OBJECTIVE: OVERVIEW:

COMPOSITE o Light Frame

To understand the concepts, uses
o Composite Deck/Slab
CONSTRUCTION and application process of o Composite Column
Building Technology 5 composite construction method. o Shear Connections
o Cambering

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

The Five Types of Construction What is
Residential: Residential housing is for society including COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION? ADVANTAGES OF
individual homes, apartments, condominium, and
townhouses. Composite construction refers to any members
composed of more than one material. It refers COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Commercial: This refers to construction dealing with the
needs of commerce, trade, and government. Some to two load-carrying structural members that Speed + Performance + Value
examples may be school, banks, hospitals, theaters, and are integrally connected and deflect as a
government buildings. single unit. This has become a standard type
of construction in high rise buildings selected o Architectural
Heavy Civil: This type of construction greatly impacts o Economical
society since it deals with transportation. Some examples by many Architects, Engineers and
are roads, bridge, railroad, dams, tunnels, and airports. Developers. o Functionality
o Service and Flexibility
Industrial: Industrial is connected will buildings that are o Assembly
used for different types of production. Some examples are
Composite floor systems are considered by
chemical plants, steel mills, oil refineries, manufacturing many to be the highest quality type of
plants, and pipelines. construction. A steel beam which is made
composite by using shear connectors,
Environmental: Environmental used to be part of heavy
civil, but it now has its own section since it deals with composite metal decking and concrete is much
projects that improve the environment. Some examples stronger and stiffer than the base beam alone
are sanitary sewers, waste management, and clean
water.

ARCHITECTURAL ECONOMICAL FUNCTIONALITY

o Longer spans o Reduction of height reduces the total of the building o Fire protection by using principles of
o Thinner slabs o (saving area of cladding) reinforced concrete in which the concrete
o More slender column o Longer spans with the same heigh protects the steel
o More generous opportunities for design o (column free rooms)
o Additional storey with the same total height of
building
o Quicker time of erection:
o Saving costs, earlier completion of the building
o Lower financing costs
o Ready for use earlier thus increasing rental
income
 01 LIGHT FRAME
SERVICE & FLEXIBILITY ASSEMBLY
o Adaptable structures o Working platforms of steel decking
o Permanent shuttering
o Modification during the life of the building o Reinforcement of profiled steel sheeting
o Modify services without violating the o Speed and simplicity of construction
privacy of other occupants o Quality controlled products ensure greater
o Accommodation of service facilities accuracy
o in the ceiling
o within a false floor
o in a coffer box running along the walls

LIGHT WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION LIGHT METAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION

02 COMPOSITE DECK/SLAB

Metal frames, also known as structural steel framing, are durable,

reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable option for low-rise, mid-rise and
high-rise building projects and typically refers to building frame systems
System of construction that is made up of dimensional lumber that is where the vertical and horizontal structural elements are formed by a
closely spaced and assembled by nailing to create floor, wall, stair and system of structural steel beams and columns. We’ve mentioned before
roof assemblies. As they are fastened together the wood components that it is somewhat the skeletal makeup of a structure, and that is true on
form the structure of a building, much like a skeleton. many accounts.

What is METAL DECKING? COMPOSITE DECKING

STEEL AND CONCRETE

o Concrete is efficient in compression and steel in tension
o Concrete encasement restrain steel against buckling
o Concrete provides protection against corrosion and fire
o Steel bring ductility into the structure

