CE427: Foundation Engineering

Design of Square Footing and

Rectangular Footing
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
1. Assume depth, D, of footing. Use 75mm steel covering
2. Compute effective soil bearing capacity, qe.
3. Compute dimension of footing, L,
4. Compute depth, d, of footing based on wide-beam
shear and punching shear.
5. Required steel area, As. Compute number of bars
required.
6. Development Length
7. Verify if dowels or column bars extension are
necessary.
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
1. Assume depth, D, of footing. Use 75mm steel covering
DL + LL
Area of footing, Af = Where: qa = allowable soil pressure
qa
Af = L 2

D = 20% (L) + Steel covering (Cs) Use: Steel covering (Cs) = 75mm

2. Compute effective soil bearing capacity, qe.

qe = qa – Ychc - Yshs
Ys
hs

Yc hc
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
3. Compute dimension of footing, L,
DL + LL
Area of footing, Af = qe

Af = L2 : round off

4. Compute depth, d, of footing based on wide-beam shear and punching shear.

1.4DL + 1.7LL
qu = L2
c d
4. a. Based on wide-beam shear
ΦVc = Vu c L = bw
Φ = 0.85 c
+d
Vc = (1/6)( f’c )bwd 2

Vu = quAshaded
L/2
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
c+d
4. b. Based on punching shear
ΦVc = Vu
Φ = 0.85
Vc = (1/3)( f’c )bod L
c+d
bo = (c+d)4
Vu = quAshaded

Use greater value of “d” between wide-beam and punching shear

Total depth of footing = “greater value of d” + 1.5db + Cs d

Where: db = diameter of main bar 1.5db

Cs
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
5. Steel requirements
With greater value of d =

L c
-
L c
Mu = qu ( - )bw( 2 2 )
2 2 2
qu
Mu
Ru =
Φbwd2
Area of steel, As

ρ = 0.85f’c 1 - 1- 2Ru or ρmin =

1.4 L c
-
fy 0.85f’c fy 2 2

; Use greater value

As = ρbd
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
Number of main bars
As
N=
Ab

6. Development Length
0.02Abfy
Ldb =
f'c
or Use higher value
Ldb = 0.06dbfy

Furnished Ld = L - c -Cs
2 2
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
7. Verify if dowels or column bars extension are necessary
• Actual bearing strength
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
• Permissible bearing strength
Ppu = Φ0.85f’cAc
⮚ But this may be multiplied by
Af If answer > 2 ; use 2
Ac If answer < 2 ; use answer

⮚ Thus, permissible bearing strength = Ppu (multiplier)

 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
Minimum area of dowel required by the code
Ad = 0.005Ac

Number of dowels
Ad
N= Ab
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:
1. Trial Depth = 20% FWL+ Cs Ys
hs
2. Effective soil pressure
qe = qa – Ychc - Yshs Yc hc

3. Size of footing
DL + LL
Area of footing, Af = FL
qe

FWL
Af = FWL (FL) : round off

4. Compute depth, d, of footing based on wide-beam shear and punching shear.

1.4DL + 1.7LL
qu =
(FL)(FWL)
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps: c
c

FWL
4. a. Based on wide-beam shear
ΦVc = Vu
Φ = 0.85
Vc = (1/6)( f’c )(FWL)d d x

Vu = quAshaded

4. b. Based on punching shear

ΦVc = Vu

c+d

FWL
Φ = 0.85
Vc = (1/3)( f’c )bod
bo = (c+d)4
Vu = quAshaded
c+d
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:

Use greater value of “d” between wide-beam and punching shear

Total depth of footing = “greater value of d” + 1.5db + Cs d

Where: db = diameter of main bar 1.5db

Cs

5. Steel requirements x
Along LONG DIRECTION 2
x
Mu = qu(x)FWL( )
2
Mu
Ru = qu
Φbwd2
x
Φ = 0.90
FL
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:

