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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic : Idefinite & Definite Integration
Available Online : [Link]

Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (Ex. 1 + 5 = 6)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
6. 39 Yrs. Que. from IIT-JEE(Advanced)
7. 15 Yrs. Que. from AIEEE (JEE Main)

Student’s Name :______________________

Class :______________________
Roll No. :______________________

Address : Plot No. 27, III- Floor, Near Patidar Studio,

Above Bond Classes, Zone-2, M.P. NAGAR, Bhopal
: 0 903 903 7779, 98930 58881, WhatsApp 9009 260 559
[Link] [Link]
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Indefinite Integration
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1. If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,

d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration.

page 2 of 89
2. Standard Formula:
ax  bn 1 dx 1
(i)  (ax + b) n
dx =
a  n  1
+ c, n  1 (ii)  = ln (ax + b) + c
ax  b a
1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii)  eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv)  apx+q dx =
p n a
+ c; a > 0

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1 1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx =  cos (ax + b) + c
a
(vi)  cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + c
a
1 1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx = ln sec (ax + b) + c
a
(viii)  cot(ax + b) dx = ln sin(ax + b)+ c
a
1 1
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c (x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx =  cot(ax + b)+ c
a
1
(xi)  sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx = sec (ax + b) + c
a
1
(xii)  cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx =  cosec (ax + b) + c
a
  x
(xiii)  secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c OR ln tan    + c
 4 2
x
(xiv)  cosec x dx = ln (cosecx  cotx) + c OR ln tan
2
+ c OR  ln (cosecx + cotx) + c

dx x dx 1 x
(xv)  = sin1 +c (xvi)  2 2
= tan1 + c
a
a2  x2 a a x a
dx 1 x dx x
(xvii)  2
x x a 2
= sec1
a a
+c (xviii) 
2
x a 2
2
= ln x  x  a
2
 OR sinh1 
a
+c

dx x
(xix)  2
x a 2 
= ln x  x  a
2 2
OR cosh1
a
+c

dx 1 ax dx 1 xa
(xx)  2
a x 2 =
2a
ln ax + c (xxi)  2
x a 2 =
2a
ln xa + c

x a2 x
(xxii)  2
a x 2
dx =
2
2
a x 2
+
2
sin1
a
+c

 x  x2  a2 
x a2  
(xxiii)  2
x  a dx = 2

2
2
x a 2
+
2
n 

a + c

 x  x2  a 2 
x a2  
(xxiv)  2
2
x a 2
2

x  a dx =
2
2
n 

a  +c

ax
e
(xxv)  eax. sin bx dx = 2 (a sin bx  b cos bx) + c
a  b2
e ax
(xxvi)  e cos bx dx = 2
ax.
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a  b2
3. Theorems on integration
(i)  c f (x).dx = c  f ( x).dx (ii)  (f ( x)  g( x)) dx =  f (x)dx  g(x) dx
g(ax  b)
(iii)  f (x)dx  g( x)  c   f (ax  b)dx = a + c
Note : (i) every contineous function is integrable
(ii) the integral of a function reffered only by a constant.
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 f (x).dx
= g(x) + c
= h(x) + c
g(x) = f(x) & h(x) = f(x)
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g(x) – h(x) = 0
means, g(x) – h(x) = c
5
Example : Evaluate :  4x dx

page 3 of 89
5 4 6 2 6
Solution.  4x dx =
6
x +C=
3
x + C.

 3 7 2 
 5x 2  4 
Example : Evaluate :   x x
  dx
x
 3 7 2 
 5x 2  4 

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Solution.   x x
  dx
x
3 2 7 2
= x dx +  5x dx –  4dx +  x dx +  x dx
3 2 1 1 / 2
= x dx + 5 . x dx – 4 .  1 . dx + 7 .  dx + 2 .  x
x
dx

x4 x3  x 1/ 2 
= +5. – 4x + 7 log | x | + 2  1/ 2  + C
4 3  
4 5
x
= + x 3 – 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 x + C
4 3
Example : Evaluate : e x log a  e a log x  e a log a dx

Solution. We have,
x log a
e  e a log x  e a log a dx
log a x a a x
 x a  a a ) dx
= e  e log x  elog a dx =  (a
x ax x a 1
= a dx +  x a dx +  a a dx = + + aa . x + C.
log a a1
2x  3x
Example : Evaluate :  5x
dx

