MAD315-MADEN LETME I LAB.

UYGULAMA RNEKLER

PROBLEM: A horizontal ore seam is extracted by room and pillar. Irregular shaped pillars are left as shown. Average pillar area and rock column area are 20 m2 and 64 m2 respectively. The unit weight of overburden strata is 2,5 g/cm3 and the compressive strength of ore material is 182 kg/cm2. To maintain a safety factor (SF) of 1,4 for pillar stability, determine the maximum depth of seam.

SOLUTION: To maintain 1,4 SF Average vertical pillar stress = 182/1,4 = 130 kg/cm2 (maximum stress comes from overburden) 130 kg/cm2 = 1300 ton/m2, then 1300 t/m2 = 2.5 t/m3*z*(64/20) z=1300/8 = 162,5 m.

PROBLEM : A horizontal coal seam with a 2 meter thickness is lying 160 meter below surface. If pillar strength of coal and tonnage factor of overburden material are 320 kg/cm2 and 0,8 m3/t respectively, determine the maximum ratio between room width and pillar width. (Assume square pillar where p = z [1+(Wo/Wp)]2)

SOLUTION : 320 kg/cm2 = 320 kg/cm2 *104 cm2/m2 / 103 kg/t = 3200 t/m2 If Tonnage Factor = 0,8 m3/t then Unit weight, = 1/TF = 1/0,8 = 1,25 t/m3 By usin the equation p = z [1+(Wo/Wp)]2) 3200 t/m2 = 1,25 t/m3 * 160 m* [1+(Wo/Wp)]2 = 200*[1+(Wo/Wp)]2 then [1+(Wo/Wp)]2 = 3200/200 = 16 1+(Wo/Wp) = 161/2 = 4 so (Wo/Wp) = 3

MATERIALS. On nearly all earthmoving and mining operations, the material requirement is given in terms of bank or in-place cubic meter. The in-place weight of the material is given in terms of specific gravity-kilogram per cubic meter. When the inplace material is dug or blasted from its original position, it breaks up ino particles or chunks that lie loosely on each other. This rearrangement creates spaces or voids and adds to its bulk. This change from bank to loose measure is commonly know as swell, and is given in percent of swell. This is best illustrated in the following figure.

Swell Factor (SF) = 100 / (100 + % of Swell) % of Swell = (100 100*SF) / SF According to this definition SF is always less than 1.0 1) For the same volume (Bank volume = Loose volume) of material Loose Weight = Bank Weight * SF Thus; Unit weight of loose material = Unit weight of bank material * SF 2) For the same weight (Bank weight = Loose weight) of material Loose Volume = Bank Volume / SF

. (1) . (2)

. (3)

. (4)

PROBLEM : Bank specific weight of a material is 3,2 gr/cm3. If 0,75 m3 of loose material weights 2000 kg, determine both swell factor (SF) and % of swell. SOLUTION : Bank measures 1 m3 = 3200 kg 0,75 m3 = 3200 * (3/4) = 2400kg 2000 kg = 2000 / 3200 = 0,625 m3

Loose measures 0.75 m3 = 2000 kg are given. 1 m3 = 2000 * (4/3) = 2667,67 kg 3200 kg = (3200 / 2000) * 0,75 = 1,2 m3

If we determine SF on the basis of equal volumes of bank and loose material, we use equation 3; SF = Loose weight / Bank weight = 2666,67 / 3200 or 2000 / 2400 = 0,8333 is found. If we determine SF on the basis of equal weights of bank and loose material, we use equation 4; SF = Bank volume / Loose volume = 0,625 / 0,75 or 1 / 1,2 = 0,8333 is found. From equation 2, % of swell = (100 100*SF) / SF = (100 100*0,833) / 0,833 = 20% is found. It can also be determined from volume measures for the same weight of material, % of swell = [(Loose volume Bank volume) / Bank volume] * 100 = [(1,2 1) / 1] * 100 or = [(0,75 0,625) / 0,625] * 100 = 20% is also found.

