brightest white and the darkest black.
„ A good contrast ratio of 120:1 easily displays vivid
colors, while ratios as high as 300:1 support superior
gray scaling.
„ For a proper measurement of contrast ratios, it is
recommended that any specification provided adhere
to the VESA Flat Panel Display Measurement
Standard for contrast ratio measurements.
„ contrast ratio, brightness, viewing angles and
response time are all interrelated with the overall
monitor performance.

314
ASUS Confidential
 Pixel Pitch
„ Pixel pitch which is
measured horizontally from
like-colored pixels, is the
same for all similar-sized
LCD monitors.
z For example, all 15-inch
viewable image size (VIS) LCD
monitors with the same native
resolution will all have the same
pixel pitch.
z It will vary between different
screen sizes and resolutions as
opposed to monitors of the
same size.

315
ASUS Confidential
 Viewing Angle (H/V)
„ the direction from which the
display will look the best.
„ Measure in horizontal (left
and right) and vertical (up
and down) direction.
„ The viewing angles for LCD
is narrowed as light must
pass through a series of
materials prior to being
emitted from the front

316
ASUS Confidential
 Viewing Angle (H/V)

Liquid crystals stand on end, Crystals remain horizontal,

resulting in a loss of viewing which dramatically improves the
angle. viewing angle because the light
passes through the crystals at
their most efficient orientation.

317
ASUS Confidential
 Response Time

„ The measurement of how many frames can

be displayed per second.
„ How quickly a liquid crystal can twist, then
untwist to either pass or block the light of
each pixel

318
ASUS Confidential
 Input unit

319
ASUS Confidential
 Function adjustment

320
ASUS Confidential
 Power Button

321
ASUS Confidential
 Bright/ Dark Dots
„ Definitions
A pixel (picture element) consists of one red and one green
and one blue dot or sub-pixel. A standard 17” LCD panel with a
resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels has a total of 1,310,720 pixels
or 3,932,160 dots. Each dot is driven by an individual transistor.
If a transistor becomes defective, the corresponding dot may
be permanently lit (a bright dot) or may not light (a dark dot).
„ Panel warranty (conforming to ISO13406-2, class II)
Definitions
1) To assume that the LCD display is divided into nine
partitions equally
2) None of bright dot but allows two or less dark dots found
on the central partition
3) Three bright dots or less and no more than five of bright or
dark dot found on the other eight partitions

322
ASUS Confidential
 How to test Bright Dots ?

323
ASUS Confidential
 How to test Dark Dots ?

324
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting
Power Cord / Signal Cable /
No Screen Check Adjust the Brightness and Contrast /
If Monitor is in Power Saving mode

Image Size Check Use the OSD controls to adjust Auto Setup

If Signal Cable properly connected /

Colors Discord Check
Adjust the Color Control Setting

Image too Light Adjust Brightness and the Contrast

or Dark
Audio Cable Connector /
No Sound Check
Change the Volume on Sound Setting.

325
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 13
Peripherals

ASUS Confidential
 Overview

„ Overview
„ Keyboard
„ Mouse
„ Printer
„ Disk Drive
„ Tape Drive
„ Scanner

327
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction

ASUS Confidential
 Introduction

An internal or external computer hardware device that provides the CPU

with additional storage or functional capability. Disk drives, tape drives and
printers are examples of peripherals.

ƒKeyboard
ƒMouse
ƒPrinter
ƒTape Drive
ƒScanner

329
ASUS Confidential
 Keyboard

ASUS Confidential
 Keyboard

A set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer.
Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain
additional keys. The most popular keyboards in use today include:

„ USB keyboard: Latest keyboard supported by all new computers (Macintosh and
IBM/compatible).
„ IBM/Compatible keyboards: Also known as "AT keyboards" or "PS/2
keyboards", all modern PCs support this device.
„ ADB keyboards: Connect to the Apple Desktop Bus of older Macintosh systems.

USB Keyboard PS/2 Keyboard ADB Keyboard

331
ASUS Confidential
 Keyboard Cont.

There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard,

with 84 keys; the AT keyboard, also with 84 keys; and the enhanced
keyboard, with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of
function keys, the Control key, the Return key, and the Shift keys.

