Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 20 (2005), No. 4, pp.

695702

SIMPLE APPROACH TO MULTIFRACTAL SPECTRUM OF A SELF-SIMILAR CANTOR SET In-Soo Baek

Abstract. We study the transformed measures with respect to the real parameters of a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set to give a simple proof for some result of its multifractal spectrum. A transformed measure with respect to a real parameter of a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set is also a selfsimilar measure on the self-similar Cantor set and it gives a better information for multifractals than the original self-similar measure. A transformed measure with respect to an optimal parameter determines Hausdor and packing dimensions of a set of the points which has same local dimension for a self-similar measure. We compute the values of the transformed measures with respect to the real parameters for a set of the points which has same local dimension for a self-similar measure. Finally we investigate the magnitude of the local dimensions of a self-similar measure and give some correlation between the local dimensions.

1. Introduction Recently the Hausdor and packing dimensions of multifractal subsets by a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set(cf. [18]) were studied([14, 16, 17, 20]) for the investigation of the sizes of subsets of xed local dimension. We note that some authors([21, 22]) also investigated the Hausdor and packing dimensions of multifractal subsets by a self-conformal measure on a self-conformal set as its general case. In their cases, the proof of some result is a little complicated. In this paper, we give a simpler proof to get such a result and an easier method to nd the dimensions.
Received November 6, 2004. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classication: 28A78. Key words and phrases: Hausdor dimension, packing dimension, Cantor set, self-similar measure, distribution set. This paper was supported by the research grants of Pusan University of Foreign Studies in 2004.

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We dene a transformed measure with respect to a real parameter of a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set. We show that the transformed measures with respect to the real parameters are also self-similar measures on the self-similar Cantor set. It gives a better information of upper bounds of dimensions for multifractals than the original self-similar measure. Recently we([9, 10]) found the relation between a multifractal subset by a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set and a distribution set([15, 19]) of the self-similar Cantor set. Using this, we nd that the values of the transformed measures with respect to the real parameters for a set of the points which has same local dimension for a self-similar measure are 0 or 1. A transformed measure with respect to an optimal parameter which gives its transformed measure value 1 determines Hausdor and packing dimensions of a set of the points of the same local dimension for a self-similar measure since the transformed measure value 1 gives a lower bound for its dimensions. We check the range of the local dimensions of a self-similar measure and compare their magnitudes of the local dimensions of a self-similar measure with some particular numbers related to the self-similar Cantor set and the self-similar measure, which gives more information of correlation between local dimensions. Recently we([2, 3, 8]) studied a deranged Cantor set which is the most generalized Cantor set which has a local structure of a perturbed Cantor set([1, 6, 11, 13]), which is also a generalized form of self-similar Cantor set. Further we also introduced a quasi-self-similar measure([7, 10, 12]) on it. We note that a transformed measure with respect to a real parameter of a quasi-self-similar measure on a deranged Cantor set plays an important role to give an information of dimensions of a set of the points which has same local dimension for the quasi-self-similar measure. However we dont have such information of a transformed measure on a deranged Cantor set as that on a self-similar Cantor set since there is no result on a deranged Cantor set like the relation between a multifractal subset by a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set and a distribution set of the self-similar Cantor set. We correlate q + (q) which appears in the formula f () = inf qR {q + (q)} to compute dimensions of multifractal in the result of Olsen([17, 20]) with a transformed measure with respect to a parameter q and give a hint to make a generalization of transformed measure on a deranged Cantor set to get a better information of dimensions of multifractal on a deranged Cantor set.

