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POWER FLOW SOLUTION
Mujahid Hussain
Assistant Professor Department of Electrical
Engineering NFC IET Multan
NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology Multan
Newton Raphson Method
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For 3 bus power system, current equation at Bus 1 can be
written as
𝐼𝑖 = 𝑦12 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑦13 𝑉1 − 𝑉3
𝐼𝑖 = (𝑦12 +𝑦13 )𝑉1 − 𝑦12 𝑉2 − 𝑦13 𝑉3
Generally
𝑛
𝐼𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑗=1
𝑛
𝐼𝑖 = 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑗=1
Newton Raphson Method
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Complex power at Bus i
∗
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = (𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖 )
∗ 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝐼𝑖
Putting value of 𝐼𝑖
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑗=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∠ − 𝛿𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑗=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 ∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑗=1
Newton Raphson Method
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𝑛
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑗=1 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (6.52)
𝑛
𝑄𝑖 = − 𝑗=1 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (6.53)
expanding these equations in Taylor’s series about an initial estimate &
neglecting higher order terms results in
Newton Raphson Method
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Expanding these equations in Taylor’s series about an initial estimate &
neglecting higher order terms results in
In above equation, bus 1 is assumed to be Slack Bus, k shows number of
iterations and n shows number of buses
The Jacobian Matrix gives the linearized relationship between small changes in
voltage angle ∆𝛿𝑖 (𝑘) and voltage magnitude ∆ 𝑉𝑖 (𝑘)
(6.54)
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∆𝑃𝑖 (𝑘) , ∆𝑄𝑖 (𝑘) are the differences between scheduled
& calculated powers
∆𝑃𝑖 (𝑘) = 𝑃𝑖 (𝑠𝑐ℎ) − 𝑃𝑖 (𝑘) (6.63)
∆𝑄𝑖 (𝑘) = 𝑄𝑖 (𝑠𝑐ℎ) − 𝑄𝑖 (𝑘) (6.64)
New estimates for bus voltages are
∆𝛿𝑖 (𝑘+1) = 𝛿𝑖 (𝑘) + ∆𝛿𝑖 (𝑘) (6.65)
𝑉𝑖 (𝑘+1) = 𝑉𝑖 (𝑘) + ∆ 𝑉𝑖 (𝑘) (6.66)
Procedure for Newton Raphson method is as follows
Steps
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Start
Read LF data and form Y bus
Assume initial bus voltages
Set iteration count k=0
Calculate Pi for all buses except slack
using 6.52
Calculate Qi for all load buses using
6.53
8
Calculate Power mismatches from
(6.63) & (6.64)
Calculate 𝜟Pmax and 𝜟Qmax
yes Calculate line flows & power at slack
bus
No
Calculate Jacobian Elements Print results Stop
Solve eq. (6.54)
Update bus voltages & phase
angles using eq. (6.65) & (6.66)
9 Advance iteration count
Power Flow Solution
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Figure shows one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1 & 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05
p.u. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 p.u. with a real power
generation of 200 MW. Line impedances are marked in p.u on a 100MVA
base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
(a) Using Newton Raphson method, obtain the power flow solution
(b) Find Slack bus real and reactive power
(c) Determine line flow and line losses
Solution of Example using
Gauss-Siedel Power Flow
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a) Line impedances are converted to admittances
1
𝑦12 = = 10 − 20𝑗
0.02 + 𝑗0.04
Similarly 𝑦13 = 10 − 𝑗30
and 𝑦23 = 16 − j32
20 − 50𝑗 −10 + 20𝑗 −10 + 30𝑗
This results in Y-Bus matrix as −10 + 20𝑗 26 − 52𝑗 −16 + 32𝑗 =
−10 + 30𝑗 −16 + 32𝑗 26 − 62𝑗
First iteration
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At the P, Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per units are
400 + 𝑗250
𝑆2 = − = −4 − 𝑗2.5 pu
100
200
𝑃3 = = 2 pu
100
Bus 1 is taken as reference bus (slack bus) with 𝑉1 = 1.05∠0° and 𝑉3 = 1.04
Starting from initial estimate 𝑉2 (0) = 1.0 and 𝛿2 (0) = 0 and and 𝛿3 (0) = 0
From equations 6.52 & 6.53
First iteration
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Elements of Jacobian Matrix are obtained by taking derivative of above equations w.r.t 𝛿2 , 𝛿3
and 𝑉2
First iteration
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The power residuals are computed as
Evaluating the elements of Jacobian matrix with initial estimate, the set of
linear equations in the first iteration becomes
Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation & adding the