2x  3x
Solution.  5x
dx

 2x 3 x    2 x  3 x  ( 2 / 5) x (3 / 5 ) x
 
=  

 5 x 5 x  dx

=         dx =
  5   5   loge 2 / 5
+
loge 3 / 5
+C

3
Example: Evaluate :  sin x cos3 x dx
1
Solution. = (2 sin x cos x )3 dx

8
1 1 3 sin 2x  sin 6 x
sin 3 2x dx 
=
8  =
8 4
dx

1 1  3 1 
= 
(3 sin 2 x  sin 6x ) dx =  cos 2x  6 cos 6 x + C
32 32  2 

x4
Example : Evaluate : x 2
1
dx

x4
Solution. x 2
1
dx

x 4  1 1 x4  1 1 1 x3
 ( x 2  1) dx + x
=  x2  1
dx = x 2
1
+
x2  1
dx = 2
1
dx =
3
– x + tan–1 x + C

1
Example: Evaluate :  4  9x 2 dx
1
Solution. We have  4  9x 2

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1 1
=
9  4x 2
dx
9
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1 1 1 1  x  1  3x 
=
9  ( 2 / 3) 2
x 2 dx = .
9 ( 2 / 3)
tan–1   +C=
 2/3  6
tan–1   + C
 2 
Example :  cos x cos 2x dx

page 4 of 89
Solution.  cos x cos 2x dx
1
2 
= 2 cos x cos 2x dx

1 1  sin 3 x  sin x 
(cos 3x  cos x) dx
=  = 
2  3 1 
 +c

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2
Self Practice Problems
2
1. Evaluate :  tan x dx Ans. tanx – x + C
1
2. Evaluate :  1 sin x dx Ans. tanx – sec x + C
4. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute x = (t) in a integral then
(i) everywhere x will be replaced in terms of t. (ii) dx also gets converted in terms of dt.
(iii) (t) should be able to take all possible value that x can take.
3
Example : Evaluate : x sin x 4 dx
Solution. We have
3
= x sin x 4 dx
1
Let x 4 = t  d(x 4) = dt  4x 3 dx = dt  dx = dt
4x 3
( n x ) 2
Example :  x
dx

( n x ) 2
Solution.  x
dx
1
Put nx = t  dx = dt
x
2  dx  2
= t . 
 x 
=  t dt
t3 ( n x ) 3
= +c = +c
3 3
2
Example : 
Evaluate (1  sin x) cos x dx
Solution. Put sinx = t
cosx dx = dt
t3 sin3 x
(1  t 2 ) dt = t +
 3
+c = sin x +
3
+c
x
Example : Evaluate :
x 4  x2  1 
dx
Solution. We have,
x x
= 
4 2
x  x 1
dx =
(x )  x 2  1
2 2 dx 
dt
Let x 2 = t, then, d (x 2) = dt  2x dx = dt  dx =
2x
x dt 1 1 1 1
=  2
t  t 1
.
2x
=
2  2
t  t 1
dt =
2  2
 3
2
dt
 1
 t     

 2  2 
 
t 1
1 1  2 +C
= . tan–1
2 3  3 
 
2  2 

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1  2t  1  1  2x 2  1 
 
= tan–1   +C=
 tan–1  + C.
3  3  3  3 
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( f ( x))n 1 f  ( x) ( f ( x))1n
Note: (i)  [ f(x)] n f  (x) dx =
n1
(ii)   f ( x ) n
dx =
1 n
dx

page 5 of 89
(iii)  x (x n 1)
nN Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t.

dx
(iv)  ( n 1) n  N, take x n common & put 1+x n = t n
2
x x 1  n
 n

dx
 take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t.

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(v)
n 1/ n
Self Practice Problems
n
x 1 x  
sec 2 x
1.  dx Ans. n |1 + tan x| + C
1  tan x
sin(nx )
2.  dx Ans. – cos (n x) + C
x

5. Integration by Part :
 d 
 f ( x) g(x) dx  g(x) dx –   dx f (x)  g(x) dx  dx
= f(x)

(i) when you find integral  g( x) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.

(ii)  g( x) dx should be taken as same both terms.