Area of steel, As
0.85f’c 1.4
ρ=
fy
1 - 1- 2Ru or ρmin = fy or ρmax = 0.75ρ = 0.75 0.85f’cβ(600)
0.85f’c fy(600+fy)

Use ρ if ρmin < ρ < ρmax

Use ρmin if ρmin > ρ
d
As = ρbd

Number of main bars

As
N=
Ab
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps: x
2
Along SHORT DIRECTION
Mu = qu(x)FL( x )
2
Mu qu
Ru = x
Φbwd2
FWL
Φ = 0.90

0.85f’c 1.4
ρ= 1 - 1- 2Ru or ρmin = fy
fy 0.85f’c

Use ρ if ρmin < ρ

Use ρmin if ρmin > ρ
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:
Along SHORT DIRECTION d

As = ρbd Where: d = d + db

Number of main bars

As
N=
Ab

6. Development Length

Ldb = 0.02Abfy
f'c
or Use higher value
Ldb = 0.06dbfy

Furnished Ld = L - c -Cs
2 2
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:
7. Bar distribution in Short Direction
Long side of footing
β=
Short side of footing L L L
4 2 4
Along center and outer band
2N
Ncenter band =
Β+1
N – Ncenter band Outer Inner Outer
Nouter band = band band band
2
Examples:
Square and Rectangular
Footing
Example of Square Footing

A square column footing is to support a 400-mm tied

column that carries a dead load of 880kN and a live load of
710kN. The column is reinforced with 8-25mm bars. The
base of the footing is 1.50m below the natural grade
where the allowable soil pressure is 235kPa. The soil
above the footing has a weight of 15.6kN/m3. Assuming fy
= 275MPa, f’c = 27.5MPa, and unit weight of concrete as
23.50kN/m3, design the footing. Use 25mm main bars.
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
1. Assume depth, D, of footing. Use 75mm steel covering
880 + 710
Area of footing, Af = Where: qa = allowable soil pressure
235
Af = L 2
L = 2600mm
D = 20% (2600) + 75 Use: Steel covering (Cs) = 75mm
= 595mm ≈ 600mm

2. Compute effective soil bearing capacity, qe.

qe = 235 – (23.5)(0.6) – (15.6)(1.5 - 0.6)
= 206.86kPa Ys
hs
1.5

D Yc hc
 Design of Square Footing L = 2800mm

Steps:
3. Compute dimension of footing, L, c d
880 + 710
Area of footing, Af = 206.86
c L = bw

Af = 7.69 c
+d
2
Af = L x L
L = 2.77 ≈ 2.8m : round off
L/2

4. Compute depth, d, of footing based on

wide-beam shear and punching shear.

1.4(880) + 1.7(710)
qu = (2.8 x 2.8)
qu = 311.1 kPa
qu = 0.311MPa
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
L = 2800mm

4. a. Based on wide-beam shear

c d
Vc = (1/6)( f’c )bwd Vu = quAshaded
Vc = (1/6)( 27.5 )2800d Vu = (0.3111)[(2800)(1200 – d)]
c L = bw

ΦVc = Vu
0.85(2447.2d) = 871.08(1200-d)
d = 354.2mm Value of “d” based
c x
on wide beam shear +d
2

L/2

Ashaded = (L)(x)
= (2800)[(2800/2)-((400/2)+d)]
= (2800)[(1400)-((200)+d)]
= (2800)[(1200)-d]
 c+d

Design of Square Footing

Steps:
4. b. Based on punching shear c+d L

bo = (c+d)4
= (400 + d)4

Vc = (1/3)( f’c )bod Vu = quAshaded L

Vc = (1/3)( 27.5 )[(400+d)4]d Vu = (0.3111)[(2800)2 – (400+d)2]

Vu = 0.3111(7680000 – 800d – d2)
Vc = 1.748[(400+d)4]d
Vc = 6.99(400d+d2)

ΦVc = Vu
0.85[6.99(400d+d2)] = 0.3111(7680000 – 800d – d2)
d = 443.6mm ≈ 445 mm
Value of “d” based
on punching shear
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:

Use greater value of “d” between wide-beam and punching shear

Total depth of footing = “greater value of d” + 1.5db + Cs

= 445 + 1.5(25) + 75
= 557.5mm < 600mm (OK)

d
1.5db
Cs
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
5. Steel requirements
With greater value of d = 445mm
Mu = (311.1)(1.2)(2.8)(1.2/2)
= 627.18 kN.m

Ru = 627.18x106
qu
0.9(2800)(445)2
Ru = 1.26MPa

L c
-
2 2
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
5. Steel requirements
Area of steel, As

1.4
ρ = 0.85(27.5) 1 - 1- 2(1.26) or ρmin =
275 0.85(27.5) 275
qu
ρmin = 0.005091
ρ = 0.00471

Thus, use ρmin = 0.005091

As = ρbd L c
-
2 2
As = (0.005091)(2800)(445)
= 6343 mm2
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
Number of main bars
6343
N = (π/4)(25)2

N = 12.9 say 13

6. Development Length
0.02[(π/4)(25)2](275)
Ldb = = 515mm
27.5
Use higher value
or
Ldb = 0.06(25)(275) = 412.5mm

1400 400 - 75 = 1125mm > 515mm (OK)

Furnished Ld = 2 -
2
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
7. Verify if dowels or column bars extension are necessary
• Actual bearing strength
Pu = 1.4(880) + 1.7(710) = 2439 kN
• Permissible bearing strength
Ppu = 0.7(0.85)(27.5)(400)2 = 2618kN
⮚ But this may be multiplied by
(0.4x0.4)
(2.8x2.8) = 7 ; use 2

⮚ Thus, permissible bearing strength = 2618(2) = 5236kN > 2439kN

(no need)
 Design of Square Footing
Steps:
Minimum area of dowel required by the code
Ad = 0.005(400x400) = 800mm2

Number of dowels
800
N = (π/4)(25)2 = 2
Example of Rectangular Footing

A 600mm x 600mm column carries a total live load of

1200kN and a total dead load of 1500kN. The column is to
be supported by a rectangular spread footing whose width
is limited to 3m and whose bottom is 2m below the ground
surface. Allowable soil bearing capacity at the base of the
footing is 230kPa. Unit weight of soil above footing is
16kN/m3 and unit weight of concrete is 23.5kN.m3. Assume
f’c = 28MPa and fy = 275MPa.
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps: Ys
hs
1. Trial Depth = 20% (3000) + 75 = 675mm ≈ 700mm
2. Effective soil pressure Yc hc
qe = (230) – 23.5(0.7) - 16(1.3) = 192.75kPa FL

FWL = 3m
3. Size of footing
1200 + 1500
Area of footing, Af = = 14.01m2
192.75
14.01 = 3 (FL)
FL = 4.67m ≈ 4.7m

4. Compute depth, d, of footing based on wide-beam shear and punching shear.

1.4(1500) + 1.7(1200)
qu = (3)(4.7) = 293.6 kPa = 0.2936MPa
 x

Design of Rectangular Footing

c
Steps:
c

FWL
4. a. Based on wide-beam shear
Φ = 0.85
d 2050 -d
Vc = (1/6)(√ 28)(3000)d Vu = 0.2936(3000)(2050 – d)
= 2645.75d = 880.8(2050 – d) 2350

ΦVc = Vu Ashaded = (FWL)(x)

0.85(2645.75d) = 880.8(2050 – d) = (3000)[(2350)-(600/2)– d)]
d = 577mm Value of “d” based = (3000) [2050 – d]
on wide beam shear
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:

c+d

FWL
4. b. Based on punching shear
Φ = 0.85
bo = (600+d)4 c+d

Vc = (1/3)(√ 28 )[(600+d)4]d Vu = 0.2936[(4700)(3000) – (600+d)2]

= 7.055(600d + d2) = 0.2936[13740000 – 1200d – d2]

