Sundinho
Sundinho
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(h) City, state, federal laws and regulations, taxes, services, court system, political processes
(i) Age, values, beliefs, education, religion, work ethic, consumer and green movements
(j) Competition from and acquisition by foreign firms, entry into overseas markets, foreign
customs, regulations, exchange rate gain
ምዕራፍ 4- ክፍት የስርዓቶች ንድፍ አባሎች
4.1. ውጫዊ አካባቢ.
ሰፋ ባለ መልኩ አካባቢው ገደብ የለሽ እና ከድርጅቱ ውጭ ያሉትን ሁሉንም ያካትታል. ነገር
ግን፣ እዚህ ላይ የቀረበው ትንተና ድርጅቱ ስሜታዊነት ያለው እና ለመኖር ምላሽ መስጠት
ያለበትን የአካባቢ ገጽታዎች ብቻ ይመለከታል። ስለዚህ ድርጅታዊ አካባቢ ከድርጅቱ ወሰን
ውጭ ያሉ እና የድርጅቱን በሙሉ ወይም በከፊል የመነካካት አቅም ያላቸው ሁሉም አካላት ተብሎ
ይገለጻል። የድርጅቱን አካባቢ በውጫዊ ዘርፎች ውስጥ ያለውን ጎራ በመተንተን መረዳት
ይቻላል. የአንድ ድርጅት ጎራ የተመረጠው የአካባቢ የድርጊት መስክ ነው። ከምርቶች፣
አገልግሎቶች እና ከሚቀርቡት ገበያዎች ጋር በተያያዘ አንድ ድርጅት ለራሱ የሚያቀርበው
ክልል ነው። ዶሜይን የድርጅቱን ቦታ ይገልፃል እና ድርጅቱ ግቦቹን ለማሳካት
የሚገናኝባቸውን ውጫዊ ዘርፎች ይገልጻል። አካባቢው ተመሳሳይ ንጥረ ነገሮችን የያዙ
በርካታ ዘርፎችን ወይም ክፍሎችን ያካትታል። ለእያንዳንዱ ድርጅት አሥር ሴክተሮች
ሊተነተኑ ይችላሉ፡- ኢንዱስትሪ፣ ጥሬ ዕቃዎች፣ የሰው ኃይል፣ የፋይናንስ ሀብቶች፣ ገበያ፣
ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ሁኔታዎች፣ መንግሥት፣ ማኅበረ-ባህላዊ እና ዓለም አቀፍ።
የተግባር አከባቢው ድርጅቱ በቀጥታ የሚገናኝባቸው እና ድርጅቱ ግቦቹን ለማሳካት ባለው
አቅም ላይ ቀጥተኛ ተጽእኖ ያላቸውን ዘርፎች ያካትታል. የተግባር አካባቢው በተለምዶ
ኢንዱስትሪን፣ ጥሬ ዕቃዎችን እና የገበያ ዘርፎችን እና ምናልባትም የሰው ሃይል እና አለም
አቀፍ ዘርፎችን ያጠቃልላል።
አጠቃላይ አካባቢው በድርጅቱ የእለት ተእለት እንቅስቃሴ ላይ ቀጥተኛ ተጽእኖ የሌላቸውን
ነገር ግን በተዘዋዋሪ ተጽእኖ የሚያሳድሩትን ዘርፎች ያካትታል። አጠቃላይ አካባቢው ብዙ
ጊዜ የመንግስትን፣ ማህበራዊ ባህላዊ፣ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ሁኔታዎችን፣ ቴክኖሎጂን እና የፋይናንስ
ሀብቶችን ዘርፎችን ያጠቃልላል። እነዚህ ዘርፎች በመጨረሻ ሁሉንም ድርጅቶች ይነካሉ.
