Seminar and Workshop on Nonlinear Lattice Structure and Dynamics 1st Focus Week: Nonlinear Deformation Waves, September

4-9, 2001 ABSTRACTS

Soliton dynamics in damped and forced Boussinesq equations

E. Arevalo, Yu. Gaididei and F. G. Mertens Physikalisches Institut, Universitt Bayreuth, a D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany We investigate the dynamics of a lattice soliton on a monatomic chain in the presence of damping and external forces. We consider Stokes and hydrodynamical damping. In the quasi-continuum limit the discrete system leads to a damped and forced Boussinesq equation. By using a multiple-scale perturbation expansion up to second order in the framework of the quasi-continuum limit we derive a general expression for the rst-order velocity correction which improves previous results. We compare the soliton position predicted by the theory with simulations carried out on the level of the monatomic chain system as well as on the level of the quasi-continuum limit system. For this purpose we restrict ourselves to specic examples, namely potentials with cubic and quartic anharmonicities as well as the truncated Morse potential, without taking into account external forces. We nd a good agreement with respect to the numerical simulations for the hydrodynamical damping case. Moreover we clarify why the quasi-continuum limit is not a good approach for the Stokes damping case.

Exact description of motion and interaction of discrete breathers in a system of coupled oscillators
Mikhail M. Bogdan B.I.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47, Lenin Ave., 61103 Kharkov, Ukraine Eects of the discrete breathers dynamics are studied in the framework of exactlysolvable one-dimensional dierential-dierence equations. Some of these equations are interconverted and, in general, describe a system of nonlinear coupled oscillators. The multibreather formula is found explicitly. By the use of the formula the motion of a discrete breather as well as the interaction of a pair of colliding breathers are investigated in detail. Shifts of breather centers and phases of temporal oscillations under the collision are calculated as functions of velocities and frequencies of breathers. Dynamical characteristics of the discrete breather, the energy, the momentum, velocity, and frequency and their relationship are discussed. Possible experimental realization of the discrete multibreathers dynamics is proposed, and the connection of the breather solutions with nonlinear deformation waves in discrete and continuum models of solids is specied. This research was supported partly by grant INTAS-99 no. 167.

Solitary waves in an inhomogeneous rod composed of a general hyperelastic material

Hui-Hui Dai and Yi Huo Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Email: mahhdai@math.cityu.edu.hk We consider analytically the development of a soliton propagating along a circular rod composed of a general compressible hyperelastic material with variable cross sections and variable material density. The purpose is to provide analytical descriptions for the following two phenomena found respectively in numerical and perturbation studies: 1. Fission of a soliton. When a soliton moves from a part of the rod with thick cross sections to a part with thin cross sections, it will split into two or more solitons; 2. When a soliton propagates along a rod with slowly decreasing radius, it will develop into a solitary wave with a shelf behind. By using a nondimensionalization process and the reductive perturbation technique, we derive a variable-coecient Korteweg-de Vries (vcKdV) equation as the model equation. The inverse scattering transforms are used to study the vcKdV equation. By considering the associated isospectral problem, the phenomenon of soliton ssion is successfully explained. We are able to provide the condition that exactly how many solitons will emerge when a single soliton moves from a thick section to a thin section. Then, by introducing suitable variable transformations, we successfully manage to transform the vcKdV equation into a cylindrical KdV equation. As a result, several exact bounded solutions in terms of Airy Function Ai and Bi are obtained. One of the solutions has the shape of a solitary wave with a shelf behind. Thus, it provides an analytical description for the perturbation and experimental results in literature. Comparisons are also made between the analytical solutions and numerical results and good agreement is found. Keywords: solitary waves; inhomogeneous rod.

Soliton ensembles and the periodicity in their interaction patterns

Jri Engelbrecht, Andrus Salupere, Pearu Peterson u Centre for Nonlinear Studies Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn TU Akadeemia 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia The paper is focused on the long-time behaviour of the KdV-solitons emerging from an initial harmonic excitation. Although studied intensively since the seminal works by Zabusky and Kruskal, the sharing of energy between the modes in nonlinear systems for a long run is not completely understood. Here we rely on the following. The emergence of solitons from a harmonic excitation leads to a well-dened soliton train only in the beginning of the process and later the groups of interacting solitons, i.e. soliton ensembles propagate. Due to the uctuation of the equilibrium level, the smaller solitons may show up for short time intervals only. In order to distinguish them from permanently visible solitons, we have used the notion of virtual solitons. It means that soliton ensembles involve visible and virtual solitons in their interaction process. Consequently, at an arbitrary time there are actually two processes mixed up in propagation: (i) emergence of solitons from an ensemble (at t = 0 described by a harmonic function) and (ii) the interaction of denite solitons or their ensembles. As far as the widths of emerging solitons are larger than the visible distances between maxima of wave proles, the solitons within ensembles are not fully separated and the Lax types of interaction are not acceptable in their strict form. The interaction of and within soliton ensembles is characterised by curved trajectories of wave extrema and/or by discontinuous successive small jumps of trajectories. The analysis of wave extrema during the interaction of two single solitons and those within an ensemble is presented. In the long run, due to the existence of left- and right-going solitons, the trajectories form certain patterns. The arc-like trajectories in the early stage of the process are later, i.e., for t tR (tR is the recurrence time) clearly transformed into a stable rhombus-like pattern in the x t plane. The time-directed diagonal of this pattern 2tP is related to the recurrence phenomenon but satises the inequality t P > tR . An analysis of patterns over the range of dispersion parameters is presented. For numerical simulation, the pseudospectral method is used with dierent ODE solvers for integration with respect to the time variable.