(iii) the choice of f(x) and g(x) is decided by ILATE rule.
the function will come later is taken an integral function.
  Inverse function
L  Logrithimic function
A  Algeberic function
T  Trigonometric function
E  Exponential function
1
Example : Evaluate :  x tan x dx
1
Solution.  x tan x dx

x2 1 x2
= (tan–1 x)
2
–
1 x 2 .
2
dx 
x2 1 x 2  1 1 x2 1 1
=
2
tan–1 x –
2 2
x 1
dx =
2 
tan–1 x –
2 1 x 2
1
dx
2
x 1
= tan–1 x – [x – tan–1 x] + C.
2 2
Example : Evaluate :  x log(1  x) dx
Solution.  x log(1  x) dx
x2 1 x2
= log (x + 1) .
2
–
x 1
.
2
dx 
x2 1 x2 x2 1 x2  1 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 x 1
dx =
2
log (x + 1) – 
2  x 1
dx

x2 1 x2  1 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 x 1
+
x 1
dx 
x2 1   ( x  1)  1  dx 
=
2
log (x + 1) – 
2   x  1 
 
2
x2 1  x  x  log | x  1 |
= log (x + 1) –   +C
2 2  2 

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2x
Example : Evaluate : sin 3 x dx
e
2x
Solution. Let  = e sin 3 x dx. Then,
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2x
= e sin 3 x dx

 cos 3 x   cos 3 x  1 2x 2
  = e2x    – 2e 2 x  
  dx  =– e cos 3x + e 2 x cos 3x dx


page 6 of 89
 3   3  3 3
1 2  2 x sin 3 x sin 3 x 
 =– e2x cos 3x + e  2e 2 x  dx 
3 3  3 3 
1 2 4
 =– e2x cos 3x + e2x sin 3x – e 2 x sin 3 x dx

3 9 9
1 2 4 4 e 2x

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 =– e2x cos 3x + e2x sin 3x –   + = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x)
3 9 9 9 9
13 e2x e2x
 = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x)  = (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x) + C
9 9 13
Note : (i)  ex [f(x) + f  (x)] dx = ex. f(x) + c (ii)  [f(x) + xf  (x)] dx = x f(x) + c
x x
Example : e ( x  1)2
dx

x  1 1  1 1  ex
 ex  ex   dx
Solution.
( x  1)2
dx   ( x  1)  ( x  1)2  =
( x  1)
+c
 
x  1  sin x 
Example : e   dx
 1  cos x 
 x x
 1  2 sin cos 
2 2
Solution. ex  

 2 x  dx
 2 sin 
 2 
1 x x
 e x  cos ec 2  cot  dx
 = – ex cot +c
 2 2  2
 1 
Example : n (nx )    dx
 (  nx )2 
Solution. put x = et
1 1 1 1  1
 e t  nt   dt   e
t 
 nt    2  dt = et  nt   + c
 t2   t t t   t
 1 
 x n (nx )  +c
 nx 
Self Practice Problems
1.  x sin x dx Ans. – x cosx + sin x + C
2 x
2.  x e dx Ans. x 2 ex – 2xex + 2ex + C
6. Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by using Partial Fractions:
PARTIAL FRACTIONS :
f( x)
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then g( x ) defines a rational algebraic function of a rational function of x.
f( x)
If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then g( x ) is called a proper rational function.
f( x)
If degree of f(x)  degree of g(x) then g( x ) is called an improper rational function
f( x) f( x)
If g( x ) is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function g( x ) is expressed in the
( x )
form (x) + where (x) and (x) are polynomials such that the degree of (x) is less than that of g(x).
g( x )
f( x)
Thus, g( x ) is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational function.

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f( x)
Any proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a simple
g( x )
factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtained them is called the
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f( x)
resolutions or decomposition of into partial fractions.
g( x )
f( x)
The resolution of into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as

page 7 of 89
g( x )
discussed below.
CASE I When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors.
Let g(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) .....(x – an ). Then, we assume that
f( x) A1 A2 An
= + + ..... +
g( x ) x  a1 x  a2 x  an
where A1, A2, ...... An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the