Above relationship between swell factor and % swell can be defined by the equations; Swell Factor (SF) =

100 + %Swell Bank unit weight = 100 Loose unit weight

where SF 1,0

Swell Factor (SF) =

100 Loose unit weight = 100 + %Swell Bank unit weight

where SF 1,0
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PROBLEM : A horizontally bedded ore seam with an uniform thickness is lying 40 meters below

the surface. The ore will be mined under given conditions. Determine: a. Critical seam thickness (m) in meter b. Discuss the result in relation with the stripping ratio (Draw the related figure).

Depth of seam (regular) Seam length in 3rd direction Unit weight of ore ()
SOLUTION :

: 40 m : 1200 m : 1,4 gr/cm3

Underground mining cost (My) Open pit mining cost (Ma) Stripping cost (Md)

: 36 YTL/m3 : 10 YTL/m3 : 4 YTL/t

Tonnage factor of overburden : 0,75 m3/t

a. According to given cost parameters, critical stripping ratio is found by;

Kcritical = (Mu Ma) / Md = (36 - 10) / 4 = 6,5 tonnes/m3 Then, volume/weight of overburden material is determined as Surface length = 320 + 40*tan35o + 40*tan45o = 320+28+40 = 388 m Area of trapezoid = [(320+388)/2]*40 = 14160 m2 Volume of overburden = 14160*1200 = 16.992.000 m3 Tonnage of overburden = Volume / T.F. = 16992000/0,75 = 22.656.000 tonnes Ore volume = 1200*320*m = 384.000*m If SR = Amount of stripped material / Amount of ore excavated, then 6,5 = 22.656.000 / 384.000*m If above equation is solved for m, we obtain
m (Critical seam thickness) = 22.656.000 / (384.000*6,5) = 9,08 meters

b. By using equation m = 22656000/(384000*K), we can obtain different m values for

different K values and then, draw the related graph.

As it is clear from the above figure, open pit mining operation is economically feasible for a seam thicker than the critical value (9,08 meters). Otherwise the reserve must be mined with an underground mining method.

The tonnage factor is dependent upon the specific gravity of the ore, and the specific gravity is a function of the mineral composition of the ore. Probably the most accurate method of determining specific gravity of an ore is to calculate an average specific gravity using specific gravities of individual minerals, provided the relative percentages of ore minerals present are accurately known. For example, if a massive sulfide ore is 10% galena (sp.gr. is 7,6) 35% sphalerite (sp.gr. is 4,1) and 55% pyrite (sp.gr. is 5,0), the specific gravity of ore would be: Galena : Pyrite : 7,6 * 0,10 = 0,76 5,0 * 0,55 = 2,75 Sum = 4,95 specific gravity of ore Sphalerite : 4,1 * 0,35 = 1,44

The specific gravity of an ore may also be computed by weighing a core or specimen of the ore in air, then weighing the same sample suspended in water. The specific gravity is calculated by the following equation:
Sp.gr. = Wa Wa W w

where Wa = weight in air and Ww = weight in water. In British System Specific Gravity * 62,5 (lb per cu.ft of water) = lb per cu.ft of ore Tonnage Factor = (2000 lb/ton) / lb per cu.ft of ore = cu.ft per ton ore (ft3/ton) 1 m3 water = 1000 kg 35,314 ft3 = 2203 lb 2,8 * 62,5 = 175 lb/ft3 ore Tonnage Factor = 2000/175 = 11,43 ft3/ton 1 ft3 water = 62,5 lb For example; if a porphry copper ore has a specific gravity of 2,8, then

PROBLEM : Determine the daily and yearly production rate in a room and pillar coal mine using

conventional equipment under the following conditions. Working place Working time Working sections Advance per cut Tonnage factor : 1,83 m * 5,49 m (6 ft * 18 ft) : 7 hrs/shift, 2 shifts/day, 250 days/year : 14 : 3,05 m (10 ft) : 12 cuts/shift : 0,75 m3/tonnes (24 ft3/ton)

Number of cuts per shift

SOLUTION :