84 Keys

101 Keys

332
ASUS Confidential
 Mouse

ASUS Confidential
 Mouse

A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display

screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface. Its
name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit like a mouse, its connecting
wire that one can imagine to be the mouse's tail, and the fact that one must
make it scurry along a surface. There are three basic types of mice:

„ Mechanical: Has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll in all
directions. Mechanical sensors within the mouse detect the direction the ball is
rolling and move the screen pointer accordingly.
„ Optomechanical: Same as a mechanical mouse, but uses optical sensors to
detect motion of the ball.
„ Optical: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's movement. You must move the
mouse along a special mat with a grid so that the optical mechanism has a
frame of reference. Optical mice have no mechanical moving parts. They
respond more quickly and precisely than mechanical and optomechanical mice,
but they are also more expensive.

334
ASUS Confidential
 Mouse Cont.

Mice connect to PCs in one of several ways:

ƒ Serial mice connect directly to an RS-232C serial port or a PS/2 port. This is
the simplest type of connection.
ƒ PS/2 mice connect to a PS/2 port.
ƒ USB mice.

USB Mouse

335
ASUS Confidential
 Printer

ASUS Confidential
 Printer

A device that prints text or illustrations on paper. There are many different
types of printers. In terms of the technology utilized, printers fall into the
following categories:

„ Dot-Matrix: Creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin
makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations.
„ Ink-Jet: Sprays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text
and graphics.
„ Laser: Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce very
high quality text and graphics.
„ Line Printer: Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one
time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
„ Thermal Printer: An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and
fax machines.

337
ASUS Confidential
 Printer Cont.

Dot-Matrix Printer Ink-Jet Printer Laser Printer

Line Printer Thermal Printer

338
ASUS Confidential
 Tape Drive

ASUS Confidential
 Tape Drive

A tape drive, also known as a streamer, is a peripheral device that reads

and writes data stored on a magnetic tape or a punched tape. It is typically
used for archival storage of data stored on hard drives. Tape drives are
considered sequential-access, and must read all preceding data to read any
one particular piece of data. They are not necessarily the fastest form of data
system, reaching only around 20 Mbit/s, but are long lasting and cost
efficient. Tape drives can be connected with parallel port, IDE, or SCSI.

340
ASUS Confidential
 Tape Drive Cont.

Tapes and drives come in various formats. These formats include:

„ Digital Data Storage (DDS)

„ Digital Linear Tape (DLT)
„ Linear Tape-Open (LTO)
„ Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT)
DDS DLT

LTO AIT

341
ASUS Confidential
 Scanner

ASUS Confidential
 Scanner

A device that reads a printed page or transparency and converts it into a

graphics image for the computer. The scanner does not recognize or
differentiate in any manner the content of the material it is scanning.
Everything is converted into a bitmapped image (bitmap), which is a pattern
of dots.
There are several different types of scanner:

„ Flatbed scanner
„ Sheet-fed scanner
„ Handheld scanner
„ Drum Scanner
„ Slide scanner

343
ASUS Confidential
 Scanner Cont.

Flatbed scanner Sheet-fed scanner Handheld scanner

Drum scanner Slide scanner

344
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 14:
Power Supply Basic

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ What is Power Supply?
„ What Power Supply can do?
„ Before installing a Power Supply
„ Type of connectors
„ Reading the Power Supply Label

346
ASUS Confidential
 What is Power Supply?
The power supply converts the alternating current (AC) line from your
home to the direct current (DC) needed by the PC. In a PC, the power
supply is the metal box usually found in a corner of the case. The power
supply is visible from the back of many systems because it contains the
power-cord receptacle and the cooling fan.

347
ASUS Confidential
 What Power Supply can do?
Power supplies, often referred to as "switching power supplies",
use switcher technology to convert the AC input to lower DC
voltages. The typical voltages supplied are:

„ 3.3 volts
„ 5 volts
„ 12 volts
„ +5VSB

The 3.3V and 5V are typically used by digital circuits, while the 12
volt is used to run motors in disk drives and fans. The main
specification of a power supply is in watts. A watt is the product
of the voltage in volts and the current in amperes or amps. The
power supply also has a circuit that supplies 5 volts, called VSB
for "standby voltage" even when it is officially "off", so that the
button will work.