A numerical study of nite amplitude wave propagation in a nonlinear elastic tube

H. A. Erbay1 and V. H. Metin2 Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Mathematics, Maslak 80626, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Isik University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Mathematics, Maslak 80670, Istanbul, Turkey In this study, we consider wave propagation in a circular cylindrical hyperelastic tube when the tube is subjected to dynamic extension. One end of the tube is xed and the other end is subjected to a dynamic extension. The tube is considered as a hyperelastic, isotropic, homogeneous membrane. For the numerical solution of the governing equations we employ a second-order Godunov-type nite volume method. Numerical results are given for various strain-energy functions which are widely used to describe the behavior of rubber-like materials. The response of a compressible membrane is compared with that for an incompressible membrane. The same problem has been studied by Tait and Zhong [1] for an incompressible Mooney-Rivlin elastic material. They have considered a numerical technique based on the method of characteristics. In another study [2] Tait and Zhong have also considered the same tube and, in additon to the extension, imposed a dynamical twist at the moving end. We also discuss how the results of Tait and Zhong are related to those obtained in this study.
1

References
[1] R.J. Tait and J.L. Zhong, Wave propagation in a non-linear elastic tube. Bull. Tech. Univ. Istanbul 47, 127-150 (1994). [2] R.J. Tait and J.L. Zhong, Dynamic extension and twist of a non-linear elastic tube. Int. J. Non-linear Mech. 30, 887-898 (1995).

Coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrdinger equations o in a generalized elastic solid

Irma Hacinliyan and Saadet Erbay Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 80626 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey In the present study, the nonlinear modulation of transverse waves propagating in a generalized elastic solid is studied using a multi-scale expansion of quasimonochromatic wave solutions. In particular, to include the higher-order nonlinear and dispersive eects in the evolution equations, higher-order perturbation equations are considered, and it is shown that the modulation of two transverse waves is governed by a pair of the coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrdinger (HONLS) o equations. In the absence of one of the transverse waves, the coupled HONLS equations reduce to the single HONLS equation which has been already obtained in the context of nonlinear optics. Some special solutions to the coupled HONLS equations are also presented.

Intrinsic localized modes: beyond the rotating wave approximation

A. Franchini , V. Bortolani

and R.F. Wallis

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Unit di Modena e a Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit di Modena e Reggio Emilia, a Via Campi 213/A, 41100 Modena (Italy) Institute for Surface and Interface Science and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA) The existence of the highly localized modes in anharmonic crystals is by now well established [?, ?]. These modes have been termed intrinsic localized modes (ILMs), reecting the fact that no external defects are needed for the creation. The rst studies [?, ?] showed the existence of ILMs above the top of the harmonic phonon branch for monoatomic one-dimensional lattices with harmonic and quartic anharmonic interactions. In a diatomic chain with realistic potentials, however, Kiselev et al. [?] showed that ILMs arise in the gap between acoustic and optical branches. The above treatments are based on the rotating wave approximation (RWA) in which the atomic displacements contain a static part and a vibrational part proportional to cos(t), where is the frequency of the stationary localized mode. In this presentation intrinsic localized modes in the gap of a diatomic chain with free ends are discussed in detail by going beyond the rotating wave approximation. We include in the time dependence of the displacements terms up to cos(2t). We consider a nite chain of particles interacting with nearest neighbours interactions. We study amplitudes of the intrinsic localized modes smaller than 0.25 . In this range of A amplitudes the full potential can be well represented by an expansion in power of the displacements up to forth order terms. The case of a force constant model allows us to simplify the problem. As a test case we consider a chain of LiI atoms. We found intrinsic localized modes in the gap. The amplitudes of the rst harmonic term (cos(t)) are of even or odd parity, thereas the amplitudes of the static part and those of the second harmonic can have only even symmetry. The main results is that the amplitudes associated with the second harmonic terms are two or three orders of magnitude less than those of the rst harmonic. Furthermore the frequency of the localized modes are modied by less than 1 % by the inclusion of the second harmonic.

References
[1] Sievers A J and Takeno S 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 970 [2] Page J B 1990 Phys. Rev. B41 7835 [3] Wallis R F, Franchini A and Bortolani V 1994 Phys. Rev. B50 9851 [4] Kiselev S A, Bickham S R and Sievers A J 1994 Phys. Rev. B50 9135 [5] Franchini A, Bortolani V and Wallis R F 1996 Phys. Rev. B53 5420

Necking instability waves in a stretched elastic plate

Yibin Fu1 and A. Ilichev2
1

Department of Mathematics, Keele University, Staordshire ST5 5BG, U.K. 2 Mathematical Steklov Institute, Gubkina str. 8, 117966 Moscow, Russia