Volume of ore per cut, V = 1,83 * 5,49 * 3,05 = 30,64 m3/cut (=1082 ft3/cut) Weight of ore per cut, W = 30,64/0,75 = 40,85 tonnes/cut Section production per day = 40,85 * 12 cuts/shift * 2 shifts/day = 980,4 tonnes/day/section Mine production per day = 980,4 * 14 sections = 13 725 tonnes/day Annual mine production = 13 725 * 250 = 3 431 250 tonnes/year (=2 573 437 m3/day) if ore recovery is 100%, then Surface area exploited per day, A = 5,49*3,05*12*14*2 = 5626,15 m2/day " OR " " " year = 5626,15 * 250 = 1 406 537 m2/year 140 hectares/year

3 431 250 tonnes/year = 2 573 437 m3/year if seam thickness is 1,83 m., then Surface area = 2 573 437/1,83 = 1 406 250 m2/year 140 hectares/year In selecting equipment for a mechanized, sequential operation such as modern room and

pillar mining, it is necessary to balance each operation within the production cycle. This calls for the estimation of cycle times for each unit operation and the calculation of the required output for each machine.

PROBLEM : Determine the cycle time per working place and the output rating of a gathering-arm

loader for a section of the coal mine in the previous problem, given the following additional information. Place change time : 35 min Car change time Delay time/Place : 0,6 min : 2,2 min

Shuttle car capacity : 7,3 tonnes (8 tons) Shuttle cars/Place : 2

SOLUTION :

Allowable cycle time/working place = (7 hr/sh*60 min/hr) / 12 cuts/sh = 35 mins/cut Net available loading time = 35 (3,5+2,2) = 29,3 mins/cut Number of shuttle car loads/cut = (40,85 tonnes/cut) / 7,3 tonnes/car = 5,6 cars = 6 cars Load time/Place = 29,3 (6*0,6) = 25,7 mins Required loader output = (40,85 tonnes/cut) / (25,7 mins/cut) = 1,59 tonnes/min Since this is a minimum rating based on average performance, a loader with a somewhat higher output, say, 3 or 4 tonnes/min would be selected to allow for surges and contingencies.

PROBLEM : Calculation of support load density related to longwall mining method.

Support load density is the term used to indicate the average amount of support provided for the entire face are expressed in load per area (e.g., ton/ft2, t/m2, etc.). The support area is defined by the face-to-gob distance and distance between the centerlines of head and tail entries.

Assuming an average face-to-gob distance of 4191 mm and a centerline distance of 182,88 m, the total area to be supported is then; 4,191 m*182,88 m = 766,45 m2 The amount of resistance provided by each support is determined by the design yeld pressure of the hydraulic legs. Therefore, for 2 legged shields with 158,8 t/leg capacity on 1371,6 mm centers along the face, the total amount of support is; 2 legs/shield*158,8 t/leg*(182,88 m/1,3716 m/shield) = 42558,5 tonnes The support load density expressed in tonnes per square meter is the total amount of support divided by the total area; 42558,5 tonnes/766,45 m2 = 55,53 tonnes/m2 As the distance between the face and the hanging gob increase, the cantilever effect of the unbroken roof becomes greater and loading increases. In order to maintain a minimum cantilever length the face-to-gob distance should be kept to a minimum. A short face-to-gob distance will also maximize the load density of the supports since there will be a smaller area to support. Too little support or to great a distance from the face to the tip of the roof canopies of the supports will allow excessive fracturing and roof falls in front of supports, especially when mining under massive strata.

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PROBLEM : Calculation of locomotive power.