348
ASUS Confidential
 Before installing a Power Supply
Due to different country uses different AC voltage, All power supplies can accept
different AC voltage line-in, in order for power supply to work correctly, user must
manual adjust / check if the voltage setting switch is correctly adjusted. If no switch is
on the back of power supply, please check if the power supply is a “Auto-Range” or
“Fix Range”

Switch set to AC 115V Switch set to AC 230V No switch, “Auto Range”

349
ASUS Confidential
 Type of connectors
Following pictures some different type of connectors on a power supply to be
connected on a PC.

20+4 (24) pin connector 4 (8) pin connector 4 pin connector and FDD connector
To be connected on the motherboard’s To be connected on the motherboard’s 4 pin connector is to connect all existing
main power connector. 4pin connector nearby the CPU socket. devices that requires power from PC,
This connector is to give extra power to Example: HDD, CD-ROM, VGA card.
CPU.

350
ASUS Confidential
 Reading the Power Supply Label
All power supply must have a FCC label describing all power output information.
Information must include the Current (Amp) offer by each voltage, the maximum wattage
allow for the each voltage, all regulation logos and the accepted input voltage.

351
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 15:
BIOS

ASUS Confidential
 Outline
„ Overview
„ Introduction
„ Feature
„ Specification
„ CMOS

353
ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ 1 The BIOS is “Basic Input/Output System”.
„ 2 The BIOS initializes all of the components in the
computer system.

BIOS

354
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction

„ The BIOS is a program (firmware) which is stored in a chip on the

motherboard commonly referred to as the BIOS chip.
„ The BIOS is responsible for detecting, testing, initializing and
monitoring the system hardware from the moment the system is turned
on until OS takes over.

355
ASUS Confidential
 Introduction
„ The PC's BIOS offers two advantages:
z The code and data in the ROM need not be reloaded
each time the computer is started. They cannot be
corrupted by wayward applications that write into the
wrong part of memory.

z Flash BIOS may be updated to ensure future

compatibility with new chips, add-on cards etc.

356
ASUS Confidential
 How did people access BIOS?
„ Pressing “Del” to entering BIOS setup menu

357
ASUS Confidential
 Feature
„ The BIOS comprises several serving different functions.
z The first part runs as soon as the machine is powered on. It
inspects the computer to determine what hardware is fitted
z Then conducts some simple tests to check that everything is
functioning normally - a process called the power-on self test
(POST).
„ If any of the peripherals are plug and play devices, it's at
this point that the BIOS assigns their resources.

Setup Program Service

(Source Code) Routine

358
ASUS Confidential
 ROM Chips
„ Mask ROM
„ PROM(Programmable ROM)
„ EPROM(Erasable ROM)
„ EEPROM(Electrically Erasable ROM)
„ Flash ROM

PROM EPROM
Erase Window Flash ROM

359
ASUS Confidential
 CMOS SRAM (RTC)
„ Motherboards also include a separate block of memory
made from very low power consumption CMOS
(complementary metal oxide silicon) RAM chips, which is
kept "alive" by a battery even when the PC's power is off.
This is used to store basic information about the PC's
configuration: number and type of hard and floppy drives,
how much memory, what kind and so on.
„ The other important data kept in CMOS memory is the
time and date, which is updated by a Real Time Clock
(RTC). The clock, CMOS RAM and battery are usually all
integrated into a single chip.

360
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 16:
ASUS Product Feature

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Stack Cool
„ AI NOS
„ AI Net2
„ WiFi-g
„ CrashFree BIOS2
„ Q-Fan2
„ Post Reporter
„ Multi-language BIOS
„ MyLogo2

362
ASUS Confidential
 Stack Cool

„ The patented Stack Cool™

technology utilizes a mini
PCB stacked against the main
PCB to conduct heat away
from power components,
resulting in a 10° Celsius
reduction.

363
ASUS Confidential
 Stack Cool 2
„ Stack Cool 2 is the 2nd
generation fan-less and zero-
noise cooling solution. It
effectively transfers heat
generated by the critical
components to the other side
of the specially designed PCB.