When a solid rubber rod is stretched, the rod initially undergoes a uniform extension and the radius of the rod remains constant along the axis. When the stretching force exceeds a certain critical value, the rod may develop a localized section where the radius varies along the axis and is smaller than in the rest of the rod. This phenomenon is known as a necking instability and has been observed in a number of engineering situations involving rubber materials. Necking instability has been much studied in plasticity theory where necking is triggered o by the material becoming plastic (see, e.g., Hutchinson and Miles 1974). Limited studies have been carried out to explain the necking phenomenon in the context of purely elastic deformations where necking becomes possible because of the intrinsic softening behaviour of certain rubber materials. See, e.g., Coleman (1983), Owen (1987) and Mielke (1991). All these studies except that of Mielke (1991) have been based on the analysis of simplied models. Recently, Scherzinger and Triantafyllidis (1998) presented an as ymptotic analysis using the slenderness ratio area/length as a small parameter. None of these studies took dynamic eects into account. In the present study, we analyze the simpler case of a stretched rubber plate in a state of plane strain. We believe that the same ideas can be applied to the more involved case of a circular rod under stretching. Our analysis is based on the nite elasticity theory and does not involve any approximations. Dynamic eects are also incorporated into our asymptotic analysis with relative ease. Thus, our concern is with instability waves propagating in a plate stretched by a force that is close to a certain critical value. This is the value at which extensional waves have zero wave speed, or equivalently, the load-stretch curve in a uni-axial tension test turns. We show that the amplitude of the necking waves satises the Boussinesq equation, and that only waves with big enough speed are stable. In particular, we show that the localized static necking solution is unstable. Some of the results reported here have already appeared in Chapter 10 of the book edited by Fu and Ogden (2001). References 1. Coleman, B.D. 1983 Necking and drawing in polymeric bres under tension. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 83, 115-137. 2. Fu, Y.B. and Ogden, R.W. (eds) 2001 Nonlinear Elasticity: Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press (LMS Lecture Note Series 283). 3. Hutchinson, J.W. and Miles, J.P. 1974 Bifurcation analysis of the onset of necking in an elastic/plastic cylinder under uniaxial tension. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 22, 61-71. 4. Mielke, A. 1991 Hamiltonian and Lagrangian Flows on Center Manifolds. Berlin: Springer (Lecture Notes in Mathematics vol. 1489).

5. Owen, N. 1987 Existence and stability of necking deformations for nonlinearly elastic rods. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 98, 357-384. 6. Scherzinger, W. and Triantafyllidis, N. 1998 Asymptotic analysis of stability for prismatic solids under axial loads. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46, 955-1007.

Nonlinear Scholte waves: theory and experimental observations

V. Gusev1 , C. Glorieux2 and K. Van de Rostyne2 Laboratoire de Physique de lEtat Condens, UMR-CNRS 6087, e Facult des Sciences, Universit du Maine, 72085 Le Mans, France e e 2 Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Departement Natuurkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
1

First experimental observations of nonlinear Scholte waves are reported. In our case of an interface of a hard solid with a liquid the Scholte wave propagates very much like a bulk compression wave in liquid. The observations could be qualitatively tted in the framework of the simple-wave equation with an attenuation term. We have noted that of two recently published theories of nonlinear Scholte waves (V.E. Gusev, W. Lauriks, J. Thoen, IEEE UFFC, 45, 170 (1998) and G.D. Meegan, M.F. Hamilton, Y.A. Ilinskii, E.A. Zabolotskaya, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1712 (1999)) the former reproduces transformation of nonlinear Scholte waves into nonlinear bulk waves in the limiting case of an innitely hard solid, while the latter (based on the Hamiltonian formalism) - does not. In relation to this observation, a possibility to derive evolution equations for nonlinear surface and interface waves, avoiding some of the constraining assumptions essential to the Hamiltonian formalism, is discussed.

Acoustic pulses in media with quadratic hysteretic nonlinearity

Vitalyi Gusev Laboratoire de Physique de lEtat Condens, UMR - CNRS 6087, e Facult des Sciences, Universit du Maine, 72085 Le Mans, France e e Evolution equations for propagation of both unipolar and bipolar acoustic pulses are derived by using hysteretic stress-strain relationships. Hysteretic stress-strain loops that incorporate quadratic nonlinearity are derived by applying the model of Preisach - Mayergoyz space for the characterization of structural elements in a micro-inhomogeneous material. Exact solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations predict broadening in time and reduction in amplitude of a unipolar nite-amplitude acoustic pulse. In contrast with some earlier theoretical predictions, the transformation of the pulse shape predicted here satises the law of momentum conservation (the equality of areas law in nonlinear acoustics of elastic materials). A bipolar pulse of nonzero momentum rst transforms during its propagation into a unipolar pulse of the same duration. This process occurs in accordance with the momentum conservation law and without formation of shock fronts in the particle velocity prole. Qualitative comparison with available results of the experiments is undertaken.

Modeling of nonlinear surface acoustic waves

M. F. Hamilton, Yu. A. Ilinskii, and E. A. Zabolotskaya Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas. USA Over the past decade a consistent theory based on Hamiltonian mechanics has been developed for a wide variety of nonlinear surface acoustic waves. Our presentation reviews evolution equations and physical insight resulting from this body of work. The early studies were devoted to Rayleigh waves in isotropic solids, for which evolution equations have been derived in three alternative forms. One is a set of coupled spectral equations. A second is an integral equation that permits separate consideration of local and nonlocal nonlinearity. The third is a dierential equation involving Hilbert transforms. Absorption, shock formation, beam diraction, and transient eects in pulses have been taken into account in analytical investigations and numerical simulations based on these equations. More recent work has been devoted to modeling other types of surface waves. Stoneley and Scholte interface waves in isotropic media are described by coupled spectral equations possessing the same mathematical properties as the equations for Rayleigh waves. Evolution equations for surface waves in crystalline and piezoelectric media reveal a wide variety of nonlinear wave proles. Current work is focused on eects of dispersion due to a thin layer attached to the substrate.