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numerator on L.H.S. and then substituting x = a 1, a2, ........,an .
3x  2
Example : Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x  6 x 2  11x  6
3x  2 3x  2
Solution. We have, 3 2 =
x  6 x  11x  6 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
3x  2 A B B
Let = + + . Then,
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x 1 x2 x3
3x  2 A( x  2)( x  3)  B( x  1)( x  3 )  C( x  1)( x  2)
 =
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
 3x + 2 = A(x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 1) (x – 3) + C(x – 1) (x – 2) ...........(i)
Putting x – 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get
5
5 = A(1 – 2) (1 – 3)  A = ,
2
Putting x – 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i), we obtain
8 = B (2 – 1) (2 – 3)  B = –8.
Putting x – 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (i), we obtain
11
11 = C (3 – 1) (3 – 2)  C = .
2
3x  2 3x  2 5 8 11
 3 2 = = – +
x  6 x  11x  6 ( x  1)( x  2 )( x  3 ) 2( x  1) x2 2( x  3)
Note : In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction corresponding to the non-
repeated linear factor px + q in the denominator of a rational expression, we may proceed as follows :
q
Replace x = – (obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression except in the
p
factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is obtained by replacing x by 1 in
3x  2
all factors of except (x – 1) i.e.
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
3  1 2 5
A= =
(1  2)(1  3 ) 2
Similarly, we have
3 2 1 33  2 11
B= = –8 and, C = =
(1  2)(2  3) (3  1)(3  2) 2
3 2
x  6 x  10 x  2
Example : Resolve into partial fractions.
x 2  5x  6
Solution. Here the given function is an improper rational function. On dividing we get
x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 (  x  4)
2 =x–1+ 2 ...........(i)
x  5x  6 ( x  5 x  6)
x  4 x  4
we have, 2 =
x  5x  6 ( x  2)( x  3)
x  4 A B
So, let = + – x + 4 = A(x – 3) + B(x – 2) ...........(ii)
( x  2)( x  3) x2 x3
Putting x – 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (ii), we get
1 = B(1)  B = 1.
Putting x – 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (ii), we get
2 = A (2 – 3)  A = – 2
x  4 2 1 x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 2 2
 = + Hence =x–1– +
( x  2)( x  3) x2 x3 x 2  5x  6 x2 x3
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CASE II When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors such that some of
them are repeating.
1 1
Example g( x ) = k this can be expressed as
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( x  a) ( x  a1 )( x  a 2 ).......( x  ar )
A1 A2 A3 Ak B1 B2 Br
+ 2 + 3 + ....+ k +
( x  a1 )
+ (x  a2 )
+ ...... + (x  ar )
xa ( x  a) ( x  a) ( x  a)
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants are determined

page 8 of 89
by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by
The following example illustrate the procedure.
3x  2 (3 x  2)dx
Example : Resolve 2
( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2)
into partial fractions, and evaluate ( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  2)
3x  2 A1 A2 A3 A4
Solution. Let = + 2 + +
( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  2)

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x 1 ( x  1 ) x 1 x2
 3x – 2 = A1 (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A 2 (x + 1) (x + 2)
+ A3 (x – 1)2 (x + 2) + A4 (x – 1)2 (x + 1) .......(i)
Putting x – 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
1
1 = A2 (1 + 1) (1 + 2)  A2 =
6
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = –1 in (i) we get
5
– 5 = A3 (–2)2 (–1 + 2)  A3 = –
4
Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = –2 in (i) we get
8
– 8 = A4 (–3)2 (–1)  A4 =
9
Now equating coefficient of x 3 on both sides, we get 0 = A1 + A3 + A4
5 8 13
 A1 = –A3 – A4 = – =
4 9 36
3x  2 13 1 5 8
 2 = + 2 – +
( x  1) ( x  1)( x  2) 36( x  1) 6( x  1) 4( x  1) 9( x  2)
(3 x  2)dx
and hence 
( x  1)2 ( x  1)( x  2)
13 1 5 8
= n |x – 1| – – n |x + 1| + n |x + 2| + c
36 6( x  1) 4 9
CASE III When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding to
Ax  B
each quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c, we assume partial fraction of the type 2 , where A and B are
ax  bx  c
constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of both sides.
A(2ax  b) B
In practice it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type 2 + 2
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
The following example illustrates the procedure
2x  1 2x  1
Example : Resolve 2
( x  1)( x  2)
into partial fractions and evaluate ( x  1)( x 2  2)
dx

2x  1 A Bx  C
Solution. Let 2 = + 2 . Then,
( x  1)( x  2) x 1 x 2
2x  1 A( x 2  2)  (Bx  C)( x  1)
=
( x  1)( x 2  2) ( x  1)( x 2  2)
 2x – 1 = A (x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(i)
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = –1 in (i), we get – 3 = A(3)  A = –1.
Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get
A + B = 0, C + 2A = –1 and C + B = 2
 –1 + B = 0, C – 2 = –1 (Putting A = –1)
2x  1 1 x 1
 B = 1, C = 1  =– + 2
( x  1)( x 2  2) x 1 x 2
2x  1 1 1 x
Hence  2
( x  1)( x  2)
dx = – n |x + 1| +
2
n |x 2 + 1| +
2
tan–1
2
+c
CASE IV When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions of the
 A (2ax  b) A2 
 A 0 (2ax  b) A  1
form  2  2 1  +  2  
 ax  bx  c ax  bx  c  
 ax  bx  c
2
  
2
ax 2  bx  c 

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 A 
2k 1( 2ax  b) A 2k
+ .......+   k
 ax 2  bx  c  k
 
ax 2  bx  c  
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The following example illustrates the procedure.