corrections in estimated bus voltages & angles, the new bus voltages are
Second iteration
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For the second iteration
Solution of these set of linear equations
Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation & adding the corrections in
estimated bus voltages & angles, the new bus voltages are
Third iteration
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For the third iteration
Solving these linear equations we get
Newton Raphson Power Flow Solution
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Solution converges in 3 iterations with a maximum power mismatch of 0.00025
with
𝑉2 = 0.97168∠ −2.696° and 𝑉3 = 1.04∠ −0.4988°
From expressions of (6.52) & (6.53) the reactive power at Bus 3 and the Slack
bus real and reactive powers are
After substituting the values we have
𝑄3 = 1.4617 𝑝. 𝑢. = 1.4617 × 100 = 146.17 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑃1 = 2.1842 𝑝. 𝑢. = 2.1842 × 100 = 218.42 𝑀𝑊
𝑄1 = 1.4085 𝑝. 𝑢. = 1.4085 × 100 = 140.85 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟
Newton Raphson Power Flow Solution
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c) To find the line flows and line losses
We first determine the line currents 𝐼𝑖𝑗 and put in the following equations
LINE FLOWS
LINE LOSSES
(Power Flow Diagram)
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Power / Load Flow Program
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lfybus: requires line and transformer parameters & transformer tap
settings specified in the input file named linedata. It converts impedances
to admittances and prepares & obtains the bus admittance matrix.
busout: produces the bus output result in a tabulated form e.g. voltage
magnitude & angle, real & reactive power of generator & loads, total
generation & total loads
lfnewton: obtains the power flow solution by the gauss siedel method
& requires files named busdata & linedata
lineflow: prepares the line output data, display the active &
reactive power flow entering the line terminals, line flows, total real &
reactive loss in the system
Data preparation
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In MATLAB we define variables basemva, accuracy, accel, maxiter.
busdata: The information required must be included in a matrix.
data for each bus is entered in a single row. Column 1 is the bus
number, Column 2 is bus code, Column 3 & 4 contains bus voltages in
p.u. & phasor angle in degrees. Column 5 & 6 are load MW & load
Mvar. Column 7 to 10 are MW, Mvar, min. & max. Mvar of
generation. The last column is injected Mvar of shunt capacitors.
bus code entered in column 2 differentiates between different types of
buses as
1: This code is used for slack bus
2: This code is used for voltage controlled bus
0: This code is used for load bus
Data preparation
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linedata: The information required must be included
in a matrix. Column 1 & 2 are the line bus numbers.
Column 3 to 5 contain the line resistance, reactance
and one-half of the total line charging susceptance
in p.u. The last column is for transformer tap setting.
The lines may be entered in any sequence
The IEEE 30 Bus system is used as an example to
illustrate the preparation of data and the use of
power flow programs by the gauss siedel method
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30 Bus IEEE sample Power System
Above figure is part of American Electric Power Service Corporation provided to electric
Utility as a standard test case for evaluating various computer programs. Use the lfgauss
Program to obtain the power solution by the Gauss-Siedel Method. Bus 1 is taken as slack
bus with its voltage adjusted to 1.06∠0 p.u. Tha data for voltage controlled buses is
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MATLAB code
clear;
basemva=100;
accuracy=0.001;
maxiter=12;
busdata=[ ];
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MATLAB code
clear;
basemva=100;
accuracy=0.001;
maxiter=12;
busdata=[ ];
linedata=[ ];
lfybus;
lfnewton;
busout;
lineflow;
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The lfnewton, busout and
the lineflow produce the result
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The lfgauss, busout and the lineflow
produce the result (only few lines result
is shown as an example)
Total MW generation = 300.998
Total Load (MW)=283.400
Total MW losses=17.594
Total Mvar generation = 125.144
Capacitor Q injection=23.30
Total Load (Mvar)=126.200
Total Mvar losses=22.233
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