Sheet 8, 9 10 Fundamental Integration Formulae

1. 0 dx = C 2. 1 dx = x + C ;  1 dx = x + C
x n +1 (ax + b )n+1 + C ;
 (ax + b ) dx = n  −1
n
 x dx = n + 1 + C ; n  −1
3. n 4.
(n + 1)a
1 1 log ax + b
5.  x dx = log x + C 6.  ax + b dx = a
+C

ax mx + k a mx+ k
 a dx = + C , a  0, a  1  a dx = + C , a  0, a  1
x
7. 8.
log a m log a
mx + k e mx + k
 e dx = e + C
x x
9. 10.
 e dx = m
+C

sin (ax + b )
11.  cos x dx = sin x + C 12.  cos(ax + b ) dx = a
+C

− cos (ax + b )
13.  sin x dx = − cos x + C 14.  sin (ax + b ) dx = a
+C

tan (ax + b )
 sec x dx = tan x + C  sec (ax + b ) dx = +C
2 2
15. 16.
a
− cot (ax + b )
 cos ec x dx = − cot x + C  cos ec (ax + b ) dx = +C
2 2
17. 18.
a
sec(ax + b )
19.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C 20.  sec(ax + b ) tan (ax + b ) dx = a
+C

− cos ec (ax + b )
21.  cos ec x co t x dx = − cos ec x + C 22.  cos ec(ax + b ) cot (ax + b ) dx = a
+C

1 1
23.  dx = sin −1 x + C 24.  dx = − cos −1 x + C
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1 −1 −1
25.  dx = tan −1 x + C1 = − cot −1 x + C 2 26.  2 dx = sec x + C1 = − cos ec x + C 2
1+ x 2
x x −1
27.  ( f (x )  g (x )) dx =  f (x ) dx   g (x ) dx 28.  a. f (x ) dx = a  f (x ) dx
29. For  sin x dx and  cos x dx , use:
n n

(i) cos 2 x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x (ii) cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1

(iii) sin 3 x = 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x (iv) cos 3 x = 4 cos 3 x − 3 cos x
30. For  sin Ax cos Bx dx ,  cos Ax cos Bx dx and  sin Ax sin Bx dx use:
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )
31. 
For sin m x cos n x dx use:
(i) If m, n  N , m is odd, substitute z = cos x
(ii) If m, n  N , n is odd, substitute z = sin x
(iii) If m, n  N , both are odd, substitute z = sin x if m  n ; and z = cos x if n  m
(iv) If m, n  N , both are even, then express sin m x and cos n x in terms of sines and cosines of multiples of x.
 g (x )
32.
 f ( x ) dx =  f ( g (t ))g (t ) dt, where g (t ) = x 33.  g (x ) dx = log g (x ) + C
(g (x )) n +1
 (g (x )) g (x ) dx = + C , n  −1  tan x dx = log sec x + C = − log cos x + C
34. n 35.
n+1
x
36.  cos ecx dx = log cos ecx − cot x + C = log tan 2 +C 37.  cot x dx = log sin x + C
 x 
38.  sec x dx = log sec x + tan x + C = log tan  +  + C
 4 2

dx dz dz dz
39. For  ax 2 + bx + c
A2 − z 2
= or 
z 2 − A2 z 2 + A2
or 

dz 1 z−A dz 1 A+ z dz 1 z
 z 2 − A2 2 A z + A + C;
= log  A2 − z 2 2 A A − z + C;
= log  z 2 + A2 = tan − 1 + C.
A A

dx dz dz dz
40. For  = or  or 
ax 2 + bx + c A2 − z 2 z 2 − A2 A2 + z 2
dz z dz
 = sin −1 + C ;  = log z + z 2  A 2 + C .
A2 − z 2 A z 2  A2

41. For  ax 2 + bx + c dx =  A 2 − z 2 dz or  z 2 − A 2 dz or  z 2 + A 2 dz

z A2 − z 2 A2 z z z 2  A2 A2
 A − z dz =
2 2
+ sin −1 + C ;  z 2  A 2 dz =  log z + z 2  A 2 + C .
2 2 A 2 2

px + q
 d
 ax 2 + bx + c( )  1 
42.  dx = A  dx  dx + B    dx for some A& B .
 ax 2 + bx + c   
ax 2 + bx + c    ax + bx + c 
2
 
43.  ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx = A (2ax + b ) ax 2 + bx + c dx + B  ax 2 + bx + c dx for some A& B .
1 1
2 tan x 1 − tan 2 x
dx 2 and then tan 1 x = z
 a sin x + b cos x + c , substitute sin x =
44. 2 and cos x =
1 1 2
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
2 2
Integration by Parts
 du 
45.
 uvdx = u  vdx −   dx  vdx dx For choice of first function order is determined by word ILATE*

  f (x ) + f ' (x )e dx = f (x )e x + C
x
46.

*In word ILATE, letters I, L, A, T and E stands respectively for Inverse trigonometric function, Logarithmic function,
Algebraic function, Trigonometric function and Exponential function.
47. Integration by Partial Fractions:
S.No. Form of rational function Form of partial fraction
px + q A B
ab +
(i)
(x − a )(x − b ) (x − a ) (x − b )
px + q A B
+
(ii)
(x − a )2 (x − a ) (x − a )2
px 2 + qx + r A B C
+ +
(iii)
(x − a )(x − b)(x − c ) (x − a ) (x − b ) (x − c )
px 2 + qx + r A B C
+ +
(iv)
(x − a )2 (x − b ) (x − a ) (x − a ) (x − b )
2

px 2 + qx + r
Bx + C
(v)
(x − a )(x 2 + bx + c ) A
+ 2
(
(x − a ) x + bx + c )
where x 2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further .
b

48.  f (x ) dx = lim h f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ...... + f (a + (n − 1)h)

a
h →0

b−a
or = (b − a ) lim
1
n → n
 f (a ) + f (a + h ) + f (a + 2h ) + ...... + f (a + (n − 1)h ) where h = .
n

49. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n − 1) =  (n − 1) =
(n − 1)n
2
12 + 2 2 + 32 + ... + (n − 1) =  (n − 1) =
2 2 (n − 1)n(2n − 1)
50.
6

51. a + ar + ar 2 + ...+ | ar n−1 =


a r −1n
 (r  1)
r −1
 (n − 1)n 
2

52. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n − 1) =  (n − 1) = 
3 3 3 3 3

 2 
b b a
53.  f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C   f ( x ) dx = F (b ) − F (a ) 54.  f (x ) dx = − f (x ) dx, ab
a a b
b c b b b
55.  f (x ) dx =  f (x ) dx +  f (x ) dx, acb 56.  f (x ) dx =  f (a + b − x ) dx
a a c a a
a a 2a a a
57.  f ( x ) dx =  f (a − x ) dx 58.  f ( x ) dx =  f (x ) dx +  f (2a − x ) dx
0 0 0 0 0
 a
2 f ( x ) dx if f ( x ) is an even function , ie, f (− x ) = f ( x )
a
59.  f (x ) dx =  0
−a 0 f ( x ) is an odd function , ie, f (− x ) = − f ( x ).
 if
 a
2 f ( x ) dx if f (2 a − x ) = f ( x )
2a
60.  f ( x ) dx =  
0 0 0 f (2 a − x ) = − f ( x )
 if