2x  3
Example: Resolve into partial fractions.
( x  1)( x 2  1)2

page 9 of 89
2x  3 A Bx  C Dx  E
Solution. Let 2 2 = + 2 + . Then,
( x  1)( x  1) x 1 x 1 ( x 2  1)2
2 2 2
2x – 3 = A(x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1) (x + 1) + (Dx + E) (x – 1) ......(i)
1
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get – 1 = A (1 + 1) 2  A = –
4
Equation coefficients of like powers of x, we have
A + B = 0, C – B = 0, 2A + B – C + D = 0, C + E – B – D = 2 and A – C – E = –3.

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1
Putting A = – and solving these equations, we get
4
1 1 5
B= = C, D = and E =
4 2 2
2x  3 1 x 1 x5
 2 2 = + 2 +
( x  1)( x  1) 4( x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x 2  1)2
2x
Example : Resolve 3 into partial fractions.
x 1
2x 2x
Solution. We have, 3 =
x 1 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
2x A Bx  C
So, let 2 = + 2 . Then,
( x  1)( x  x  1) x 1 x  x 1
2x = A (x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1) .......(i)
2
Putting x – 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = 3 A  A =
3
2
Putting x = 0 in (i), we get A – C = 0  C = A =
3
Putting x = – 1 in (i), we get –2 = A + 2B – 2 C.
2 4 2
 –2= + 2B – B=–
3 3 3
2x 2 1 2 / 3 x  2 / 3 2x 2 1 2 1 x
 3 = . + 2 or,, 3 = + 2
x 1 3 x 1 x  x 1 x 1 3 x 1 3 x  x 1
Self Practice Problems
1 x2
1. (i) 
( x  2)( x  3)
dx Ans. n
x3
+C

dx 1 1 1
(ii) 
( x  1)( x 2  1)
Ans.
2
n |x + 1| –
4
n (x 2 + 1) +
2
tan–1 (x) + C

dx dx
7. Integration of type ax 2 bx c
,  ax 2 bx c
 , ax 2 bx c dx

Express ax 2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.

Example : Evaluate :  x 2  2x  5 dx
Solution. We have,

 x 2  2x  5 =  x 2  2x  1  4 dx
1 1
= (x + 1) ( x  1)2  22 + . (2)2 log |(x + 1) + ( x  1)2  2 2 | + C
2 2
1
= (x + 1) x 2  2x  5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + x 2  2x  5 | + C
2
1
Example : Evaluate : x 2
 x 1
dx

1 1 1
Solution. x 2
 x 1
dx =  1 1
dx =  ( x  1/ 2) 2
3/4
dx
x2  x    1
4 4
1 1  x  1/ 2 
=  ( x  1/ 2)  
2
3 /2 
2 dx =
3 /2
tan–1 
 3 /2 
 +C

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2  2x  1 
= tan–1   + C.

3  3 
1
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Example : Evaluate : 
9  8x  x 2
dx

1
Solution.  dx

page 10 of 89
9  8x  x 2
1 1
=  2
 { x  8 x  9}
dx =  2
 { x  8 x  16  25}
dx

1 1 x4
=   {(x  4) 2 2
5 }
dx =  5  ( x  4) 2
2 dx = sin–1   +C
 5 
Self Practice Problems

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1 1 2x  1
1. 2
2x  x  1 
dx Ans.
3
n
2x  2
+C

1 1  3 2 3
2. 2 
2x  3 x  2
dx Ans.
2
log  x  4   x  2 x  1 + C
 
8. Integration of type
px q px q
 ax 2
bx c
ax bx c
dx,  2
dx,  (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx

Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) + B.