Fracture of isotropic and anisotropic materials by nonlinear surface acoustic waves

G. Lehmann, A.M. Lomonosov, and P. Hess University of Heidelberg Institute of Physical Chemistry Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg, Germany An important property of materials to be determined experimentally is their mechanical strength. To study the fracture strength up to now mainly steady-state cracking experiments have been performed by loading the material with a constant force. This tensile loading geometry generates a running crack starting at a preformed seed crack. With laser-excited nonlinear SAW pulses it is possible to generate shocks with stresses that exceed the mechanical strength of covalently bonded materials, such as silicon. During propagation elastic nonlinearity leads to the development of shock fronts and to transient fracture by impulsive loading without seed crack. Thus, fracture will occur along the weakest crystal planes. Indeed, a series of cracks extending along the 110 direction, perpendicular to pulse propagation could be detected by scanning force microscopy (SFM) for a strongly nonlinear SAW pulse propagating along the 11 direction on the Si(111) plane. These experiments indicate that in 2 single-crystal silicon impulsive fracture occurs mainly along the Si(111) plane with the lowest bond density, the so-called cleavage plane. This behavior was also observed for SAW propagation along other silicon planes and directions in nearly all experiments. In addition, fracture of isotropic fused quartz by nonlinear SAW pulses was investigated. The development of microscopic models and continuum theories for impulsive fracture (e.g. by SAWs) is still at the beginning. The goal is to model the initiation and development of cracks as a function of the applied transient load. The fundamental problem is to understand the microscopic processes using macroscopically observed parameters. First results will be presented to explain the experimental nding that fracture in silicon behaves dierent if on the Si(111) plane the direction of SAW propagation is reversed from the 11 to the . This yields new insight into 2 112 the cracking process in anisotropic media. Another important piece of information, obtained by the focused ion beam (FIB) technique, is the penetration depth of SAW induced cracks into the solid. In real materials the theoretical strength may be orders of magnitude higher than the measured value. The reason for this behavior can be the microstructure, where microdefects, microcracks, or dislocations determine the actual strength. It is assumed that the cleavage behavior observed in this work can be explained without resorting to the inuence of defects, and thus the phenomena considered are essentially intrinsic to the silicon lattice.

Standing wave instabilities, breather formation and thermalization in Hamiltonian anharmonic lattices
Magnus Johansson 1 , Anna Maria Morgante2 , Serge Aubry2 , and Georgios Kopidakis3
1

Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Linkping University, o S-581 83 Linkping, Sweden o 2 Laboratoire Lon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS), CEA Saclay, e F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 3 Department of Physics, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Modulational instability of travelling plane waves is a wellknown mechanism which is generally accepted to constitute the rst step in the formation of intrinsically localized modes (discrete breathers) in anharmonic lattices. Here, we consider an alternative mechanism for breather formation, originating in oscillatory instabilities of spatially periodic or quasiperiodic nonlinear standing waves (SWs). These SWs are constructed for Klein-Gordon or Discrete Nonlinear Schrdinger (DNLS) lattices o as exact time periodic and time reversible multi-breather solutions from the (anticontinuous) limit of uncoupled oscillators, and merge into the standard harmonic SWs in the small-amplitude limit. Approaching the linear limit, all SWs with nontrivial wave vectors (0 < Q < ) become unstable through oscillatory instabilities, which persist for arbitrarily small amplitudes in innite lattices. Investigating the dynamics resulting from these instabilities, we nd two qualitatively dierent regimes for wave vectors smaller than or larger than /2, respectively. In one regime persisting breathers are found, while in the other regime the system rapidly thermalizes.

Nonlinear waves in a beam lattice model

Takuji Kawahara and Hiroaki Matsuoka Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan email: kawahara@impact.kuaero.kyoto-u.ac.jp Fundamental wave behaviours are investigated numerically for a one-dimensional nonlinear lattice model composed of a chain of masses connected by elastic beam. The system dealt with here is the same as that considered by A.Askar (1973) except for the inclusion of quadratic nonlinearity and it is given as follows; 1 mn = ka(n+1 n1 ) + (k + k1 )(yn+1 + yn1 2yn ) y 2 1 1 j n = ka(yn+1 yn1 ) ka2(n+1 + n1 + 4n ), 2 6 where yn and n denote displacement and rotation, m , j, and a represent mass, moment of inertia, and lattice constant, k is the coecient of bending rigidity of beam, k1 and k2 are linear and nonlinear coecients of restoring force for relative displacement of masses. Evolutions of initial disturbances are pursued numerically to observe generation and propagation of nonlinear waves. Either the acoustic or the optical modes can be generated. For long wave disturbances, a pair of stable acoustic solitons with positive and negative amplitude are generated in strongly nonlinear regime. Meanwhile for short wave disturbances, optical envelope solitons governed by the nonlinear Schrdinger equation are generated in weakly nonlinear regime. It is found that o the couplings between displacement and rotation dier for the acoustic mode and the optical mode, which is responsible for the dierent wave behaviours in the two modes. For some specied parameters, three wave resonances amongst the acoustic modes and those between the acoustic and the optical modes are observed. +k2 {(yn+1 yn )|yn+1 yn | (yn yn1 )|yn yn1 |},

Propagation of nonlinear waves and solitons in elastic plates

C. Eckl1, A.S. Kovalev2 , A.P. Mayer1 , and E.S. Sokolova2 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany 2 B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 310164 Kharkov, Ukraine The nonlinear dynamics of elastic shear waves in a plate is investigated taking into account their interaction with small amplitude sagittal components. The nonlinear evolution equation for the shear displacements is derived. This one-dimensional integro-dierential equation is similar to the modied Boussinesq equation (MBE) but contains an additional nonlinear dispersion term arising from the interaction with the sagittal displacements. As in the case of MBE the obtained nonlinear evolution equation admits soliton solutions but nonlinear dispersion modies the structure of such solitons. They tend to transform into exotic solitons (compactons or peakons for dierent materials). The interaction with sagittal components leads to the emission of Rayleigh - Lamb waves by a moving soliton but this emission is small for small-amplitude solitons. The nonlinear dispersion relation is obtained for nonlinear periodic waves in the plate and the splitting of two branches of the spectrum (for shear and Rayleigh-Lamb waves) is demonstrated. This work was partly supported by INTAS99 (grant No167).
1