ΦVc = Vu
0.85[7.055(600d + d2)] = 0.2936[13740000 – 1200d – d2]
d = 546.38mm
Value of “d” based
on punching shear
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:

Use greater value of “d” between wide-beam and punching shear

d
Total depth of footing = 577 + 1.5(25) + 75
1.5db
= 689.5mm < 700mm (OK)
Cs

5. Steel requirements
x
Along LONG DIRECTION 2
2.05
Mu = 293.6(2.05)(3) = 1850.781kN.m
2
1850.781
Ru = = 2.059MPa qu
0.9(3000)(577)2
x
FL
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:
Area of steel, As

0.85(28) 1.4
ρ= 1 - 1- 2(2.059) or ρmin =
275
or ρmax = 0.75ρb
275 0.85(28)
ρ = 0.0078
ρmin = 0.0051 = 0.75 0.85(28)(0.85)(600)
275(600+275)

= 0.0378
Use ρ if ρmin < ρ < ρmax
Use ρmin if ρmin > ρ Use ρ = 0.0078

As = (0.0078)(3000)(577) = 13502mm2
Number of main bars
13502
N = (π/4)(28)2 = 21.9 ≈ 22
 Design of Rectangular Footing x
2
Steps:
Along SHORT DIRECTION
1.2 qu
Mu = 293.6(4.7)(1.2) = 993.54kN.m x
2
993.54 FWL
Ru = = 0.7055MPa
0.9(4700)(577)2

1.4
0.85(28) or ρmin =
ρ= 1 - 1- 2(0.7055) 275
275 0.85(28) ρmin = 0.0051
ρ = 0.0026

Use ρ if ρmin < ρ

Use ρmin if ρmin > ρ Use ρ = 0.0051
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps: Where: d = 577 + 28 d
d = 605mm
Along SHORT DIRECTION
As = ρbd = 0.0051(4700)(605) = 14502mm2
Number of main bars
14504
N= = 23.55 say 24
(π/4)(28)2

6. Development Length

Ldb = 0.02[(π/4)(28)2](275) = _______mm

27.5
or Use higher value
Ldb = 0.06(28)(275) = _________mm

3000 - 600 - 75 = 1125 (greater than or less than) ________

Furnished Ld =
2 2
 Design of Rectangular Footing
Steps:
7. Bar distribution in Short Direction
4.7
β= = 1.57
3 L
L L
Along center and outer band 4 2 4

2(24)
Ncenter band = = 18.7 say 19bars
1.57+1

24 – 19
Nouter band = = 2.5 say 3 bars Outer Inner Outer
2
band band band
CE 2020
The rectangular footing is subjected to factored axial
load Pu = 3600 KN, factored moment Mu = 660 KN-m. If the
effective depth of footing is 650mm, determine the
following:

 Critical nominal wide beam shear stress due to axial

load only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP
 Critical nominal punching shear stress due to axial load
only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP
 Critical nominal wide beam shear stress due to axial
load and moment in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP
Given: Rectangular footing: Pu = 3600 KN, Mu = 660 KN-m
Effective depth of footing, d = 650 mm

Nominal wide beam shear stress due to axial load only in

MPa. Use 2015 NSCP
Critical nominal wide beam shear stress due to axial
load only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP

𝑃𝑈
 𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
3,600
 𝑞𝑢 =
(3𝑥2.5)
 𝑞𝑢 = 480 𝐾𝑃𝑎 = 0.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )

 z = 1500 – 300 – d
 z = 1200 – 650
 z = 550 mm

 𝑉𝑢 = 0.48(2500x550)
 𝑉𝑢 = 660,000 N
 Critical nominal wide beam shear stress due to axial
load only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP

𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢 =
𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
660,000
 σ𝑢 =
(2500𝑥650)

 σ𝑢 = 0.406 MPa

 σ𝑢 =φ σ𝑛𝑤
 0.406=0.75(σ𝑛𝑤 )
 σ𝑛𝑤 = 0.541 MPa
Critical nominal punching shear stress due to
axial load only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )

 600 + d = 600 + 650

600 + d = 1250 mm

𝑉𝑢 = 0.48[(2500x3000) – (1250)^2]

𝑉𝑢 = 2,850,000 N
 Critical nominal punching shear stress due to axial load
only in MPa. Use 2015 NSCP

𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢 =
𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑑
2,850,000
 σ𝑢 =
(4𝑥1250𝑥650)

 σ𝑢 = 0.877 MPa

 σ𝑢 =φ σ𝑛𝑝
 0.877=0.75(σ𝑛𝑝 )
 σ𝑛𝑝 = 1.169 MPa
 𝑀
e=
𝑃
660𝑋10^6
e=
3,600,000

 e = 183.33 𝑚𝑚

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
 𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
𝐵 𝐵
3,600 6(183.33)
 𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
3 3000

 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 760 KN/m

 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1,640 KN/m

 It’s a trapezoidal diagram

𝑞𝑣 ( 2.45 + 0.55) = 760(0.55) + 1,640(2.45)
𝑞𝑣 = 1,478.67 KN/m

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑉𝑢 = ½(1,478.67 + 1,640)(0.55)(1)
𝑉𝑢 = 857.63 KN
 𝑉𝑈
σ𝑢 =
𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑈
σ𝑢 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
857,633
σ𝑢 =
(2500𝑥650)

σ𝑢 = 0.53 MPa

σ𝑢 =φ σ𝑛𝑤
0.53=0.75(σ𝑛𝑤 )
σ𝑛𝑤 = 0.71 MPa
 CE 2022
 A footing supports a 250 mm thick wall:
Allowable soil bearing pressure = 192 KPa
Thickness of the footing = 350 mm
fc’ =27.5 MPa
fy = 415 MPa

The footing is subjected to a moment of 126 KN-m and a

total vertical load of 280 KN. Determine the minimum width
of the footing to prevent uplift, in meters.
 Conditions to prevent uplift:
𝐵 𝐵
 ≤ 𝑥𝑅 ≤
3 2
𝐵
0 ≤ 𝑒 ≤
6

𝑀
e =
𝑃
126 𝐾𝑁−𝑚
e =
280 𝐾𝑁
 e = 0.45 𝑚

 B = 6e
 B = 6(0.45)
 B = 2.70 m
Given :
Resisting moment = 440 KN-m
Overturning moment = 260 KN-m
Total vertical load = 265 KN

Determine the minimum width of the footing to

prevent uplift, in meters.
 𝑅𝑀 −𝑂𝑀
𝑥𝑅 =
𝑅𝑦
440 −260
𝑥𝑅 =
265
𝑥𝑅 = 0.68 m

𝐵 𝐵
 ≤ 𝑥𝑅 ≤
3 2
𝐵1 = 3𝑥𝑅 = 3(0.68) = 2.03 m
𝐵2 = 2𝑥𝑅 = 2(0.68) = 1.36 m

USE THE SMALLER VALUE, 𝐵𝑀𝐼𝑁 = 1.36 m ≈ 1.40 𝑚

 Given :
Footing width = 3m
Resisting moment = 500 KN-m
Overturning moment = 265 KN-m
Total vertical load = 335 KN

What is the maximum soil bearing pressure in KPa?

 𝑅𝑀 −𝑂𝑀
𝑥𝑅 =
𝑅𝑦
500 −265
𝑥𝑅 =
335
𝑥𝑅 = 0.70 m

e = (3/2 - 𝑥𝑅 )
e = (3/2 - 0.70)
e = 0.80 m
 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
𝐵 𝐵
335 6(0.80)
𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
3 3

𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 290.33 KN/m

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = -67 KN/m

It’s a TRIANGULAR PRESSURE diagram

 𝐵 𝑋
 =e+
2 3

3 𝑋
 = 0.80 +
2 3

X = 2.1 m

P = F = volume of the pressure diagram

335 = ½(2.1x𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 x1m)

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 319.05 KPa

 CE 2018
 A rectangular footing 2.5m wide along the y axis, 3m long
along the x-axis supports a circular pedestal,. 0.45m in
diameter. The horizontal force acting at the top of the pedestal
along the x axis of the footing is 144 KN. The total axial load
from the pedestal is 1,200 KN thickness of the footing is 0.70 m
height of backfill on the top of footing is 1.5m depth from the
top of pedestal to the base of the footing is 2.5m. Concrete
unit weight is 24 KN/m^3. unit weight of soil is 17 KN/m^3.