2x  3
Example : Evaluate : 2
x  4x  1
dx 
2x  3
Solution.
x 2  4x  1

dx

( 2x  4)  1 2x  4 1
=
x 2  4x  1
dx =
x 2  4x  1
dx –   x 2  4x  1
dx

dt 1
= –  
dx, where t = x 2 + 4x + 1
t ( x  2 )2  3
2
 
=2 t – log | (x + 2) + x2  4x  1 | + C
= 2 x 2  4 x  1 – log | x + 2 + x 2  4x  1 | + C
Example : Evaluate :  ( x  5) x 2  x dx
d
Solution. Let (x – 5) =  . (x 2 + x) + . Then,
dx
x – 5 = (2x + 1) + .
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
1 11
1 = 2 and  +  = – 5   = and  = –
2 2
2
 (x  5) x  x dx
1 11 
=   (2x  1)   x 2  x dx
2 2
1 11
=  2 (2x  1) x 2  x dx –  x 2  x dx
2
1 11
x 2  x dx
2 
(2x  1) x 2  x dx –
=
2 
2 2
1 11  1  1
=
2  t dt –
2  x    
 2 2
dx where t = x 2 + x

 2 2
1 t3 / 2 11  1  x  1   x  1    1  
= . –  2 2 
2 3/2 2  2  2 


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2
 2 2 
1  1  x  1    x  1    1  
– .   log  
2 2 2  2   2   + C
 
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1 3/2 11  2x  1 x 2  x  1 n  x  1   x 2  x 
= t –   +C
3 2  4 8  2 

page 11 of 89
1 2 11  2x  1 x 2  x  1 n  x  1   x 2  x 
(x + x)3/2 – =  +C
3 2  4 8  2 
Self Practice Problems
x 1 1 1  2x  1 
1. x 2 dx Ans. log |x 2 + x + 3| + tan–1   + C
x3 2 11  11 
6x  5

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2.  3x 2  5x  1
dx Ans. 2 3x 2  5x  1 + C

3.  (x  1) 1  x  x 2 dx
1 2 3 9
Ans. (x + x + 1)3/2 – (2x + 1) 2
3 8 1  x  x 2 – 16 log (2x +1 + 2 x  x  1 ) + C
9. Integration of trigonometric functions
dx dx dx
(i)  a  b sin x 2
OR
a  b cos x 2 OR  asin x  bsinx cos x  c cos 2 x
2

Multiply Nr & Dr by sec² x & put tan x = t.

dx dx dx
(ii)  a  b sinx
OR
a  b cosx
OR  a  b sinx  c cos x 
Hint: Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then,
x
put tan = t
2
[Link] x [Link] c d
(iii)  .cos x [Link] n
dx. Express Nr  A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed.

1
Example : Evaluate :  1  sin x  cos x dx
1
Solution. =  1  sin x  cos x dx
1
=
 2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2 dx
1 
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1  tan 2 x / 2 sec 2 x / 2
=  1  tan 2
x / 2  2 tan x / 2  1  tan x / 2 2 dx =  2  2 tan x / 2
dx

x 1 x
Putting tan = t and sec2 dx = dt, we get
2 2 2
1 x
=  dt = log | t + 1| + C = log tan  1 + C
t 1 2
3 sin x  2 cos x
Example : Evaluate :  3 cos x  2 sin x dx
3 sin x  2 cos x
Solution. =  3 cos x  2 sin x dx
d
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = . (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) +  (3 cos x + 2 sin x)
dx
 3 sin x + 2 cos x =  (–3 sin x + 2 cos x) +  (3 cos x + 2 sin x )
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
12 5
– 3 + 2 = 3 and 2 + 3 = 2  = and  = –
13 13
(3 sin x  2 cos x )  (3 cos x  2 sin x )
 =  3 cos x  2 sin x
dx
3 sin x  2 cos x
=  1 . dx +  
3 cos x  2 sin x
dx

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dt
=x+
t 
, where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x
5 12
=  x +  n | t | + C = n | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
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x+
13 13
3 cos x  2
Example : Evaluate : 
sin x  2 cos x  3
dx

page 12 of 89
3 cos x  2
Solution. We have, =
sin x  2 cos x  3 dx
Let 3 cos x + 2 =  (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) +  (cos x – 2 sin x) + 
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get
 – 2 = 0, 2 +  = 3, 3 +  = 2
6 3 8
 = , and  = –
5 5 5

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(sin x  2 cos x  3 )  (cos x  2 sin x)  
 =  sin x  2 cos x  3
dx
cos x  2 sin x 1
  =  dx    
sin x  2 cos x  3
dx + 
sin x  2 cos x  3 
dx
 =  x +  log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | +  1, where
I