Steel decking, also known as metal decking, is a sheet of high-performance • Composite decking works together with the concrete
galvanized steel used in the construction of composite concrete floor slab. It can also fill to make a stiff, light-weight, economical floor system
be used as a structural feature in roof construction. When specified as metal roof • Compare the composite decking (above left), non-
decking it is used to support insulating membranes. composite decking (above center), and the form decking
Composite metal decking is perfect for use in both floor and roof construction (above right)
because it has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Other advantages of metal deck • Composite decking is available in various profiles and
include uniform quality, proven durability including excellent fire performance and thicknesses
cost efficiency. Steel is also sustainable; it is one of the world’s most recyclable
materials with over 40% of ‘new’ steel manufactured from recycled steel.
BENEFITS OF METAL DECKING USE OF METAL DECKS STYLE OF COMPOSITE DECK
Roof Decking
Value
Metal decking’s lower total cost of ownership and value Metal roof deck transfers wind loads to vertical elements of
when combining material costs, erection and installation, lateral force resisting systems through diaphragm action
time, life-cycle costs, and overall performance. Steel deck which is what makes the properties of roof deck
provides the best value in with high performance. specification unique. Steel roof decks differ in their way of
resisting horizontal force, also called shear diaphragm
Steel from composite decks or form deck.
The design properties of metal deck allow the EOR to
maximum steels strength and efficiency. Deck products Floor Decking
and applications have an extremely high strength to- Floor decking is used for pouring a concrete floor and
weight ratio and thus total costs of construction can be support for concrete during the curing process. Roof
lower than with other building systems with less total decking doesn’t have the ability to provide the same
weight. support as floor decking. A floor deck purpose is for
supporting concrete while roof decking can be used for
Speed of Construction many different things. While they share similarities such as
Steel deck is capable of being installed or erected in most originating from the same materials, are designed to be
weather conditions. Specifying steel deck can eliminate lightweight, and manufactured in the same manner. There
delays that may occur with other types of building are two types of floor decks. Composite decking which
systems. includes embossments which creates composite slab action,
and form decking which is merely a Permanente form for
concrete but does not have composite action.

Technical Details of Steel Decking in Composite Floor Slabs

The practice in which steel decks are used is

INSTALLATION OF DECKING
Watch Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irxarQmkYOg 03 COMPOSITE COLUMN
known as composite floor decks. The basic
building block of this application is further
known as a composite floor slab.

There are three (3) materials used in

constructing a composite floor slab; steel
decks, reinforcing bars and concrete. All these
are tied together to make up for a single
composite floor slab.

For building the composite slabs there are

three things we need to consider. • Metal decking is placed on the structural steel at predetermined points in the erection sequence
• Metal decking may be installed by the steel erection contractor or a separate decking contractor
1.The thickness of the concrete slab
More details: https://www.alphasteel.ph/buying-steel-decks/ • As an alternative to welding, powder actuated tools may be used to attach metal decking
• Powder actuated tools use the expanding gases from a powder load, or booster, to drive a
2.Diameter of the reinforcements bars that fastener
will be use • A nail-like fastener is driven through the metal deck into the steel beam
3.Spacing between reinforcement bars • The powder actuated tool, powder load, and fastener must be matched to the thickness of the
structural steel beam flanges

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS TYPES OF REINFORCED COLUMNS

WHAT IS COLUMN?

Tied Columns. These are columns Spiral Columns. These are columns
with longitudinal bars and lateral with longitudinal bars and closely
ties. The ratio of the effective spaced continuous spiral hooping. For
cross-sectional area of vertical spiral columns, the ratio of the area of
Column is a vertical member which transfers loads of a structure from Short columns – occur when the Long columns – occur when the reinforcement to the gross column the vertical reinforcement to the gross
beam and slab to the foundation. The effective depth of a column exceeds unsupported height is not greater unsupported height is more than area should not be less than 1% column area shall not less than 1% nor
three times the lateral dimension. Generally, columns carry axial loads in than ten times the shortest lateral ten times the shortest lateral nor more than 8%, and should more than 8%. The minimum number
compression. Columns are very important components of a structure. dimension of the cross section. dimension of the cross section. consist of at least 4 bars of a of bars shall 6, and the minimum bar
Failure of columns results in the collapse of the structure. minimum size of #5. size shall #5.
 TYPES OF REINFORCED COLUMNS
COMPOSITE COLUMN COMPOSITE COLUMN

Composite Columns – where structural steel columns are

embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.

Combined Columns – where structural steel is encased in

concrete of at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess
surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer
face of the concrete cover.
Composite columns are used in construction for their combination of tensile
and compressive strength. The reinforcing steel gives the column tensile
Lally Columns – are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat strength while the concrete gives the column compressive strength.
steel plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout Composite columns can be either cast-in-place or pre-cast depending on the
or concrete to prevent corrosion. requirements of each application. These columns can support an enormous
amount of weight and are used for high-rise buildings, industrial
construction, and even in some residential applications.