(ሀ) ተወዳዳሪዎች, የኢንዱስትሪ መጠን እና ተወዳዳሪነት, ተዛማጅ ኢንዱስትሪዎች
(ለ) አቅራቢዎች, አምራቾች, ሪል እስቴት, አገልግሎቶች
(ሐ) የሥራ ገበያ, የቅጥር ኤጀንሲዎች, ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች, የሥልጠና ትምህርት ቤቶች, በሌሎች
ኩባንያዎች ውስጥ ያሉ ሰራተኞች, ዩኒየን
(መ) የአክሲዮን ገበያዎች፣ ባንኮች፣ ቁጠባና ብድር፣ የግል ባለሀብቶች
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(ሠ) ደንበኞች፣ ደንበኞች፣ ሊሆኑ የሚችሉ የምርት እና አገልግሎቶች ተጠቃሚዎች
(ረ) የምርት፣ ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒዩተሮች፣ የመረጃ ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ኢ-ኮሜርስ ቴክኒኮች
(ሰ) የኢኮኖሚ ውድቀት፣ የሥራ አጥነት መጠን፣ የዋጋ ግሽበት፣ የኢንቨስትመንት መጠን፣
ኢኮኖሚክስ፣ ዕድገት
(ሸ) ከተማ፣ ክፍለ ሀገር፣ የፌዴራል ሕጎች እና ደንቦች፣ ግብሮች፣ አገልግሎቶች፣ የፍርድ
ቤት ሥርዓት፣ የፖለቲካ ሂደቶች
(i) ዕድሜ፣ እሴቶች፣ እምነቶች፣ ትምህርት፣ ሃይማኖት፣ የስራ ባህል፣ የሸማቾች እና
የአረንጓዴ እንቅስቃሴዎች
(j) የውጪ ኩባንያዎች ውድድር እና ግዥ ፣ ወደ ውጭ አገር ገበያዎች መግባት ፣ የውጭ ጉምሩክ ፣
ደንቦች ፣ የምንዛሬ ተመን ትርፍ
Interorganizational relationships are the relatively enduring resource transactions, flows, and
linkages that occur among two or more organizations. Traditionally, these transactions and
relationships have been seen as a necessary evil to obtain what an organization needs. The
presumption has been that the world is composed of distinct businesses that thrive on autonomy
and compete for supremacy. A company may be forced into inte-rorganizational relationships
depending on its needs and the instability and complexity of the environment.
A new view described by James Moore argues that organizations are now evolving into business
ecosystems. An organizational ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of a community
of organizations and their environment. An ecosystem cuts across traditional industry lines.
A company can create its own ecosystem. Apple, for instance, travels in several major
industries, including consumer electronics, Internet services, mobile phones, personal computers,
and entertainment. Its ecosystem also includes hundreds of suppliers and millions of customers
across many markets.
Is Competition Dead?
No company can go it alone under a constant onslaught of international competitors, changing
technology, and new regulations. Organizations around the world are embedded in complex
networks of confusing relationships—collaborating in some markets, competing fiercely in
others. The number of corporate alliances has been increasing at a rate of 25 percent a year and
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many of those have been between competitors. These alliances influence organizations’
competitive behavior in varied ways.
Traditional competition, which assumes a distinct company competing for survival and
supremacy with other stand-alone businesses, no longer exists because each organization both
supports and depends on the others for success, and perhaps for survival. However, most
managers recognize that the competitive stakes are higher than ever in a world where market
share can crumble overnight and no industry is immune from almost instant obsolescence. In
today’s world, a new form of competition is in fact intensifying.
4.2. የኢንተር-ድርጅታዊ ግንኙነቶች
የኢንተር ድርጅት ግንኙነቶች በሁለት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ በሆኑ ድርጅቶች መካከል የሚፈጠሩት
በአንጻራዊነት ዘላቂ የሆነ የንብረት ግብይቶች፣ ፍሰቶች እና ትስስሮች ናቸው። በተለምዶ
እነዚህ ግብይቶች እና ግንኙነቶች አንድ ድርጅት የሚፈልገውን ለማግኘት እንደ አስፈላጊ
ክፋት ታይቷል. ግምቱ ዓለም በራስ ገዝ አስተዳደር የበለፀጉ እና ለላቀነት የሚወዳደሩ ልዩ
የንግድ ሥራዎችን ያቀፈች ነች። አንድ ኩባንያ እንደ ፍላጎቱ እና እንደ አካባቢው
አለመረጋጋት እና ውስብስብነት ወደ ድርጅታዊ ግንኙነቶች ሊገደድ ይችላል።
በጄምስ ሙር የተገለጸው አዲስ አመለካከት ድርጅቶች አሁን ወደ ንግድ ሥነ-ምህዳር
እየተሸጋገሩ ነው በማለት ይከራከራሉ። ድርጅታዊ ሥነ-ምህዳር በድርጅቶች ማህበረሰብ እና
በአካባቢያቸው መስተጋብር የሚፈጠር ስርዓት ነው። ሥነ-ምህዳሩ በባህላዊ የኢንዱስትሪ
መስመሮች ላይ ይቆርጣል።
አንድ ኩባንያ የራሱን ሥነ ምህዳር መፍጠር ይችላል። ለምሳሌ አፕል የሸማች
ኤሌክትሮኒክስ፣ የኢንተርኔት አገልግሎት፣ የሞባይል ስልኮች፣ የግል ኮምፒዩተሮች እና
መዝናኛን ጨምሮ በተለያዩ ዋና ዋና ኢንዱስትሪዎች ይጓዛል። ስነ-ምህዳሩ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ
አቅራቢዎችን እና በሚሊዮን የሚቆጠሩ ደንበኞችን በብዙ ገበያዎች ያካትታል።
ውድድሩ ሞቷል?