A diesel locomotive is scheduled to transport waste material (broken) of an interior shaft sinking in a mine. Related parameters are given as follows. By assuming that this operation should have been done in 35 minutes, determine locomotive power needed.
Given parameters : Shaft dimension, F : 2*2,5 m*m Advance per shift, li : 1,5 m/shift Broken rock density, : 1,8 t/m3 % swell : 30 % : 750 kg Car weight, Wv : 200 kg Car capacity, Wf Locomotive weight, Wg : 2200 kg Road grade, i : 0,3% (-) Friction coefficient, : 0,01 Loading+Damping+Maneouvre time, t : 25 mins SOLUTION :

First, the velocity of train should be determined. Thus, time required for a cycle of transport tcycle = tloaded + tempty + tmaneouvre tloaded = L/V then V = 3000/(2100-1500) = 5 m/sec assume tloaded = tempty then tcycle = 2*tloaded + tmaneouvre from this 2100 sec = 2*(1500 m/V) + 25*60

5*3600/1000 = 18 km/hr is determined

To determine number of cars needed to transport the waste; waste volume/shift = 2*2,5*1,5 = 7,5 m3/shift loosened waste volume = [(100+30)/100]*7,5 = 9,75 m3/shift loosened waste weight = 1,8*9,75 = 17,55 t/shift number of cars, n = 17,55/2 = 8,8 9 cars needed Total friction force is calculated by

F = (-i)[Wg+n(Ww+Wf)] = 0,01-0,003)[2200+9(750+2000)] = 188,6 kg

Motor power, N = (F*V)/(75*) in HP where is efficiency (%) V is velocity in m/sec N = (188,6*5)/(75*0,75) = 16,8 HP 20 HP

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PROBLEM : A room-and-pillar mining method is applied as shown below. Determine the

extraction percentage (ratio).

SOLUTION :

According to influence area of a pillar, the figure can be drawn and sized as shown. Then, Extracted area Extraction Percentage (Ratio) = --------------------- = (10*8-6*4)/(10*8) = 56/80 = 0.7 = 70% Whole area

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PROBLEM : Determination of critical depth for the application of room-and pillar mining

General view of a room-and-pillar mining method application is given. Drive a general equation to determine critical depth for an extraction ratio of 60% (e). Compressive strength of coal (in lab on 10 cm cube sp.), c,lab = 275 kg/cm2 Seam thickness, m = 2 m Pillar shape : square (top view) Thickness of immediate roof, t = 1,75 m Flexural strenth of roof, e = 20 kg/cm2 Density of overburden, = 2,5 t/m3
SOLUTION :

If pillar stability is considered, safety factor can be defined as; F= Pillar Strength ( p ) Average vertical pressure on pillar ( t )

0,46 1m 0,66 w p 0,1Hmax (1 e)

In this equation; F : safety factor (for this situation F=1,25 is preferred) 1 : 1*1*1 m*m*m size pillar; its strength in-situ in kg/cm2 where n is crack frequency in specimen. (it can be determined by, 1=(c,lab/n) For densely cracked coal n=4-5. In this problem n=4 is taken. m : seam thickness wp : pillar width : average density of overburden, =2,5 t/m3 e : extraction ratio Hmax : critical depth of mine
Hmax 0,46 (1 e) 10 * 1m 0,66 w p F

for F=1,25

and

=2,5 t/m3

Hmax 3,21m-0,66w0,46(1-e)

to solve this equation for Hmax, pillar width (w) should be given or determined from "e" value.

From the figure, for square pillar whole area = (wp+wo)2 extracted area = (wo+wp)2-wp2 then, extraction ratio, e = [(wo+wp)2-wp2]/[(wp+wo)2] e = (wo2+2wowp)/(wp+wo)2 wo is safe width of room

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wo can be determined from flexural strength test result as wo 4,47 t

e Fa

where Fa is safety factor for openings (4 is suitable)

20 8,4 m is determined. By considering supporting and 4 * 2,5 production conditions wo is taken as 6 m. Then;
2

wo 4,47 1,75

0,6 = (6 +2*6*wp)/(wp+6) = (36+12wp)/(wp2+12wp+36)

2

0,6wp2-wp(12-7,2)-36-21,6 = 0 = 0,6wp2-4,8wp-14,4 wp2-8wp-24 = 0 wp,12 =

if each divided by 0,6 then

second order equation is obtained. Then;

8 m 64 + 4 * 24 8 m 12,6 = 2 2

from this equation we get two wp values. wp,2 = (8-12,6)/2 = -2,3 m

wp,1 = (8+12,6)/2 = 10,3 m Thus wp = 10,3 m is found.