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2. Preliminaries We recall the denition of a deranged Cantor set([3]). Let X = [0, 1]. We obtain the left subinterval Xi,1 and the right subinterval Xi,2 of Xi by deleting a middle open subinterval of Xi inductively for each i {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Let En = i{1,2}n Xi . Then En is a decreasing sequence of closed sets. For each n, we set |Xi,1 |/|Xi | = ci,1 and |Xi,2 |/|Xi | = ci,2 for every i {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, where |X| denotes the length of X. We assume that the contraction ratios ci and gap ratios 1 (ci,1 + ci,2 ) are uniformly bounded away from 0. We call F = En a deranged Cantor set([3]). We note that a deranged n=0 Cantor set satisfying ci,1 = an+1 and ci,2 = bn+1 for all i {1, 2}n , for each n = 0, 1, 2, is called a perturbed Cantor set([1]). Further a perturbed Cantor set with an+1 = a and bn+1 = b for all n = 0, 1, 2, is called a self-similar Cantor set([17]). For i {1, 2}n , Xi denotes a fundamental interval of the n-stage of construction of a deranged Cantor set. Let R be the set of all real numbers and N be the set of all natural numbers. For x F , we write Xn (x) for the n-th level set Xi1 in that contains x. We also note that if x F , then there is {1, 2}N such that n=0 X|n = {x} (Here |n = i1 , i2 , , in , where = i1 , i2 , , in , in+1 , ). Hereafter, we use {1, 2}N and x F as the same identity freely. In a self-similar Cantor set F , we can consider a generalized expansion of x from , that is if = i1 , i2 , , ik , ik+1 , then the expansion of x is 0.j1 , j2 , , jk , jk+1 , where jk = 0 if ik = 1 and jk = 2 if ik = 2. We denote n0 (x|k) the number of times the digit 0 occurs in the rst k places of the generalized expansion of x([19]). For r [0, 1], we dene a distribution set F (r) containing the digit 0 in proportion r by F (r) = x F | lim n0 (x|k) =r . k k

The lower and upper local dimension of a nite measure at x R are dened([17]) by dimloc (x) = lim inf
r0

log (B(x, r)) , log r

log (B(x, r)) , log r r0 where B(x, r) is the closed ball with center x R and radius r > 0. dimloc (x) = lim sup

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If dimloc (x) = dimloc (x), we call it the local dimension of at x and write it as dimloc (x). These local dimensions express the power law behaviour of (B(x, r)) for some r > 0. We recall a self-similar measure p ([17]) on a self-similar Cantor set where p (0, 1) induced by p (Xi ) = pi1 pi1 ,i2 pi1 ,i2 , ,in for i {1, 2}n where pi1 , ,ik ,1 = p and pi1 , ,ik ,2 = 1 p where k = 0, 1, , n 1. For 0 dene for a self-similar measure p
(p) E = {x R| dimloc p (x) = }

x R| lim

log p (B(x, r)) = . r0 log r

From now on, dim(E) denotes the Hausdor dimension of E R and Dim(E) denotes the packing dimension of E. The following Proposition is fundamental to give informations of dimensions of a subset of a self-similar Cantor set. Proposition 1. [17] Let E R be a Borel set and let be a nite measure. (a) If dimloc (x) s for all x E and (E) > 0 then dim(E) s. (b) If dimloc (x) s for all x E then dim(E) s. (c) If dimloc (x) s for all x E and (E) > 0 then Dim(E) s. (d) If dimloc (x) s for all x E then Dim(E) s. In this paper, we assume that 0 log 0 = 0 for convenience. 3. Main results Consider a self-similar Cantor set F with two contraction ratios a and b. Fix p (0, 1) and let q R and (q) satisfy pq a(q) +(1p)q b(q) = 1. log p For positive between log(1p) and log a , the Legendre transform f () log b of the function is dened by f () =
<q<

inf

{q + (q)}.

We dene a transformed measure t(q) with respect to a real q of a self-similar measure p to be pq a(q) . Lemma 2. [5, 9] Let p (0, 1). Consider a self-similar measure p on a self-similar Cantor set F and let r [0, 1] and g(r, p) = r log p+(1r) log(1p) . r log a+(1r) log b Then dim(E ) = Dim(E ) = g(r, r) for = g(r, p).
(p) (p)

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Lemma 3. Fix p (0, 1) and g(r0 , r0 ).

log(1p) log b .

log(1p) log b

< <

log p log a

or

log p log a

< <

Let = g(r0 , p). Then there is q0 R such that q0 + (q0 ) =

(p) (p)

Proof. Since dim(E ) = Dim(E ) = g(r0 , r0 ) where = g(r0 , p), we easily see that f () = inf <q< {q + (q)} = g(r0 , r0 )([17, 20]). log p Noting log(1p) = = log a , 0 = r0 = 1. Since g(0, 0) or g(1, 1) is log b limq (q + (q)) or limq (q + (q)), it follows. Remark 1. From now on, we x p (0, 1) and or
log p log a log(1p) log b

<<

log p log a

<<

log(1p) log b

if there is no mention of .