በአለምአቀፍ ተወዳዳሪዎች የማያቋርጥ ጥቃት፣ ቴክኖሎጂን በመቀየር እና በአዳዲስ ደንቦች
ላይ የትኛውም ኩባንያ ብቻውን መሄድ አይችልም። በዓለም ዙሪያ ያሉ ድርጅቶች ግራ የሚያጋቡ
የግንኙነቶች አውታረ መረቦች ውስጥ ገብተዋል - በአንዳንድ ገበያዎች ውስጥ መተባበር ፣
በሌሎች ላይ ጠንካራ ውድድር። የኮርፖሬት ጥምረቶች በዓመት በ 25 በመቶ ፍጥነት እየጨመረ
ሲሆን ከእነዚህ ውስጥ ብዙዎቹ በተወዳዳሪዎች መካከል ነበሩ. እነዚህ ጥምረት በድርጅቶች
የውድድር ባህሪ ላይ በተለያዩ መንገዶች ተጽዕኖ ያሳድራል።
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ከሌሎች ራሱን የቻለ የንግድ ድርጅቶች ጋር ለህልውና እና የበላይነት የሚወዳደረው የተለየ
ኩባንያ የሚገምተው ባህላዊ ውድድር፣ አሁን የለም ምክንያቱም እያንዳንዱ ድርጅት ሁለቱንም
ስለሚደግፍ እና በሌሎች ላይ ስለሚደገፍ እና ምናልባትም ለመትረፍ። ነገር ግን፣ አብዛኛዎቹ
አስተዳዳሪዎች የገበያ ድርሻ በአንድ ጀምበር ሊፈርስ በሚችልበት እና የትኛውም ኢንዱስትሪ
በቅጽበት ከእርጅና ጊዜ ሊያልፍ በማይችልበት ዓለም ውስጥ የውድድር ጉዳቱ ከመቼውም ጊዜ
በበለጠ ከፍ ያለ መሆኑን ይገነዘባሉ። በዘመናዊው ዓለም, አዲስ የውድድር አይነት በእውነቱ
እየተጠናከረ ነው
Organization size is a contextual variable that influences organization design and functioning just
as do the contextual variables—technology, environment, goals—discussed in previous chapters.
Dilemmas of Large Size: Organizations feel compelled to grow, but how much and how
large? What size organization is better poised to compete in a fast-changing global environment?
Large. Huge resources and economies of scale are needed for many organizations to compete
globally. Only large organizations can build a massive pipeline in Alaska. Only a large
corporation like General Electric can afford to build ultra efficient $2 million wind turbines that
contain 8,000 different parts. Only a large Johnson & Johnson can invest hundreds of millions in
new products such as bifocal contact lenses and a patch that delivers contraceptives through the
skin. In addition, large organizations have the resources to be a supportive economic and social
force in difficult times.
Small. The competing argument says small is beautiful because the crucial requirements for
success in a global economy are responsiveness and flexibility in fast-changing markets. Small
scale can provide significant advantages in terms of quick reaction to changing customer needs
or shifting environmental and market conditions. In addition, small organizations often enjoy
greater employee commitment because it is easier for people to feel like part of a community.
Employees typically work on a variety of tasks rather than narrow, specialized jobs. For many
people, working in a small company is more exciting and fulfilling than working in a huge
organization.
5
Differences between Large and Small Organizations
LARGE SMALL
Responsive, flexible
Economies of scale
Global reach Regional reach
Complex Simple
Niche finding
Stable market
6
ብቻ በመቶ ሚሊዮኖች የሚቆጠሩ አዳዲስ ምርቶችን እንደ ሁለትዮሽ የመገናኛ
ሌንሶች እና በቆዳው ውስጥ የእርግዝና መከላከያዎችን የሚያቀርብ ፓቼ።
በተጨማሪም ትላልቅ ድርጅቶች በአስቸጋሪ ጊዜ ውስጥ ደጋፊ ኢኮኖሚያዊ እና
ማህበራዊ ኃይል ለመሆን ሀብቶች አሏቸው.