364
ASUS Confidential
 AI NOS
„ The patented AI NOS™ (Non-delay Overclocking System)
technology intelligently detects system load and automatically
boosts performance for the most demanding tasks.

Set Overclocking option to AI NOS Set AI NOS option

in BIOS

365
ASUS Confidential
 AI Net 2
„ AI NET2 remotely detects cable connection in BIOS. Any faulty
connections are reported back up to 100 meters at 1 meter
accuracy.

No cable is inserted Cable is inserted

366
ASUS Confidential
 WiFi-g
„ With WiFi-g™ logo, it means WiFi-g is readily
available either with built-in onboard WiFi-g, or with
bundled WiFi-g PCI card.
„ With ASUS WiFi-g and one-touch setup wizard, high-
speed wireless network is made really simple.
„ WiFi-g can serve as the access point of your network
or if you already have an access point, it is also a
wireless adapter for PCs to access existing WLAN.
(WiFi-g™ compliant to IEEE 802.11g 54 Mbps data
transfer)

367
ASUS Confidential
 CrashFree BIOS 2
„ The CrashFree BIOS2 feature now includes the BIOS auto-
recovery function in a support CD. Users can reboot their
system through the support CD when a bootable disk is not
available, and go through the simple BIOS auto-recovery
process.

368
ASUS Confidential
 Q-FAN 2

„ ASUS Q-Fan2 technology intelligently adjusts both CPU fan

and chassis fan speeds according to system loading to
ensure quiet, cool and efficient operation

369
ASUS Confidential
 Post Reporter

„ POST Reporter is a voice warning during POST that allows

users to clearly understand any system errors.

BIOS option

370
ASUS Confidential
 Multi-Language BIOS

„ ASUS provides
friendly localized
BIOS setup menu
in the most
popular languages,
to help you
configure your
system as easy as
possible.
„ The multi-
language feature
may be available
in English, French
and German

371
ASUS Confidential
 MyLogo2
„ MyLogo2 is a Windows-based utility that allows users to change
the bootup logo by downloading their favorite image into the
BIOS Flash ROM.
„ The ASUS MyLogo2 is automatically installed when you install
the ASUS Update utility from the software menu.

372
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 17:
ASUS MB Naming Rule

ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (1)
„ Model name is assigned by PM ( Product Manager) of Sales Department.
„ Naming Rule : CPU__Chipset___ Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor
„ CPU
– P2 = Pentium II (Slot 1) P2L97, P2B, P2Z, P2V, …….
– P3 = Pentium III (Slot 1) P3B-F, P3W , P3C-E …..
– ME = Medocino (S370) MEW, MES , MEB , MEZ, MEL , MEC , …..
– X = Pentium II / III Xeon XG-DLS
– K7 = AMD K7 (Slot-A Athlon) K7V, K7M
– K8 = AMD K8 (Socket 754) K8N, K8V-X
– SK8 = AMD K8 (Socket 940) SK8N, SK8V
– A8 = AMD K8 (Socket 939) A8V, A8N-SLI
– CU = FC-PGA Cumine PIII CUWE, CUWE-FX, CUWE-RM
– A7 = AMD K7 (socket-A Athlon) A7V,
– P4 = Pentium 4 (S423 & S478) P4T(Socket 423), P4B(Socket 478)
– P5 = Pentium 4 (LGA775) P5GD1, P5WD2

374
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (2)

„ CPU__Chipset___ Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)

z Intel Chipset (1)

– A = Intel 925 (Alderwood) P5AD2 Deluxe
– G = Intel 915 (Grantsdale) P5GD1,
– L = Intel 945 (Lakeport) P5LD2
– W = Intel 955 (Glenwood) P5WD2
– C = Intel 875 (Canterwood) P4C800
– P = Intel 865 (Springdale) P4P800, P4P800-VM
– B = Intel 845 (Brookdale) P4B, P4B533
– T = Intel 850 (Tehama) P4T,P4T533

375
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (3)
„ CPU__Chipset___ Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)

z Intel Chipset (2)