 Determine the maximum net soil pressure, in KPa

 Determine the minimum net soil pressure, in KPa
 Determine the required soil bearing capacity, in KPa
Determine the maximum net soil pressure, in KPa

M = 144 (2.5)
M = 360 KN-m

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = σ𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑓𝑏
𝑃 𝑀(𝑐)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2
𝐴 𝑏𝑑
1,200 6(360)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
(2.5𝑋3) 2.5(3)2

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 256 KPa

Determine the minimum net soil pressure, in KPa

𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = σ𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 - 𝑓𝑏
𝑃 𝑀(𝑐)
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 2
1,200 6(360)
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -
(2.5𝑋3) 2.5(3)2

𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 64 KPa
Determine the required soil bearing capacity, in
KPa

𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 - 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

256 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 - [ 17𝑥1.5 + (24x0.70)]

𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 298.3 KPa

 CE 2023
 A rectangular footing shown is subjected to the following service loads determine the
following:
Axial load DL = 580 KN LL = 420 KN

Moment about the x-axis: 𝑀𝐷𝐿 = 105 KN-m 𝑀𝐿𝐿 = 45 KN-m

Moment about the y-axis: 𝑀𝐷𝐿 = 140 KN-m 𝑀𝐿𝐿 = 110 KN-m

Height of earth fill above the footing = 1.5 m

Height of footing = 0.60 m
Soil unit weight = 17 KN/m^3
Concrete unit weight =24 KN/m^3

 Determine the maximum net soil pressure, in KPa

 Determine the minimum net soil pressure, in KPa
 Determine the required soil bearing capacity, in KPa
 Determine the maximum net soil pressure, in KPa

 Total load
 P = 𝑃𝐷𝐿 + 𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 580 + 420 = 1000 KN
 𝑀𝑋 = 𝑀𝐷𝐿𝑋 + 𝑀𝐿𝐿𝑋 = 105 + 45 = 150 KN-m
 𝑀𝑌 = 𝑀𝐷𝐿𝑌 + 𝑀𝐿𝐿𝑌 = 140 + 110 = 250 KN-m

 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = σ𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑏𝑦

𝑃 𝑀𝑥(𝑐) 𝑀𝑦(𝑐)
 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + +
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
𝑃 6𝑀𝑥 6𝑀𝑦
 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2+ 2
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 𝑑𝑏
1,000 6(150) 6(250)
 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + +
(2𝑋3) 3(2)2 2(3)2

 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 325 KPa

 Determine the minimum net soil pressure, in KPa

 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = σ𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 - 𝑓𝑏𝑥 − 𝑓𝑏𝑦

𝑃 𝑀𝑥(𝑐) 𝑀𝑦(𝑐)
 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = - -
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼

𝑃 6𝑀𝑥 6𝑀𝑦
 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = - -
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑑𝑏2

1,000 6(150) 6(250)

 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = - -
(2𝑋3) 3(2)2 2(3)2

 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 8.33 KPa

 Determine the required soil bearing capacity, in KPa

 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 - 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

 325 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 - [ 17𝑥1.5 + (24x0.60)]

 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 364.90 KPa

CE 2023

A rectangular footing 3m x 2m has a thickness of 0.40

m. if P = 700 KN is acting at 𝑑1 = 1.50m and 𝑑2 =0.50m as
shown, find the maximum soil pressure, neglecting the
weight of the footing
 Eccentricity e =1- 0.50 = 0.50m