1 = c,lab/n = 275/4 = 68,75 kg/cm2 Pillar strength, p = 1m-0,66wp0,46 = 68,75*2-0,66*10,30,46 = 127 kg/cm2 Critical depth, Hmax 3,2*68,75*2-0,66*10,30,46*(1-0,6) 162,5 m There is a linear relationship between critical depth and laboratory strength. For instance; if only c,lab is changed to 350 kg/cm2, then the Hmax would be determined 200 m. Under given conditions if the critical depth is asked to increase then the extraction ratio is decreased. If we decrease it to 50% and make the calculations again; 0,5 = (36+12wp)/(wp2+12wp+36) wp2-12wp-36 = 0 wp = 14,5 15 m, then Pillar strength, p = 1m-0,66wp0,46 = 68,75*2-0,66*150,46 = 151 kg/cm2 Critical depth, Hmax 3,2*68,75*2-0,66*150,46*(1-0,5) 240 m As it can be concluded, a 17% decrease in extraction ratio (from 60% to 50%), critical depth increases 50% (from 162,5 m to 240 m).

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PROBLEM : Determination of hoist motor power

A hoist motor is mounted on a decline as shown to remove waste material. Determine hoist motor power and drum dimensions (diameter and width) if the parameters are given as follows;

Given parameters : Car capacity : 1000 liter Car empty weight, Wb : 720 kg Waste weight, Wt : 1800 kg Slope, : 25o Distance (road), S : 80 m SOLUTION :

Traction coefficient, T : 10 kg/t Motor efficiency, : 70% Friction on rollers, : 0,3 Speed, v : 1 m/s

First of all required rope characteristics (diameter, weight, etc.) dshould be determined. Static weight, W = Wb+Wt = 1800+720 = 2520 kg Components of this weight, Wx = Wsin = 2520*sin25o = 1065 kg Wy = Wcos = 2520*cos25o = 2280 kg Traction (friction) force, Fs=T*Wy = 10*2,28 = 23 kg Total force on rope, Fr = Wx+Fs = 1065+23 = 1090 kg If a Safety Factor (SF) = 5 is taken for rope break, then; Breaking force, Fk = SF*Fr = 5*1090 = 5540 kg According to international standards (eg., DIN-655), rope is choosen;
Break force = 5700 kg Wire diameter = 0,7 mm Rope diameter = 11 mm Rope section = 43,9 mm2 Rope weight, q = 0,41 kg/m Break strength = 130 kg/cm2

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Drum diameter, D = 600*Wire diameter = 600*0,7 = 420 mm = 0,42 m To determine drum width, first the rope length is found Road distance (length), S = 80 m Distance to hoist motor = 7,5 m (application) Lower end distance = 7,5 m (application) Extra length on drum = 20 m (for safety) Then, rope length, L = 80+7,5+7,5+20 = 115 m Number of windings on drum, z = L/D = 115/(3,14*0,42) If 2 mm gaps are left between the windings, then; Drum width, B = z(d+2)/1000 = 87(11+2)/1000 = 1,15 m Motor power, N=(F.V)/(75) F = Forces on rope (due to full car + rope weight + Friction on rollers) F = Fr+q.S.sin+q.S.cos. = 1090+0,41*80*sin25o+0,41*80*cos25o*0,3 F = 1113 kg Motor power, N=(1113*1)/(75*0,7) = 21,2 HP or 15,8 kW ............. CHOOSE MOTOR WITH 25 HP 1 kW=1,34 HP d:rope diameter in mm

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PROBLEM : Determination of motor power of a pump to discharge underground water

A submerged pump is located on a sump in underground to pump incoming mine water (see figure below). Determine pump motor according to given parameters.
Given parameters : Water flow rate : 1,5 liter/sec Discharge elevation, hy : 330 m Pump elevation, ht : 270 m Motor efficiency, : 0,7

Pipe diameter, D : 0,025 m Water elevation, hs : 267 m Pipe slope, : 20o Submerged end pipe, he : 6 m