Stationary and envelope Rayleigh surface solitons in the presence of surface nonlinearity
C. Eckl1, A.S. Kovalev2 , A.P. Mayer1 , and G.A. Maugin3 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany 2 B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 310164 Kharkov, Ukraine 3 Laboratoire de Modlisation en Mcanique, e e Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France e The propagation of nonlinear Rayleigh waves is investigated in a half-space of linear elastic medium coated with a thin lm of nonlinear material. For this system, a nonlinear evolution equation is derived which admits solutions for Rayleigh-type solitons of stationary prole. This equation may be regarded as a special case in the wider class of evolution equations with a more general type of nonlocal nonlinearity. Periodic pulse train solutions are computed. For a certain member of the class of nonlinear equations, several families of exact solitary wave solutions and their associated periodic stationary wave solutions are derived analytically. These innite series of exact solutions represent surface solitons of stationary prole with dierent axial symmetry. The rst soliton in the series is close to the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili soliton. For the above-mentioned model system approximate solutions for Rayleightype envelope surface solitons were obtained as well. A new asymptotic method for the problem of solving integro-dierential nonlinear evolution equations is proposed. The work was partly supported by INTAS99 (grant No 167).
1

Surface acoustic solitons: experimental results

A.M. Lomonosov, A.P. Mayer, and P. Hess University of Heidelberg Institute of Physical Chemistry Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg, Germany The evolution equation of nonlinear SAWs, supplemented with an additional term describing weak dispersion, admits solitary solutions. In this work we present experimental observations of surface acoustic solitons in comparison with numerical simulations in several particular cases. We consider the cases of normal and anomalous dispersion in an isotropic medium possessing a purely imaginary and negative nonlinear parameter F(1/2), and the case of normal dispersion in an anisotropic medium with complex-valued parameter F(1/2). As an example for an isotropic medium we used fused quartz samples, coated either with a thin metal lm in order to obtain normal dispersion or with a TiN lm, which provides anomalous dispersion with respect to SAWs. In each case solitons were observed having shapes and propagation velocities consistent with theoretical predictions. The case of complexvalued F(1/2) was realized in crystalline silicon in the 11 direction on the Si(111) 2 plane. Normal dispersion was generated by a thin thermally grown oxide layer. In these experiments we used laser-generated intense SAW pulses and an optical detection scheme with a two-point probe beam deection setup measuring the pulse prole at two dierent distances from the source. Ecient excitation of these nonlinear waveforms was achieved by explosive evaporation of a thin highly absorbing carbon suspension at the source region. In the numerical simulations, a dispersion term was chosen that corresponds to a linear dependence of the phase velocity on frequency, which is typical for SAW dispersion in a thin layer. A comparison of experimental results with numerical simulations showed that the applied theoretical model describes the evolution of the solitary pulses adequately, especially in the case of isotropic materials. This agreement made it possible to study the properties of solitons numerically based on the experimentally determined pulse shapes, measured at the two probe locations. It turned out that the propagation velocity of the surface solitons deviates from the linear Rayleigh velocity according to the signs of the dispersion term and the imaginary part of F(1/2). The shape of the soliton depends strongly on the real part of F(1/2). Its polarity is determined by the signs of both the dispersion term and the real part of the nonlinear parameter.

Multiwave nonlinear couplings in elastic structures

Grard A. Maugin , D.A. Kovriguine and A.I. Potapov e

Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Modlisation en Mcanique, e e e Paris, France (gam@ccr.jussieu.fr) Mechanical Engineering Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny-Novgorod, Russia.

Multiple-wave nonlinear resonance coupling is a known and well-studied phenomenon in uid mechanics (cf. A.D.D. Craig, Wave Interactions and Fluid Flows, C.U.P., 1985) and optics (D.F. Nelson, Electric, Optic and Acoustic Interactions in Dielectrics, J. Wiley, 1979). Here three paradigmatic examples are examined in solid mechanics: nonlinear waves in a thin elastic rod (simple Bernoulli-Euler model; exhibiting a continuous spectrum), nonlinear oscillations in a circular elastic ring (exhibiting a discrete spectrum) , and nonlinear waves in a thin elastic plate (2D example). This allows one to show such phenomena as stress amplication and fourwave resonant interactions in a rod, triple and four-wave nonlinear couplings in the second case, and resonant triads in the plate case. In all the paper presents a study of the hierarchy of instabilities in these three types of slender elastic structures. (Work within the INTAS Programme: 96-2370, 1997-2001).