Lemma 4. For q0 such that q0 +(q0 ) = g(r0 , r0 ) where = g(r0 , p), pq0 a(q0 ) = r0 . Proof. q0 such that q0 + (q0 ) = g(r0 , r0 ) where = g(r0 , p) satises (q0 ) = ([17]). We note that (q0 ) = = g(pq0 a(q0 ) , p)([17]). Further = g(r0 , p) and = g(pq0 a(q0 ) , p). Since g(r, p) is one to one(strictly increasing) function for r (0, 1), pq0 a(q0 ) = r0 . Lemma 5. Let as + bs = 1 and p(= as ) (0, 1). Let q R and (q) satisfy pq a(q) + (1 p)q b(q) = 1. If q = 0, E = Eq+(q) . If q = 0, E Eq+(q) . Proof. E
(p) (p) (pq a(q) ) (p) (pq a(q) )

= F (r0 ), where = g(r0 , p)([9]). Let q(= 0) R.

(pq a(q) )

We only need to show that Eq+(q) = F (r0 ). For this, we only need to show that q + (q) = g(r0 , r) where pq a(q) = r by Lemma 2 and [9]. We note that (q) log a = log r q log p from pq a(q) = r and (q) log b = log(1 r) q log(1 p) from (1 p)q b(q) = 1 r. Hence we get r0 log r + (1 r0 ) log(1 r) r0 q log p (1 r0 )q log(1 p) (q) = . r0 log a + (1 r0 ) log b Noting = g(r0 , p), we see that q + (q) = g(r0 , r0 ) by cancellation. (as ) If q = 0 then (0) = s. So E0+(0) = F . We get information of a transformed measure pq a(q) with respect to a parameter q of a self-similar measure p . We note that the following Theorem is essentially similar with the lemma 4.5 in [21] for the case of

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a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set but our proof is much simpler.
(p) E and pq a(q) +

Theorem 6. Let p(= as ) (0, 1), where as + bs = 1. Consider q0 such that q0 + (q0 ) = g(r0 , r0 ), where = g(r0 , p) and (1 p)q b(q) = 1. For q(= 0) R,
(p) pq a(q) (E ) = pq a(q) (Eq+(q) ) = (pq a(q) )

0 if q = q0 , 1 if q = q0 .

Proof. Since r (F (r)) = 1 by the strong law of large numbers, (p) if r0 = r then r (F (r0 )) = 0. We note that E = F (r0 ) where = g(r0 , p). We can assume that pq a(q) = as since q = 0. If q = q0 , by the above Lemma pq a(q) (Eq+(q) ) = pq a(q) (E ) = 0 since pq a(q) = r0 by Lemma 4. If q = q0 , then pq a(q) = r0 by Lemma (p) (pq a(q) ) 4, so pq a(q) (Eq+(q) ) = pq a(q) (E ) = 1. Remark 2. In the above Theorem, if q = 0, then pq a(q) = as . So (pq a(q) ) (p) pq a(q) (Eq+(q) ) = as (F ) = 1 for q = 0. But E = F (r0 ) where = g(r0 , p). Hence
(p) as (E ) = (pq a(q) ) (p)

0 if 0 = q0 ( r0 = as ), 1 if 0 = q0 ( r0 = as ).

Remark 3. A transformed measure t(q) (= pq a(q) ) with respect to a real q of a self-similar measure p gives information for Hausdor and packing dimensions q0 + (q0 ) of E = Eq0 +(q0 ) since t(q0 ) (E ) = pq0 a(q0 ) (Eq0 +(q0 ) ) = 1 if pq0 a(q0 ) = as (if pq0 a(q0 ) = as ( q0 = 0) then its Hausdor and packing dimensions are also q0 + (q0 )(= s) (p) (as ) (p) since E = F (as ) Es = F and as (E ) = 1). By Proposition 1, this means that a transformed measure t(q) with respect to an optimal parameter to nd the Hausdor and packing dimensions of E is t(q0 ) with respect to an optimal parameter q0 where q0 + (q0 ) = g(r0 , r0 ) where = g(r0 , p). We also note that t(q0 ) = pq0 a(q0 ) and it is also a self-similar measure. Remark 4. The transformed measures with respect to real parameters of a quasi-self-similar measure([7, 10, 12]) on a deranged Cantor set can also be dened and give a better information for dimensions, but are not quasi-self-similar measures([12]).
(p) (pq0 a(q0 ) ) (p) (pq0 a(q0 ) ) (p)

Simple approach to multifractal spectrum

(p)

701

Remark 5. In the above Theorem, we consider E together with q0 such that q0 + (q0 ) = g(r0 , r0 ) where = g(r0 , p), the range of (p) log p log p is ( log a , log(1p) ) or ( log(1p) , log a ). But when we just consider E , log b log b
log p log p the range of is [ log a , log(1p) ] or [ log(1p) , log a ] which has non-empty log b log b log p interior if log a = log(1p) . A singular behaviour is observed when p = as log b where as + bs = 1.