SOLUTION :

Motor power, N=(H.Q)/(75)

where

Q : water flow rate, m3/sec H : total head, m : water density, kg/m3 : friction factor of pipe v : water speed in pipe, m/sec L : pipe length, m g : gravitational acceleration, m/sec2

H = h+[(.v2.L)/(2.g.D)] +[(.v2)/(2.g)]

where

h = hy-hs = 330-267 = 63 m Q = F.v = 0,785.D2.v for laminant flow v = 1,27.Q/D2 = 1,27*0,0015/0,0252 = 3 m/s Water speed in a pipe should not exceed vmax=2 m/sec. In our case, pipe diameter can be increased to decrease the speed. If we choose D=0,05 m, then; 17

v = 1,27*0,0015/0,052 = 0,76 m/s vmin=0,5 m/sec < v=0,76 m/sec < vmax=2 m/sec. Water speed shouldn't be less than 0,5 m/sec to prevent particle sedimentation in pipe. Total pipe length, L =(hy-ht)/sin + he = (330-270)/sin20o + 6 = 175+6 = 181 m Total friction loss in pipe, hs = [(.v2.L)/(2.g.D)] = [(0,03*0,762*181)/(2*9,81*0,05)] = 3,2 m H = h+hs +[(.v2)/(2.g)] Then, H = h+hs = 63+3,2 = 66,2 m Motor power, N=(H.Q)/(75) = (66,2*0,0015*1000)/(75*0,7) = 1,89 HP 2 HP 1,5 lt/sec = 0,0015 m3/sec head loss because of fittings. For simple staright lines this parameter can be neglected.

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PILLAR CALCULATIONS FOR SHAFTS OR SURFACE STRUCTURES

The form of a shaft pillar is determined by the shape of the surface area to be protected. The first essential, therefore, is to decide upon the area of surface to be protected around the shaft. Pillar size can be determined by graphically or calculation. Pillar shape, therefore the pillar size change according to seam inclination. Calcuations and drawings in the following pages are done for horizontal and inclined ore seams.

angle of draw : In coal mine subsidence, this angle is assumed to bisect the angle between the vertical and the angle of repose of the material and is 20-25 degrees for flat seams. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8 degrees from the vertical for a 40 degrees dip. The main break occurs over the seam at an angle from the vertical equal to half the dip.

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A. HORIZONTAL SRATA (Seam) 1) Single Shaft

Example : Suppose that a shaft 10 m in diameter and an area around shaft 60 m (AO) from the shaft center is to be protected. Determine the size of the pillar graphically and by calculation if the coal seam is at 300 m depth (H) and 3 m thick (h). Assume an angle of draw 25o for horizontal strata.

CD = 16 cm (on scale)*25 m/1 cm = 400 m. (Graphical solution) By calculation : CD = CA'+A'B'+B'D where CA' = B'D = 300*tan25o = 140 m. then CD = 140+120+140 = 400 m. A circular shaft with 400 m in diameter should be left in underground to protect a circular surface area of 60 m in radius from the center of the shaft.

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2) Two Shafts
Example : If we have two shafts A and B are in 10 m diameter and situated at 100 m apart. CD is the length of the surface to be protected that in line with the shafts. C'D' is the length of the surface to be protected at right angles to the line of the shafts. Find the size of the pillar graphically and by calculation if th coal seam is at 300 m depth. Angle of draw is 25o.

From drawing, Length = 6,8 cm*100 m/cm = 680 m. Breath = 5,8 cm*100 m/cm = 580 m. Size of surface are to be protected; Length, CD = CA+AB+BD = 150+100+150 = 400 m. Breath, C'D' = C'A+AD' = 150+150 = 300 m. Size of pillar to be left in underground; Length, KN = KL+LM+MN = 400+2(300*tan 25o) = 680 m. Breath, K'N' = KL'+L'M'+M'N' = 300+2(300*tan 25o) = 580 m. Area of pillar = 680*580 = 394400 m2

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B. INCLINED SRATA (Seam)