Surface aoustic solitary waves: theoretical predictions

C. Eckl1, P. Hess2, A.S. Kovalev1,3, A.M. Lomonosov2,4, and A.P. Mayer1 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany 2 Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 3 B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 310164 Kharkov, Ukraine 4 General Physics Institute, 117942 Moscow, Russia Propagation of nonlinear surface acoustic waves in a semi-innite elastic medium is known to be governed by an evolution equation that contains a nonlocal nonlinearity of second order. Modications of the surface that introduce a length scale in the system, e.g. coating the surface with a thin lm, give rise to an additional linear dispersion term that can balance the nonlinearity. The dispersion term is usually that of the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation. In special cases, it may be of the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) type. In the presence of such a dispersion term, the evolution equation has solitary wave solutions that can be computed as limiting cases of stationary periodic waves. Properties of these solutions, including their depth structure, are discussed, and their stability is tested in a linear stability analysis. Numerical simulations reveal that pulse collisions are highly inelastic if the dispersion term is BO like. For a linear dispersion term of KdV type, solitary pulses have been found to survive collisions with a comparatively small amount of radiation produced. A tentative explanation of this behaviour is given by establishing a connection with the Benjamin-Ono hierarchy. Characteristic dierences between the two types of linear dispersion are also found in numerical simulations of pulse evolution with initial conditions close to solitary solutions. Finally, the regime of small nonlinearity and strong dispersion is revisited, for which the existence of surface acoustic envelope solitons had been predicted long ago. It is shown how resonant long-wave - short-wave interaction can inuence properties of these envelope solitons.
1

Eects of thermal noise on solitons in anharmonic chains

E. Arevalo, F. G. Mertens, and Y. Gaididei Physics Institute, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth We consider a one dimensional lattice with nearest neighbour interactions with cubic anharmonicities which in the continuum limit leads to a Boussinesq equation which has soliton solutions. Including thermal noise and damping in the discrete equations of motion we derive a stochastic Boussinesq equation. Using a collective variable theory we obtain stochastic equations of motion for the soliton from which the variance of the soliton position is calculated. The leading term is linear in time, the coecient is the soliton diusion constant. For larger times higher powers in time become important. These results are conrmed by Langevin-dynamics simulations for the original, discrete model.

Non-dissipative diusion of Toda solitons

E. Arevalo1, F. G. Mertens1 , A. Bishop2, and Y. Gaididei1
1 2

Physics Institute, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM 87545, USA

We consider a soliton in a gas of phonons in a non-equilibrium situation, i. e. the soliton is not thermalized. We derive the transport equations for the soliton diusion and calculate the drift velocity and the diusion constant by taking into account the spatial shifts of the soliton due to elastic scattering with the phonons. The results are generalized to solitons on anharmonic chains with arbitrary interaction potentials and are compared with MD-simulations for such chains. Here the phonon bath is obtained by switching o noise and damping in Langevin-dynamics simulations after a suciently long time.

Eects of local eld singularities for nonlinear elastic waves

V. G. Mozhaev Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 117234 Moscow, Russia The simplest method to solve the nonlinear acoustics problems, which is widely used for the description of experimental observations, is the method of successive approximations. This method allows one to describe easily the rst stage of the generation of second and higher harmonics of initially sinusoidal acoustic waves and to estimate the eciency of nonlinear acoustic processes. As a quantitative measure of the eciency of such processes, a so called nonlinear acoustic parameter is commonly used. In homogeneous solids, this parameter depends on only elastic constants of second and third order and it is usually less than 10. However, in inhomogeneous solid media, a local concentration of acoustic elds can take place, that in its turn results in local growth of the nonlinear parameter. Moreover, in inhomogeneous solids, the situations may occur when the solutions of even the linear problems have local singularities of elastic strain elds. Such singularities are found, in particular, at crack tips, at dislocation cores, in point contacts of acute-angle spikes and surfaces. If the initial singular elastic strains at these inhomogeneities are produced by incident harmonic acoustic waves, then taking into account the nonlinear elastic properties of solids described by additional terms, which are nonlinear in strain, leads to divergence of the solutions for second and higher harmonics. Consideration of additional factors like nite radius of rounding of acute-angle spikes, nonlocality of elastic properties or discreteness of crystalline lattice allows one to remove the singularities of the solutions at the fundamental frequency and at its higher harmonics. However, the essential local growth of nonlinear acoustic elds is still retained in this case. Similar eects may occur also in the case of local concentration of electrical elds at the tips of needle electrodes and at the edges of plane electrodes that may result in great growth of eciency of nonlinear acoustic wave generation by such electrodes in electrostrictive materials. The problems of this type are intended to be discussed in the present talk either quantitatively (using the method of successive approximations) or qualitatively with special emphasis on the problem of nonlinear acoustic behavior of microcracks.

Nonlocality and nonlinearity in elastic surface waves

D. F. Parker Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Edinburgh, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, U.K. Surface waves are examples of guided waves, so that a modal analysis is natural. For appreciable nonlinear interaction between modes, it is widely known that good matching of both phase and group velocities is necessary. However, for waves at the surface of a homogeneous elastic half-space, isotropic or anisotropic, wavespeed is entirely independent of wavelength. In an arbitrarily chosen propagation direction, surface waves are entirely non-dispersive. Consequently, in a weakly nonlinear theory all pairs of Fourier harmonics interact with both their sum and their dierence frequencies. The resulting spectral description involves interactive evolution of all (complex) Fourier amplitudes either in a sum (for periodic waveforms) or in an integral (the general case). The alternative direct formulation, initiated by Hunter [1], describes the evolution of the surface slope through a quadratically nonlinear, but nonlocal, inuence integral, generalizing that for the isotropic case [2]. Recent developments in the analysis of the kernel within this integral will be described, along with the incorporation into the evolution equation of lateral spreading and diraction eects. 1. J.K. Hunter (1989). Nonlinear surface waves, in Current Progress in Hyperbolic Problems and Computations ed. W.B. Lindquist, Am. Math. Soc. Providence, R.I., 185-202. 2. M.F. Hamilton, Yu.A. Ilinsky and E.A. Zabolotskaya (1995). Local and nonlocal non-linearity in Rayleigh waves, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 97, 882-890.