– W = Intel 810 (Whitney) MEW, MEW-B , P3W , P3W-E ( 810E ) ,
– WE = Intel 810E CUWE, CUWE-FX, CUWE-RM
– C = Intel 820 (Camino) P3C-E , P3C-D, CUC2000, CUC2,
– M = Intel 840 (Carmel) P3M-DLS
– SL = Intel 815 (Solano) CUSL2, CUSL2-M
– 2 = Intel ICH2 (South Bridge) CUSL2, CUC2 ,

376
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (4)
„ CPU__Chipset___ Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)
z Third - party chipset (1)
– A = ALi
– U = ULi (Company changed from Ali to ULi)
Ali M1541 (Aladdin V) P5A , P5A-B , P5A-VM
Ali M1631 (Aladdin TNT2) CUA , CUA-M
ULi 1683 P4U800-X

– S = SiS
SiS 661 GX P5S8X-MX
SiS 655 FX P4S800D-X
SiS 760 GX K8S-MX
SiS 741 GX A7S8X-MX

377
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (5)
„ CPU__Chipset___Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)
z Third - party chipset (2)
– V = VIA
VIA KT880 A7V880
VIA K8T800Pro A8V,

– R = ATI (Due to A for Ali, so used R)

RS300 P4R800-VM,
RC410 P5RD1-VM

– N = nVidia
nForce 4 SLI A8N-SLI
nForce 3 250 K8N

378
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (6)
„ CPU__Chipset___Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)

z Specification
– D1 = Support DDR1 P5GD1-VM
– D2 = Support DDR2 P5GD2
– DC = Support DDR1 and DDR2 P5GDC
– 4X = AGP 4X supported CUV4X
– 8X = AGP 8X supported A7N8X
– 880 = VIA KT880 A7V880
– 400 = KM400 A7V400-MX
– 800 = FSB 800 MHz supported P4S800, P4C800-E
– PL = Chipset name
P5GPL
– L = Chipset name
P5GL-MX

379
ASUS Confidential
 ASUS MB Naming Rule (7)

„ CPU__Chipset___Memory/Specification, --- Form Factor (Continued)

z Specification
– - M or - MX= Micro ATX Form Factor A7N8X-VM , A7N8X-MX ,
– - FX = Flex ATX Form Factor P4S333-FX ,
– - V = with Video on board P4S533-VM
– - X = ASUS X series MB P4PE-X

380
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 18
OS Installation Guide

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Windows Platform
„ Linux / Unix Platform

382
ASUS Confidential
 Windows Platform

ASUS Confidential
 Windows Overview
„ File System
„ OS Installation
„ Driver Installation
„ Network Configuration

384
ASUS Confidential
 File System

ASUS Confidential
 File System Overview
„ Type of File System
„ FAT Overview
„ FAT Naming Convention
„ Type of FAT
„ What’s NTFS
„ Operating System and File System
Compatibility
„ FAT AND NTFS Limitation

386
ASUS Confidential
 Type of File System
„ FAT
z FAT 16
z FAT 32
000110101010110101010
„ NTFS 101010101010101000111
111100001010100101011
110101010001111000111
001110101010010011000
101010000101011110110
101010001010101011111
110101010001111000111
001110101010010011000
101010000101011110110
101010001010101011111
000111100000111100100
101010001010101011111
000111100000111100100
101010001010101011111
000111100000111100100

387
ASUS Confidential
 FAT Overview
„ The File Allocation Table (FAT) is basically and index
on hard drive
„ A table that the OS uses to locate file on a disk, File
be divided in to many sections. The FAT keep track
of all these pieces.
„ Really table that resides the very “top” of the volume
„ FAT tables and the root directory must be stored in a
fixed location so that the system’s boot files can be
correctly located
„ Only support read-only, hidden, system, archive
attributes

388
ASUS Confidential
 FAT Naming Convention
„ All filenames must be created with the ASCII
character set
„ The name of a file or directory can be up to
eight characters long, then a period (.)
separator
„ Up to a three character extension
„ The name must start with either a letter or
number
„ The following names are reserved:

CON, AUX, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, PRN, NUL

389
ASUS Confidential
 Type of FAT
„ FAT 16
z Using 16-bit addressing, which limits in to 65,536 discrete
addresses
z 2 GB limit on disk size
„ FAT 32
z FAT32 drives are less susceptible to a single point of failure
than existing FAT16 drives
z Using 28-bit addressing, because four of the 32 address bits
are reserved，and up to 268,435,456 sectors/clusters
z Using space more efficiently, 10% to 15% more efficient use
of disk space relative to FAT 16 drives.
z 4 GB limit on disk size

390
ASUS Confidential
 What’s NTFS
„ NTFS continues to organize files into directories, and automatic
sorting of the directory based on filenames
„ Placing effectively no limits on the size of partitions, volumes,
and files.
„ NTFS is faster, more robust, and more secure then FAT file
systems
„ NTFS provide:
z Reliability, especially desirable for high end systems and file servers
– Recoverability
– Removal of fatal single sector failures
– Hot fixing
z A platform for added functionality
– Provide a rich and flexible platform for other file systems to be able to
use
– Support the Windows NT security model and multiple data streams
– User can add their own user-defined attributes to a file
z Removal of the limitations of the FAT file systems

391
ASUS Confidential
 Operating System and File System Compatibility

FAT 16 FAT 32 NTFS

Windows Server 2003 9 9 9
Windows 2000 9 9 9
Windows NT 4.0 9 9
Windows XP 9 9 9
Windows Millennium
Edition 9 9
Windows 98 9 9
Windows 95 OSR 2 9 9
Windows (Prior to OSR2) 9
MS-DOS 9
392
ASUS Confidential
 FAT and NTFS Limitation

FAT 16 FAT 32 NTFS

Max Volume Size 2 GB 2 TB 2 TB

Max Files on Volume Up to 65000 Nearly Unlimited Nearly Unlimited

Limit only by
Max File Size 2 GB 4 GB Volume Size

Standard – 8.3
Max File Name Length Extended – up to 255
Up to 255 Up to 255

393
ASUS Confidential
 OS Installation

ASUS Confidential
 OS Installation Overview
„ Before Installation
„ Install Process
„ Install SCSI Controller Driver
„ Format the Partition
„ Windows Setup

395
ASUS Confidential
 Before Installation

„ Prepare driver for IDE/SATA/SCSI controller if

need
„ Update latest BIOS version before installation
(Recommend)
„ Prepare OS CD

396
ASUS Confidential
 Install Procedure
Make SCSI driver
Update latest BIOS Prepare OS CD
floppy disk

Install SCSI
controller driver

Format Partition

If you use SCSI drive or

RAID mode; otherwise,
Windows Setup you can skip this step.

Finish Installation

397
ASUS Confidential
 Install RAID Controller Driver
„ Boot from OS CD
„ Install RAID Controller Driver
z Press 【F６】

398
ASUS Confidential
 Install RAID Controller Driver
„ Press 【S】, Specify Additional Device

399
ASUS Confidential
 Install RAID Controller Driver

„ Insert the floppy disk which RAID controller

driver
„ Press 【Enter】

400
ASUS Confidential
 Install RAID Controller Driver (Cont.)

„ Choose driver
„ Press 【Enter】

401
ASUS Confidential
 Install RAID Controller Driver (Cont.)

„ You can see the driver which you select

„ Press 【Enter】

402
ASUS Confidential
 Begin OS Setup
„ Press 【Enter】, continue OS setup

403
ASUS Confidential
 Licensing Agreement
„ Read Licensing Agreement
„ If do not agree, press 【ESC】 to exit
„ If agree, press【F8】

404
ASUS Confidential
 Select Partition
„ Choose which partition you want to install OS
„ Press 【Enter】

Note：If you want to create new partition for install OS, press 【C】
405
ASUS Confidential
 Format the Partition

„ Format the partition, and choose file system

type you going to use
„ In this scenario, we recommend NTFS file
system, then Press 【Enter】

406
ASUS Confidential
 Begin OS Installation
„ Finish OS setup, then begin Installation
„ Waiting for a minutes to copy file