TYPES OF COMPOSITE COLUMN Advantages of composite columns 04 SHEAR CONNECTION

Steel composite columns have a
number of advantages over pure
steel and reinforced concrete
columns due to the skillful
combination of both materials:

In steel composite construction, the cross-sectional types shown in the figure have •High fire resistance possible
prevailed. For all types, the steel cross-section serves as formwork for the concrete, i.e. thanks to the concrete
an additional formwork is not necessary. The concrete is arranged in such a way that it •High degree of prefabrication
protects the steel from heating, allowing for high fire resistance. Regarding the left
cross-section, the concrete between the flanges protects the web from heating too
and steel connections allow quick
quickly in the event of a fire and the fire protection reinforcement replaces the flanges assembly
directly exposed to the fire. The concrete-filled hollow profile in the middle of the picture •Compact cross-sections with a
is architecturally interesting and almost corresponds to a reinforced concrete support in high load-bearing capacity
the event of a fire because the external steel hollow profile fails quickly. The hollow
•Increased usable space and thus
profile with the embedded profile at the right side of the picture is particularly suitable
for heavy bending around one axis. increased profitability

SHEAR CONNECTOR USE OF SHEAR CONNECTOR INSTALLATION OF SHEAR CONNECTOR

Watch video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NdsHFx5ndo

The shear flow between steel beam

and reinforced concrete deck slab is a
natural consequence of the
requirement for composite action. If
there were no connection, a beam
and slab would bend as illustrated
diagrammatically below. The
Typical shear stud connector, immediately after welding Groups of shear connectors Bending of two components without shear connection
presence of a shear connection
prevents the slip between the two
• Depending on the welding process used, the tip of the shear connector may be placed in a • The electrical arc process is commonly used for stud welding
components and achieves a much • An arc is drawn between the stud and the base metal
ceramic ferrule (arc shield) during welding to retain the weld
• Shear connectors create a strong bond between the steel beam and the concrete floor slab
stiffer and stronger beam. • The stud is plunged into the molten steel which is contained by the ceramic ferrule
which is poured on top of the metal decking • The metal solidifies and the weld is complete
• This bond allows the concrete slab to work with the steel beams to reduce live load • The ferrules are removed before the concrete is poured
deflection
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTOR TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTION TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTION

The most common types are the angle/plate

connections, which either use an angle bracket According to the usage:
or a plate to connect the flange of the parent to
the web of the child member. Shear connections •Framed – connecting beams, web-to-web,
o Headed Studs do not resist much moment forces as they are directly
o Oscillating Perfobondstrip allowed some looseness to rotate. It is one of
the main differences between a shear and a •Seated - beam is seated on a column
o T-Rib Connectors indirectly
moment connection. It is worth noting that
o Waveform Strips welded shear connections resist higher moment
o T-Connectors loads than bolted ones.
o Channel Connector According to the connection elements:

•Bolted (only)
•Welded (only)
•Combined

TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTION TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTION

05 CAMBERING

According to the typology: According to the typology:

•double and single clip angle •single shear plate connections

•shear end-plate connections •T-connections (or T-joints)
•seat connections •shear splice connections

INTRODUCTION TO CAMBERING INTRODUCTION TO CAMBERING DISADVANTAGES OF CAMBERING

Cambering forms an upwards curve in a linear product relative to its center. Camber is the
amount of deflection induced in the opposite direction of its load. When a beam is subjected
to vertical downward loads, it has a tendency of deflecting downwards. In building
construction, adding camber to flooring components prevents bowing or sagging over time
and relieves stress on other supporting frames.
• The use of cambered beams will, to a certain degree, be limited by other aspects of the
•Camber in a beam can be designed to compensate for either design for a structure
• A certain percentage of the dead load deflection • Due to the complexity in detailing, fabrication, and fit-up associated with moment
• The full dead load deflection connections (above left), camber should not be used in moment connected beams
• The full dead load deflection as well as a percentage of the live load deflection • Beams with simple framing connections (above right) may be cambered because the end
• Camber is usually designed to compensate for deflections caused by pre-composite dead rotational resistance of a simple connection is small in comparison to that of a moment
loads connection
WHEN TO CAMBER WHEN NOT TO CAMBER WHEN NOT TO CAMBER

INSTALLATION OF CAMBERED BEAMS

06 EXERCISE Exercise 1

END OF PRESENTATION.