የመጠን ኢኮኖሚ
ምላሽ ሰጪ፣ ተለዋዋጭ
7
ክልላዊ ተደራሽነት
ውስብስብ
ቀላል
የተረጋጋ ገበያ
ጥሩ ፍለጋ
"የድርጅት ወንዶች"
ሥራ ፈጣሪዎች
A useful way to think about organizational growth and change is the concept of an organizational
life cycle, which suggests that organizations are born, grow older, and eventually die.
8
Organization structure, leadership style, and administrative systems follow a fairly predictable
pattern through stages in the life cycle. Stages are
sequential and follow a natural progression.
Research on organizational life cycle suggests that four major stages characterize
organizational development.
1. Entrepreneurial stage. When an organization is born, the emphasis is on creating a product or
service and surviving in the marketplace. The founders are entrepreneurs, and they devote their
full energies to the technical activities of production and marketing. The organization is informal
and non bureaucratic. The hours of work are long. Control is based on the owners’ personal
supervision. Growth is from a creative new product or service
Crisis: Need for leadership. As the organization starts to grow, the larger number of employees’
causes problems. The creative and technically oriented owners are confronted with management
issues, but they may prefer to focus their energies on making and selling the product or inventing
new products and services. At this time of crisis, entrepreneurs must either adjust the structure of
the organization to accommodate continued growth or else bring in strong managers who can do
so.
2. Collectivity stage: This is the organization’s youth. Growth is rapid, and employees are
excited and committed to the organization’s mission. The structure is still mostly informal,
although some procedures are emerging.
Crisis: Need for delegation. If the new management has been successful, lower-level employees
gradually find themselves restricted by the strong top down leadership. Lower-level managers
begin to acquire confidence in their own functional areas and want more discretion. An
autonomy crisis occurs when top managers, who were successful because of their strong
leadership and vision, do not want to give up responsibility. Top managers want to make sure
that all parts of the organization are coordinated and pulling together. The organization needs to
find mechanisms to control and coordinate departments without direct supervision from the top.
3. Formalization stage. The formalization stage involves the installation and use of rules,
procedures, and control systems. Communication is less frequent and more formal. Engineers,
human resource specialists, and other staff may be added. Top management becomes concerned
9
with issues such as strategy and planning and leaves the operations of the firm to middle
management. Product groups or other decentralized units may be formed to improve
coordination.
Crisis: Too much red tape. At this point in the organization’s development, the proliferation of
systems and programs may begin to strangle middle-level executives. The organization seems
bureaucratized. Middle management may resent the intrusion of staff. Innovation may be
restricted. The organization seems too large and complex to be managed through formal
programs
4. Elaboration stage. The solution to the red tape crisis is a new sense of collaboration
and teamwork. Throughout the organization, managers develop skills for confronting problems
and working together. Bureaucracy may have reached its limit. Social control and self-discipline
reduce the need for additional formal
controls. Managers learn to work within the bureaucracy without adding to it. Formal systems
may be simplified and replaced by manager teams and task forces. To achieve collaboration,
teams are often formed across functions or divisions of the company.
Crisis : Need for revitalization. After the organization reaches maturity, it may enter periods of
temporary decline. A need for renewal may occur every ten to twenty years. The organization
shifts out of alignment with the environment or perhaps becomes slow moving and over
bureaucratized and must go through a stage of streamlining and innovation. Top managers are
often replaced during this period.
10
Comparative
management means
identifying, measuring
and interpreting the
common
11
things and differences
between behavior of
managers, their
techniques and
practices
adopted in different
countries. It focuses
on business and
management from
various
aspects. It is the
study of principles of
management, and
their application in
various
12
situations. International
companies use different
policies and strategies for
comparison to
remain in the
competition. It is defined
as the study of
management in different
nature and
various environments
which show different
observations in different
countries.
Comparative
management means
13
identifying, measuring
and interpreting the
common
things and differences
between behavior of
managers, their
techniques and
practices
adopted in different
countries. It focuses
on business and
management from
various
aspects. It is the
study of principles of
14
management, and
their application in
various
situations. International
companies use different
policies and strategies for
comparison to
remain in the
competition. It is defined
as the study of
management in different
nature and
various environments
which show different
15
observations in different
countries.
Comparative
management means
identifying, measuring
and interpreting the
common
things and differences
between behavior of
managers, their
techniques and
practices
adopted in different
countries. It focuses
on business and
16
management from
various
aspects. It is the
study of principles of
management, and
their application in
various
situations. International
companies use different
policies and strategies for
comparison to
remain in the
competition. It is defined
as the study of
17
management in different
nature and
various environments
which show different
observations in different
countries.