Four Lagrangian representations for the Camassa-Holm equation

Maxim V. Pavlov Loughborough University maxim.pavlov@mtu-net.ru The well-known hierarchy of Extended Harry-Dym Camassa-Holm equations has couple of local Hamiltonian structures. The Extended Harry-Dym equation
3 uy = (x x )

H2 H3 3 = (2ux + ux ) = (x x )u1/2 u u

(1)

has Hamiltonian densities expressed via eld variable u and its derivatives H1 = udx, H2 = udx, H3 = [u5/2u2 + u1/2]dx,... x (2)

but Camassa-Holm equation is nonevolutionary equation

2 (1 x )wt = 3wwx wwxxx 2wx wxx,

(3)

where u = w wxx , (4)

and Hamiltonian densities related with the same local Hamiltonian structures are pseudononlocal, it means that they can be determined as special solutions of some odinary dierential equations. Complete description of all pseudononlocal conservation law densities exactly will be presented in this report. The most simple pseudononlocal Hamiltonian density is determined by momentum for the rst Hamiltonian structure H= 1 2
2 [w2 + wx ]dx.

Moreover, we will present for these local Hamiltonian structures couple of local Lagrangian representations and other couple local Lagrangian representations for couple neighbour nonlocal Hamiltonian structures too. These nonlocal Hamiltonian structures will be described as well. Thus, our claim is that the Camassa-Holm equation (and extended Harry-Dym too) has four dierent variational principles.

Nonlinear deformation waves in solids with microstructure

A.V. Porubov1,2 and F. Pastrone3
1

A.F. Ioe Physical Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia 2 Institute for High-Performance Computing and Data Bases, P.O. box 71, St. Petersburg, 194291 Russia 3 Dipartimento di Matematica, Universit` di Torino, a Via C. Alberto 10, 10123 Torino, Italy

The nite amplitude strain solitary waves evolution is studied in an elastic medium with microstructure when both macro- and microdissipation are taken into account. The important problem is in the lack of the data of the microstructure parameters, one can mention a few works where attempts to measure them were done. Strain waves may help in the development a possible method of the microparameters estimation. Besides qualitative eects like dispersion of a wave, the shape, the amplitude and the velocity of the strain wave carry an information about microstructure. The procedure is proposed to obtain the governing PDE for nonlinear longitudinal strain waves in one dimensional case. It is obtained which microstructure features are responsible for the appearance of dispersion and dissipative terms in the equation. The exact and asymptotic solutions are obtained. It is found the formation, propagation and attenuation/amplication of bell-shaped and kink-shaped waves whose parameters are dened in an explicit form through the macro- and microparameters of the elastic medium. The solutions allow to describe in an explicit form the amplication of both types of the waves, as well as the selection of the solitary wave when its parameters tend to the nite values. The relationships between the wave parameters dene the thresholds that separate the parameters of the initial solitary waves which will amplify or attenuate. The asymptotic solution describing bell-shaped solitary wave selection may explain transfer of the strain energy by the microstructure. This research has been supported by the INTAS under Grant 99-0167.

Nonlinear strain waves in micro-structured media. Theory and experiments

A. I. Potapov Mechanical Engineering Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. E-mail: apotapov@ sandy.ru As high-frequency waves propagate in media with complex structure, for example, composite materials, polymers, liquid and molecular crystals, there occur the effects which cannot be described by equations of the classic theory of elasticity [1-3]. This necessitates development and investigation of new mathematical models of microstructured media capable of representing internal degrees of freedom. A lot of dynamical properties of oriented media, consisting of anisotropic molecules and having a lattice of the molecular type, can be revealed using a model of plane oscillations of dumb-bell-like particles (mechanical dipoles) [2]. Examples of such media are layered and molecular crystals with complex lattice (KNO, NaNO, CH, CS), smectic liquid crystals, elastic ferroelectric crystals, polycrystalline materials, and composites. The models of this type contain new elastic moduli describing the medium microstructure that have to be measured empirically. Lack of information about the material constants in microelasticity is considered to be one of the main factors restraining the study of non-classical media models [5]. The study of wave processes in media with internal degrees of freedom showed, in particular, that the presence of material microstructure leads to occurrence of dispersion in longitudinal, shear and surface Rayleigh waves, and to possible existence of a new type of elastic waves. In this paper phenomena of modulation instability and nonlinear resonant interaction of longitudinal, transverse and microrotational waves in the Cosserat continuum liquid and layered crystals, are discussed. These problems have no analogy in the classical theory of elasticity.

1. Maugin, G.A., Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Crystals, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1999. 2. Potapov A.I., Pavlov I.S., and Maugin G.A., Nonlinear wave interactions in 1D crystals with complex lattice. Wave Motion, 1999, V. 29, pp.297-312. 3. Lisin V.B., Potapov A.I., Variational principle in mechanics of liquid crystals. Int J. Non-Linear Mechanics, 1997, V. 32, No 1, pp. 55-62. 4. Erofeyev, V.I., Potapov, A.I., Longitudinal strain waves in nonlinearly elastic media with coupled stresses. Int. J. Non-linear Mech, 1993, Vol. 28, pp.483488. 5. Potapov A.I., Rodyushkin V.M., Experimental study of strain waves in materials with a microstructure. Acoustical Phyth. 2001, V. 47, No3, pp.347-352.

How some phonon modes can aect the solitons?