We have more information of the values of from the following Theorems. Theorem 7. Let 0 < p < as and consider E . Then we have log(1p) log p < g(p, p) < s < g(as , p) < log a , where as + bs = 1. log b Proof. Putting g(as , p) = h(p), where 0 < p < 1, we have h (p) < 0 where 0 < p < as and h (as ) = 0. So we have h(p) > h(as ) = log p g(as , as ) = s where 0 < p < as . Since log(1p) < log a , k (r) > 0 log b s and k(r) = g(r, r). So g(p, p) < g(as , as ) = s. where 0 < r < a Since g(r, p) is a strictly increasing function for r [0, 1], we see that log p g(0, p) = log(1p) g(r, p) log a = g(1, p). log b Theorem 8. Let as < p < 1 and consider E . Then we have log(1p) log p s s s log a < g(a , p) < s < g(p, p) < log b , where a + b = 1. Proof. It follows from the dual arguments of the proof of the above Theorem. References
[1] I. S. Baek, Dimension of the perturbed Cantor set, Real Anal. Exchange 19 (1994), no. 1, 269273. [2] , Dimensions of weakly convergent deranged Cantor sets, Real Anal. Exchange 23 (1998), no. 2, 689696. [3] , Weak local dimension on deranged Cantor sets, Real Anal. Exchange 26 (2001), no. 2, 553558. , Hausdor dimension of perturbed Cantor sets without some boundedness [4] condition, Acta Math. Hungar. 99 (2003), no. 4, 279283. [5] , On a self-similar measure on a self-similar Cantor set, J. Chungcheong Math. Soc. 16 (2003), no. 2, 110. , Dimensions of measures on perturbed Cantor set, J. Appl. Math. Com[6] put. 14 (2004), no. 1-2, 397403. , Multifractal spectra by quasi-self-similar measures on a perturbed Cantor [7] set, J. Appl. Math. Comput. 14 (2004), no. 1-2, 447454.
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In-Soo Baek , Cantor dimension and its application, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 41 (2004), no. 1, 1318. , Relation between spectral classes of a self-similar Cantor set, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 292 (2004), no. 1, 294302. , On a quasi-self-similar measure on a self-similar set on the way to a perturbed Cantor set, J. Korea Soc. Math. Educ. Ser. B Pure Appl. Math. 11 (2004), no. 1, 5161. , Spectra of deranged Cantor set by weak local dimension, J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 44 (2004), no. 3, 493500. , On transformed dimension, preprint. I. S. Baek and H. H. Lee, Perturbed type random Cantor set, Real Anal. Exchange 23 (1998), no. 1, 223224. L. Barreira and B. Saussol, Variational principles and mixed multifractal spectra, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 353 (2001), 39193944. L. Barreira, B. Saussol, and J. Schmeling, Distribution of frequencies of digits via multifractal analysis, J. Number Theory 97 (2002), 410438. R. Cawley and R. D Mauldin, Multifractal decompositions of Moran fractals, Adv. Math. 92 (1992), 196236. K. J. Falconer, Techniques in fractal geometry, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. T. H. Kim, S. P. Hong, and H. H. Lee, The Hausdor dimension of deformed self-similar sets, Hiroshima Math. J. 32 (2002), no. 1, 16. H. H. Lee and I. S. Baek, Dimensions of a Cantor type set and its distribution sets, Kyungpook Math. J. 32 (1992), no. 2, 149152. L. Olsen, A multifractal formalism, Adv. Math. 116 (1995), 82196. N. Patzschke, Self-conformal multifractal measure, Adv. Math. Sci. Appl. 19 (1997), no. 4, 486513. D. Rand, The singularity spectrum f () for cookie-cutters, Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems 9 (1989), 527541.

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

Department of Mathematics Pusan University of Foreign Studies Pusan 608-738, Korea E-mail : isbaek@pufs.ac.kr