407
ASUS Confidential
 Windows Setup - User Information

„ Provide Name and Organization

information
„ Press 【Next】

408
ASUS Confidential
 Windows Setup - Provide Product Key

„ Provide Product Key, then press 【Next】

409
ASUS Confidential
 Windows Setup – Computer Name Setting

„ Enter the Computer name and

Administrator password
„ Press 【Next】

410
ASUS Confidential
 Windows Setup - Networking Setting

„ You can select Typical settings use windows

default setting
„ Also you can select Customer settings

Note : You can select 「Typical settings」, then you can adjust setting after
finish installation
411
ASUS Confidential
 Workgroup or Member of Domain
„ Select Workgroup or Computer Domain
„ If you know which Domain you are belong to,
you can select 「Yes, make this computer a
member of the following domain」；
otherwise, select 「No」

412
ASUS Confidential
 Finish Installation
„ Windows Process setting and installation

„ After installation, system will reboot

automatically
Caution :
In this scenario, we show you how to install
Windows XP. If you want to install Windows
2000, you also can follow the same step.
413
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation

ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation Overview
„ Driver Installation I
„ Driver Installation II －via Support CD
„ Update Driver I
„ Uninstall Driver
„ Enable / Disable Device

415
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation I
„ If you use Windows XP
„ 「Start」Æ Right-Click「My Computer」,then
click「Manage」

416
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation I
„ If you use Windows 2000
„ On the desktop，「My Computer」 Æ Right-
Click, then click「Manage」

417
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation I (Cont.)
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of
windows, Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install
driver, Right-Click the device, Click「Scan for
hardware changes」

418
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation I (Cont.)
„ Select「Install the software automatically
(Recommended)」
„ Press 【Next】

419
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation I (Cont.)
„ Select driver path
„ Press 【Next】
„ Follow the instruction until finish driver
installation

420
ASUS Confidential
 Driver Installation II－via Support CD

„ You also can install driver from Support CD

„ Insert Support CD to CD-ROM
„ Select which device you prefer install

421
ASUS Confidential
 Update Driver I
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of windows,
Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install driver,
Right-Click the device, Click「Update Driver…」

422
ASUS Confidential
 Update Driver II
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of windows,
Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install driver,
Right-Click the device, Click「Properties」

423
ASUS Confidential
 Update Driver II
„ Select 「Driver」 tab
„ Press 【Update Driver】

424
ASUS Confidential
 Update Driver II
„ Select「Install the software automatically
(Recommended)」
„ Press 【Next】

425
ASUS Confidential
 Update Driver II
„ Select driver path
„ Press 【Next】
„ Follow the instruction until finish driver
installation

426
ASUS Confidential
 Uninstall Driver I
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of windows,
Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install driver,
Right-Click the device, Click「Uninstall」

427
ASUS Confidential
 Uninstall Driver II
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of windows,
Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install driver,
Right-Click the device, Click「Properties」

428
ASUS Confidential
 Uninstall Driver II
„ Select 「Driver」 tab
„ Press 【Update Driver】

429
ASUS Confidential
 Uninstall Driver II
„ Select「Install the software automatically
(Recommended)」
„ Press 【Next】

430
ASUS Confidential
 Uninstall Driver II
„ Select driver path
„ Press 【Next】
„ Follow the instruction until finish driver
installation

431
ASUS Confidential
 Enable / Disable Device
„ Expend「System Tools」on the left side of windows,
Click「Device Manager」
„ Expend the device which you want to install driver,
Right-Click the device, Click「Properties」

432
ASUS Confidential
 Enable / Disable Device
„ Select 「Driver」 tab
„ In the「Device usage」section, drop-down
the select list, then choose 「Use athis device
（enable〕」.
„ Then press 【OK】

433
ASUS Confidential
 Network Configuration

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Network Configure
„ Troubleshooting

435
ASUS Confidential
 Network Configuration
„ 「Start」 Æ 「Control Panel」 Æ 「Network
Connection」
„ Double-Click NIC which you want to configure

Note : If you cannot fine and NIC, check your NIC’s driver has been install

436
ASUS Confidential
 Network Configuration(Cont.)
„ Click 【Properties】

„ Point Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

„ Click 【Properties】

437
ASUS Confidential
 Network Configuration(Cont.)
„ Select 「Use the following IP address」
z Provide following detail
– IP address
– Subnet mask
– Default gateway
– DNS server

Note : You also can select 「Obtain an IP address automatically」, obtain IP

from DHCP server
438
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting I

„ Check network status on the right side (show

as below)