Niurka Rodr guez Quintero Departamento de Fsica Aplicada I (GFNL), Universidad de Sevilla, Ave. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain. niurka@euler.us.es, http://merlin.us.es/ niurka/ The phonons (continuum spectrum) in the sine-Gordon (sG) equation represent the extended wave solutions, obtained from the corresponding linearized problem around the soliton solution [?]. In general, phonons appear in this integrable model when the eect of the external elds is considered, either ac [?] or dc elds [?], etc. Due to the eect of the discreteness and nite size the continuum spectrum becomes into discrete one and the eigenfunctions corresponding to the phonons satisfy certain spatial symmetry (some of them are odd functions, whereas the rest are even ones). We discuss how the odd and even phonon modes can aect the kink prole in the sG equation. As an example, we analyze the higher order resonance, which take place when the sG system is driven by an ac force (when the frequency of ac force is 1/2 of the phonons frequencies). By using a linear perturbation theory [?], we show that the ac force is able to excite not all phonons, but only the odd ones [?, ?]. In this sense, we also discuss the non equivalence of the phonon modes for other kinds of perturbations and other systems.

References
[1] M. E. Fogel, S.E. Trullinger, A.R. Bishop and J.A. Krumhansl, Physical Review B 15, 1578 (1977). [2] A.R. Bishop et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1095 (1983). N. R. Quintero and A. Snchez, Eur. Phys. J. B 6, 133 (1998). a [3] J.C. Ariyasu and A.R. Bishop, Phys. Rev. B 35, 3207 (1987); ibid. 39, 6409 (1989). [4] N.R. Quintero, A. Sanchez and F.G. Mertens, Phys. Rev. E 62 Rapid Comm., R60 (2000). [5] N.R. Quintero and Panayotis G. Kevrekidis submitted to Phys. Rev. E.

Phonon dispersion curves of SrFCl

Abdelhadi Sabry Laboratory of Physics Matter and Microelectronics, Faculty of Sciences An Chock, BP. 5366, Marif, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco a E-mail: ab.sabry@mailcity.com Extensive Raman scattering studies of ionic layered SrFCl crystal have been carried out in the literature. But, to the best of our knowledge there are no measured dispersion curves explaining the vibrational properties of this PbFCl-type compound. Therefore, for a basic understanding of experimental observations in Raman scattering, we have resorted to latticedynamical calculations. The long wavelength phonons are computed in the framework using the rigid shell model, which had been applied previously to produce the phonon dispersion relations of BaFCl and BaFBr. This microscopic model includes the long-range Coulomb interactions and the short-range interactions and taking into account the electronic polarizability of constituent ions. The shell model parameters have been obtained in such way that a best t of the measured Raman frequencies has been achieved in the center of the rst Brillouin zone. The values of relevant parameters are critically analyzed. A complete set of transverse and longitudinal phonon branches in each of the ve principal directions (100), (001), (110), (101) and (111) have been deduced.

Non-linear strain waves in a wave guide with dissipation

Alexander M. Samsonov The Ioe Physico-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.Petersburg, 194021 Russia E-mail: samsonov@math.ioe.rssi.ru Long non-linear solitary strain (density) waves or solitons may be of considerable importance for to study of short-run and weak reversible (elastic) loading of materials with radiation and/or wear resistance, usable in aerospace industry, in layered nuclear fusion targets fabrication etc. It was proved recently that an energy transfer is possible for long distances by means of strain solitons without signicant energy losses in 1D and 2D elastic wave guides, having strong dispersion and made of materials with remarkable linear dissipation. The non-linear quasi hyperbolic doubly dispersive equation (DDE) describes a long non-linear wave evolution in a thin hyperelastic rod, and the coupled nonlinear equations were obtained for 2D wave guides like plates and disks. Numerical and physical experiments in soliton generation are considered. The generation of density solitons was made in various elastic wave guides by means of laser pulse holographic interferometry. In particular, the solitary pulse length was observed to be 5-7 times more then the cross section radius of a polystyrene rod. The world pioneering experiments were performed to detect the soliton focusing in a narrowing rod and the soliton propagation in plates. When the wave guide is embedded into another solid it results in a dissipation-like term in the DDE. Various exact travelling wave solutions to dissipative DDE can be obtained, and for square and cubic non-linearity the exact solutions were found in closed form in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function. Various applications of strain solitons to solid state physics, material science and nondestructive testing are discussed. The partial support of this study by INTAS Grant no. acknowledged. References A.M.Samsonov. Strain solitons in solids and how to construct them. Chapman&Hall/CRC Press, London, Boca Raton, 248 pp. 99-0167 is gratefully

Dynamics of solitary wave fronts in isotropic two-dimensional lattices

Y. Zolotaryuk Section for Mathematical Physics, IMM, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Fronts of solitary waves in an isotropic two-dimensional lattice which can propagate in dierent directions on the plane are found by using the pseudospectral method. This method allows us to obtain solitary wave solutions with very narrow prole, the thickness of which may contain a few atoms. Since these nonlinear waves are quite narrow, details of lattice microstructure appear to be important for their motion. Particularly, the regime of their propagation qualitatively depends whether or not the direction of their motion occurs along the lattice bonds. The stability of these solitary waves is investigated numerically by their interactions with vacancies and lattice edges. Propagation of solitary plane waves through nite lattice domains with isotopic disorder is studied.

New explicit periodical solution of the nearly-integrable extended Camassa-Holm equation (nonlinear waves in elastic rods)
Sergej Zykov and Maxim Pavlov

Institute of Metal Physics, Nonlinear Mechanics Lab. Ekaterinburg 620219, GSP-170, Russia Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Application of the proliferation scheme for the Dodd-Bullough system: new integrable reductions of modied elliptic Toda lattice
Sergej Zykov Institute of Metal Physics, Nonlinear Mechanics Lab. Ekaterinburg 620219, GSP-170, Russia