1
1 = 
sin x  2 cos x  3
dx

2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Putting, sin x = 2 , cos x = we get
1  tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1
1 = 
2 tan x / 2 2(1  tan 2 x / 2)
dx
  3
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1  tan2 x / 2
=  2 tan x / 2  2  2 tan 2
x / 2  3(1  tan2 x / 2)
dx

sec 2 x / 2
=  tan 2
x / 2  2 tan x / 2  5
dx

x 1 x x
Putting tan = t and sec2 = dt or sec2 dx = 2 dt, we get
2 2 2 2
2dt
1 = 
t 2  2t  5
 x 
2 dt  t  1  tan  1 
2
=2 
( t  1)2  22
=
2
tan–1 
 2 
 = tan–1 
 2


 
 
 x 
 tan  1 
2
Hence,  = x +  log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | +  tan–1   +C
 2 
 
 
6 3 8
where  = ,  = and  = –
5 5 5
dx
Example :  1  3 cos x 2

2
sec x dx 1  tan x 
Solution.
tan x  4
=  2 =
2
tan–1 
 2 
 +C

Self Practice Problems

4 sin x  5 cos x 40 9
1.  5 sin x  4 cos x dx Ans.
41
x+
41
log |5sinx + 4cosx| + C

m
1 0 . Integration of type  sin x. cos n x dx
Case -  If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles.
Case - If at least m or n is odd natural number then if m is odd put cosx = t and vice-versa.
Case - When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t.
5
Example:  sin x cos 4 x dx
Solution. put cos x = t  – sinx dx = dt
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2 2 4
=–  (1  t ) . t 4 . dt =–  (t  2t 2  1) t 4 dt
8 6
= –  (t  2t  t 4 ) dt
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t9 2t 7 t5
=– + – +c
9 7 5
cos9 x cos7 x cos5 x

page 13 of 89
=– +2 – +c Ans.
9 7 5
1/ 3 7 / 3
Example :  (sin x) (cos x) dx
1/ 3 7 / 3
Solution.  (sin x) (cos x) dx
1 1/ 3
=  (tan x ) dx

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
2
cos x
put tanx = t  sec2x dx = dt
1/ 3 3 4/3
= t dt =
4
t +c
3
= (tanx)4/3 + c Ans.
4
2 4
Example :  sin x cos x dx
1 2
8 
Solution. sin 2x(1  cos 2x )dx

1 2 1 2
=
8  sin 2x dx +
8  sin 2x cos 2x dx

1 1  sin3 2 x 
 
=
16  (1  cos 4 x ) dx 
16  3 
 
1 sin 4x sin3 2x
= – + +c
16 64 48
x2  1
1 1 . Integration of type: x 4  Kx 2  1  dx where K is any constant.

1
Divide Nr & Dr by x² & put x  = t.
x
1 x2
Example :  1 x2  x 4
dx

 1 
1  2  dx
 x  1 dt
Solution.  2 1
x  2 1
x+
x
=t  –  2
t 1
x
1 t 1
– n +C
2 t 1
1
x  1
1 x
– n 1 +C
2 x  1
x
1
Example : Evaluate : x 4
1
dx
Solution. We have,
1
= 
4
x 1
dx
1 2
x 2 1 x2
 = x 2

1
dx  =
2 x 2

1
dx

x2 x2

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1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 1
2
1 x x 1 x 1 x2
 =
2
x 2

1
x2  2

1 dx  =
2 x 2 1 dx – 2 x 2 1 dx
 2  2
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x2 x x x
1 1
1 2 1
1 x x2 1
 =  2 dx –
2 dx 

page 14 of 89
2  1  1 2
x    2
x    2
 x  x
1 1
Putting x – = u in 1st integral and x + =  in 2nd integral, we get
x x
1 du 1 d
= 2
2 u  2
 2 –
2  
2  2
2   