439
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting II

„ Make sure you have already enable

network connection
z Enable Network Connection :
– Point the NIC which you want to enable
– Right-Click, Press 【Enable】

440
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting III
„ 「Start」Æ「Run」
z Type cmd, 「open MS-DOS Command」
„ Type ipconfig /all, make sure get the
correct IP address、Subnet mask、Default
Gateway、DNS Server

441
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting IV
„ If you cannot get correct IP address, try to release
old IP, then get new IP again.
z Release IP : ipconfig /release
z Get new IP : ipconfig /renew
„ Other useful command use in network status test
z Check destination node and network connection status
– ping x.x.x.x
z Loopback test
– ping 127.0.0.1
z Check network status
– Tracert x.x.x.x
– Pathping x.x.x.x
( Note : X.X.X.X should be target IP which you want to tracing )

442
ASUS Confidential
 Troubleshooting V
„ If you using DHCP, and you using 「ping 」
command to check network connection status, then
you get reply IP is APIPA：
z 169.254.0.0～169.254.255.255
z It means your host didn’t get valid IP from DHCP
„ How to troubleshooting this status?
z You can release IP, and get new IP again
– Release IP : ipconfig /release
– Get new IP : ipconfig /renew
z Check your DHCP Server is working？
z Check your network connection is good ?

( Note : APIPA ─ Automatic Private IP Addressing )

443
ASUS Confidential
 Chapter 19:
Wired/Wireless Network

ASUS Confidential
 Overview
„ Ethernet Naming Principle
„ Physical Transmission Medium
„ Ethernet Cabling
z Straight through
z Crossover
„ Wireless LAN
„ What is MAC Address?
„ What is IP Address?

445
ASUS Confidential
 Ethernet Naming Principle

100 Base T 10 = 10Mbps

100 = 100Mbps
1000= 1000Mbpa
1st = Speed Base = Baseband
Broad = Broadband
2nd = Transmission
T = Twisted Pair
F = Fiber Optic
3rd = Medium 2 = Thin Coaxial
3 = Thick Coaxial

446
ASUS Confidential
 Physical Transmission Medium
„ Wired (Cooper Cable)
z Coaxial: Easy to install, Fair transmission efficiency
and Anti-interference
z Twisted Pair: RJ45, Cost-effective, Easy to install,
Fair anti-interference
z More secure than wireless

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) RJ-45 Cable

447
ASUS Confidential
 Ethernet Cabling – Straight through
Straight-through cables have the same order of wire colors in each tip,
when held side by side. Most connections use a straight-through
network cable.

448
ASUS Confidential
 Ethernet Cabling - Crossover
Crossover cables, on the other hand, show different wire colors when
held side by side.

449
ASUS Confidential
 Wireless LAN

„ Wireless
z IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards
z Transmission Medium: Air
z Convenient, Flexible
z Weak anti-interference, less security

Standards IEEE802.11a IEEE802.11b IEEE802.11g

Max. Baud Rate 54Mbps 11Mbps 54Mbps
Radio Frequency 5GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz
Modulation Technique OFDM*2 DSSS*1 OFDM*2

*1 DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

*2 OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

450
ASUS Confidential
 What is MAC Address?

„ Each device connected to a standard LAN needs a Data Link Layer

address (or called hardware address), providing a means of unique
identification.
„ Each NIC has its unique, hard-coded MAC (Media Access Control)
address. It is a 48 bits (6 bytes) address written in a hexadecimal
format. The first 3 bytes represents for vendor ID and the remaining 3
bytes are serial number.

MAC: 000C6E 7D3D0F

Vender ID Serial Number

451
ASUS Confidential
 What is IP Address?
z Internet Protocol Address
z IP address = Network and Host ID Number
– An IP address is a unique software, logical address
assigned to each machine on an IP network.
– It was designed to allow a host on one network to
communicate with a host on a different network,
regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are
participating in.

z Two major categories of IP address type : 192.168.0. 3

– Static (Fixed) IP and Dynamic IP
– Real IP and Private IP Network Host
Address Address

192.168.0. 2
Network Host
Address Address
452
ASUS Confidential