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
𝐵 𝐵
700 6(0.50)
𝑞𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = ( 1± )
2 2

𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = -175 KN/m

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 875 KN/m

It’s a TRIANGULAR PRESSURE diagram

1m = e + x/3

1m = 0.50 + x/3

 x = 1.5m

P = Q

700 = ½(1.5x𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 x3m)

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 311.11 KPa

CE 2023

A rectangular footing 3m x 2m has a thickness of 0.40

m. if P = 800 KN is acting at 𝑑1 = 1.00m and 𝑑2 =1.00m as
shown, find the maximum soil pressure, considering the
weight of the footing. Assume concrete unit weight 24
KN/m^3
 𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (24)(3x2x0.40)
 𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 57.6 KN

 Note: the weight of the footing acts at the centroid of

the footing.

 Eccentricity e = ½ (3) – 1 =0.50 m

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = σ𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑓𝑏
𝑃 𝑀(𝑐)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2
𝐴 𝑏𝑑
800+57.6 6(800𝑥0.50)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
(2𝑋3) 2(3)2

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 276.27 KPa

Note: this solution is applicable only if Pmin is not

negative
 CE 2024
A combined footing has its shear diagram as shown

Dimension = 6m x 4m
Column = 400 mm x 400 mm

Net soil pressure in ultimate condition = 98 KPa

Distance between columns= 3.9m
Effective depth of footing = 500mm
Reduction factor for shear, φ = 0.75
Reduction factor for moment, φ = 0.90
fc’ = 27.5 MPa fy = 413 MPa

 Determine the maximum punching shear stress, in MPa.

 Determine the maximum wide beam shear stress, in MPa.
 Determine the number of 25 mm bars parallel to the length of footing within the length of 𝑑1 .
 𝑤𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐵) = 98KPa(4m) = 392 KN/m
 392(0.40 ) = 156.8 KN

 156.8 + (392x0.40) - 𝑃𝑢1 = -610.4

 𝑃𝑢1 = 924 KN

 -610.4 + 392(3.9-0.4) =761.6 KN

 761.6 - 𝑃𝑢2 + (392x0.40) =-509.6 KN

 𝑃𝑢2 = 1,428 KN

 -509.6 + 392(𝑑1 ) = 0
 𝑑1 =1.3m
 σ𝑢 =φ σ𝑢𝑝
𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢𝑝 =
φ𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢𝑝 =
φ(𝑏𝑜 𝑑)

 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢2 - 𝑞𝑢 (𝐴𝑜 )
 𝑉𝑢 = 1428 - 98(0.90)^2
 𝑉𝑢 = 1,348.62KN

1,348,620 𝑁
 σ𝑢𝑝 =
0.75[4𝑥 400+500 ](500)

 σ𝑢𝑝 = 1.0 MPa

 𝑉𝑈
 σ𝑢𝑣 =
φ(𝑏𝑤 𝑑)

761.6
 x = 3.5( )
761.6+610.4
 x =1.943 m

1.943 −0.50
 𝑉𝑢 = 761.6( )
1.943
 𝑉𝑢 = 565.6 KN

565,600 𝑁
 σ𝑢𝑣 =
0.75[4000](500)

 σ𝑢𝑣 = 0.38 MPa

 𝑀𝑢 = area of triangular shear diagram at distance 𝑑1
 𝑀𝑢 = ½ (509.6)(1.3)
 𝑀𝑢 = 331.24 KN-m

 𝑀𝑢 = ΦRu bd2
 331.24x10^6= (0.90)(Ru)(4000)(500)2
 𝑅𝑢 = 0.368

𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
 ρ = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1- 1 − 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
]

27.5 2(0.368)
 ρ = 0.85 [1- 1 − ]
413 0.85(27.5)

 ρ =0.0009
 0.25 𝑓′ 𝑐
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦

0.25 27.5
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 413

 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00317

 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4/fy
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4/413
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00339

 Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00339

 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00339(4000)(500) = N(𝜋/4)(25)2
 N = 13.81 say 14 bars