Angle of draw depends on the inclination of seam. For seams inclined up to 24o, the size of shaft pillar can be obtained by calculating angle of draw on the rise and dip side of the shaft using Statham's equations; Angle of draw on the rise side = + d*[(24-)/24] Angle of draw on the dip side = - (d*/24) where : angle of draw for horizontal strata

d : inclination of seam

1) Single Shaft
Example : A 10 m diameter and 300 m deep shaft and a square around the shaft at the given dimension is to be protected. Find the size of the pillar graphically and calculation, if the coal seam has an inclination of 21o. Assume that the angle of draw is 20o for horizontal strata. Square area to be protected is 100*100 m2. Angle of draw on the rise side = 20o + 21o*[(24-20o)/24] = 23.5o Angle of draw on the dip side = 20o - (21o*20o/24) = 2.5o

On the rise side Depth of point C is 300-(50*tan 21) = 280.8 m then Considering ACE triangle, Angle EAC = (90-23.5)+21 = 87.5o and Angle ACE = (90-21) = 69o According to Sine rule, [AE/sin 69o]=280.8/sin 87.5o AE = 262.4 m. Vertical depth to point A = 262.4*cos 23.5o = 240.64 m. On the dip side Depth of point D is 300+(50*tan 21) = 319.2 m Considering BDF triangle, Angle FDB = 90+21 = 111o and Angle DBF = (180-111-2.5) = 66.5o According to Sine rule, [BF/sin 111o)]=319.2/sin 66.5o BF = 324.95 m. Vertical depth to point B = 324.95*cos 2.5o = 324.64 m. From front view, A'A'' = 2*(240.64*tan 20o) + 100 = 275.17 m (on draw 2.75 cm) o B'B'' = 2*(324.64*tan 20 ) + 100 = 336.32 m (on draw 3.36 cm) Horizontal distance between the points A&B is the height of trapezoid, h = 240.64*tan 23.5o + 100 + 324.64*tan 2.5o = 218.8 m (on draw 2.2 cm) 2 Area of pillar (trapezoidal shape) = [(275.17+336.32)/2]*218.8 = 66897 m This is the area projected on the horizontal plane. To find the true (inclined) area of the pillar; True area of the pillar = 66897/cos 21o = 71656 m2

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2) Two Shafts
Example : Shafts A and B are situated at 100 m apart. CD (200 m) is the length of the surface to be protected in line with the shafts and C'D' (100 m) is the length of the surface to be protected at right angles to the line of the shafts. If the depth of the shaft at the dip side is 300 m and the inclination of the seam is 15o. Assume that the angle of draw is 20o for horizontal strata. Find the size of the pillar. Angle of draw on the rise side = 20o + 15o*[(24-20o)/24] = 22.5o Angle of draw on the dip side = 20o - (15o*20o/24) = 7.5o

On the rise side Depth of point M is 300-(150*tan 15) = 259.8 m then Applying sine rule on CKM triangle, [CK/sin(90-15)]=259.8/sin 82.5 Vertical depth to point K = 253.11*cos 22.5 = 233.85 m. On the dip side Depth of point N is 300+(50*tan 15) = 313.4 m Applying sine rule on DNL triangle, [DL/sin(90+15)]=313.4/sin 67.5 Vertical depth to point L = 327.66*cos 7.5 = 324.86 m. From front view, K'K'' = 2*(233.85*tan 20) + 100 = 270.23 m L'L'' = 2*(324.86*tan 20) + 100 = 336.48 m

CK = 253.11 m.

DL = 327.66 m.

(on draw 2.70 cm) (on draw 3.36 cm) (on draw 3.40 cm)

Horizontal distance between the points K&L is the height of trapezoid, h = 233.85*tan 22.5 + 200 + 324.86*tan 7.5 = 339.63 m

Area of pillar (trapezoidal shape) = [(270.23+336.48)/2]*339.63 = 103028 m2 This is the area projected on the horizontal plane. To find the true (nclined) area of the pillar; True area of the pillar = 103028/cos 15o = 106662 m2

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