4.3.2 ድርጅታዊ የሕይወት ዑደት
ስለ ድርጅታዊ እድገት እና ለውጥ ለማሰብ ጠቃሚው መንገድ የድርጅታዊ የሕይወት ዑደት ጽንሰ-ሀሳብ ነው ፣ እሱም
ድርጅቶች እንደሚወለዱ ፣ እንደሚያድጉ እና በመጨረሻም እንደሚሞቱ ይጠቁማል። የድርጅት መዋቅር፣ የአመራር ዘይቤ
እና የአስተዳደር ስርዓቶች በህይወት ኡደት ውስጥ ባሉ ደረጃዎች በትክክል ሊተነበይ የሚችል አሰራርን ይከተላሉ።
ደረጃዎች ናቸው።
ቅደም ተከተል እና ተፈጥሯዊ እድገትን ተከተል.
በድርጅታዊ የሕይወት ዑደት ላይ የተደረጉ ጥናቶች እንደሚያመለክቱት አራት ዋና ዋና ደረጃዎች ድርጅታዊ
እድገትን ያሳያሉ።
1. የስራ ፈጠራ ደረጃ. አንድ ድርጅት ሲወለድ አጽንዖቱ ምርትን ወይም አገልግሎትን በመፍጠር እና በገበያ ቦታ
መኖር ላይ ነው. መሥራቾቹ ሥራ ፈጣሪዎች ናቸው, እና ሙሉ ጉልበታቸውን በምርት እና ግብይት ቴክኒካዊ
እንቅስቃሴዎች ላይ ያተኩራሉ. ድርጅቱ መደበኛ ያልሆነ እና ቢሮክራሲያዊ ያልሆነ ነው። የስራ ሰአታት ረጅም ነው።
ቁጥጥር በባለቤቶች የግል ቁጥጥር ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው. እድገት ከፈጠራ አዲስ ምርት ወይም አገልግሎት ነው።
ቀውስ፡ የመሪነት ፍላጎት። ድርጅቱ ማደግ ሲጀምር, ከፍተኛ ቁጥር ያላቸው ሰራተኞች ችግር ይፈጥራሉ. የፈጠራ እና
ቴክኒካል ተኮር ባለቤቶች ከአስተዳደር ጉዳዮች ጋር ይጋጫሉ፣ ነገር ግን ኃይላቸውን ምርቱን በመስራት እና በመሸጥ
ወይም አዳዲስ ምርቶችን እና አገልግሎቶችን በመፍጠር ላይ ማተኮር ይመርጣሉ። በዚህ በችግር ጊዜ ሥራ ፈጣሪዎች
ቀጣይ ዕድገትን ለማስተናገድ የድርጅቱን መዋቅር ማስተካከል አለባቸው ወይም ደግሞ ይህን ማድረግ የሚችሉ ጠንካራ
አስተዳዳሪዎችን ማምጣት አለባቸው።
2. የስብስብ ደረጃ: ይህ የድርጅቱ ወጣቶች ነው. እድገቱ ፈጣን ነው፣ እና ሰራተኞች ተደናግጠዋል እና ለድርጅቱ
ተልዕኮ ቁርጠኛ ናቸው። መዋቅሩ አሁንም በአብዛኛው መደበኛ ያልሆነ ነው, ምንም እንኳን አንዳንድ ሂደቶች እየታዩ
ነው.
ቀውስ፡ የውክልና ፍላጎት። አዲሱ አስተዳደር ስኬታማ ከሆነ፣ ዝቅተኛ ደረጃ ያላቸው ሠራተኞች ቀስ በቀስ ከላይ
እስከ ታች ባለው ጠንካራ አመራር ተገድበው ይደርሳሉ። የዝቅተኛ ደረጃ አስተዳዳሪዎች በራሳቸው ተግባራዊ ቦታዎች
ላይ እምነት ማግኘት ይጀምራሉ እና የበለጠ አስተዋይነት ይፈልጋሉ። በጠንካራ አመራር እና ራዕይ ምክንያት
የተሳካላቸው ከፍተኛ አስተዳዳሪዎች ኃላፊነትን መተው በማይፈልጉበት ጊዜ የራስ ገዝ አስተዳደር ቀውስ ይከሰታል።
ከፍተኛ አስተዳዳሪዎች ሁሉም የድርጅቱ ክፍሎች የተቀናጁ እና የሚሰበሰቡ መሆናቸውን ማረጋገጥ ይፈልጋሉ። ድርጅቱ
18
ከላይኛው በኩል ቀጥተኛ ቁጥጥር ሳይደረግበት ዲፓርትመንቶችን ለመቆጣጠር እና ለማስተባበር ዘዴዎችን መፈለግ
አለበት.
19