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
1  u  1  2
= tan–1   – 1 log +C
2 2  2 2 2 2  2
 x  1/ x 
1 1 x  1/ x  2
tan–1 
=  – log +C
2 2  2  4 2 x  1/ x  2
1  x 2  1 1 x2  2 x  1
–1  
= tan   – 4 2 log x 2  x 2  1 + C
2 2  2x
Self Practice Problem :
1
x 3
2
x 1 1 x
1. 
x 4  7x 2  1
dx Ans.
6
 n 1
x 3
+C
x
1  y  1 y 2 1
2.  tan x dx Ans. tan–1   + n + C where y = tan x –
2  2 2 2 y 2 tan x
1 2 . Integration of type
dx dx
 b) px  q
OR  ax 2

bx  c px q
; put px + q = t 2.
a
x
(

1
Example: Evaluate :  ( x  3) x 1
dx
1
Solution. Let  =  ( x  3)
x 1
dx
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t 2 i.e. x + 1 = t 2 and dx = 2t dt
1 2t
 = 2 
( t  1  3) t 2
dt

dt 1 t2 1 x 1 2
 =2 t 2
2 2 =2.
2(2)
log
t2
+C  =
2
log
x 1  2
+ C.

x2
Example : Evaluate :  (x 2
 3 x  3) x  1
dx

x2
Solution. Let  =  ( x 2  3 x  3) x  1
dx

( t 2  1) 2t dt
2
Putting x + 1 = t , and dx = 2t dt, we get  =  {(t 2
 1)2  3( t 2  1)  3} t 2
1
2
1
( t  1) t2
 =2 t 4 2
 t 1
dt = 2 t 2

1
1
dt
2
t
 1
du  u   t  t 
1 2 2
 =2  u   3
2 2 where t –
t
= u.  =
3
tan–1 

 3
 +C=

3
tan–1 
 3  +C

 
2  t 2  1 2  x 
–1   –1   +C
 = tan  t 3  + C = 3 tan
3    3 ( x  1) 
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1 3 . Integration of type
1 dx 1
dx 
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, put ax + b = ; , put x =
 t
2
 b) px 2 q t

a
x
(
b) px 2 qx r
a
x
(
dx
Example : 

page 15 of 89
1 x2  x  1
x
(

)
 dt  dt
Solution =   1  1  1
2 =  1 1
t 2     1  t  1
t t  t t2 t
 dt  dt
=  2 = 

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
t  t 1  1 3
t   
 2  4
 2 
 1  1 3
= – n  t    t    +C
 2  2 4 
 
dx
Example :  (1  x 2
) 1 x2
1 dt
Solution. Put x =
t
 =  (t 2
 1) t 2  1
2 2
put t –1=y
y dy 1  y 
 =–  (y 2
 2) y
=–
2
tan–1 
 2
 + C

 1 x2 
1 –1
 
tan =–   +C
2  2x 
Self Practice Problems :
dx
1. 
( x  2) x  1
Ans. 2 tan–1  x  1 + C
dx  x 1
2.  2
( x  5x  6) x  1
Ans. 2 tan–1  x  1 2 tan –1 



2 
+C

3 
dx   1 
3.  ( x  1) 1  x  x 2
Ans. sin–1 
 2 x 1
5 
+C
 
 2 
dx  2 


1  1 x 
4. Ans. – tan–1  2  + C
(2x 2  1) 1  x 2 3  3 x 
dx  x 2  2x  4  6 ( x  1) 
1  
5.  ( x 2  2x  2) x 2  2x  4
Ans. –
2 6
n  2  +C
 x  2x  4  6 ( x  1) 
1 4 . Integration of type
x α
 dx or  x α β x  ; put x =  cos2  +  sin 2 
β x
x α
 dx or  x α x β  ; put x =  sec2   tan 2 
x β
dx
put x  = t2 or x  = t2.
 x α x β 
;

n n n
1 5 . Reduction formula of  tann x dx ,  cot x dx ,  sec x dx ,  cos ec x dx
n 2 n 2 2
1. n =  tan x dx =  tan x tan x dx =  (sec x  1) tann – 2x dx

2 n2 tann1 x
  sec x tan + dx – 
n =   =
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should"nwith
–
n–2
 1 "I Will". Ineffective People don't. n n–2
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n 2
2. n =  cot x dx =  cot . cot n2 x dx =  (cos ec
2
x  1) cot n2 x dx

cot n1 x
 n =  cos ec 2 x cot n 2 x dx – n – 2  n = – – n – 2
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n 1
n 2
3. n =  sec x dx =  sec x sec n2 x dx

page 16 of 89
 
n = tanx secn – 2x – (tan x)(n  2) secn – 3 x. secx tanx dx.
 n = tanx secn – 2 x dx – (n – 2) (sec 2 x – 1) secn – 2x dx
 (n – 1) n = tanx secn – 2x + (n – 2) n – 2
tan x sec n2 x n2
n = + 
n 1 n 1 n – 2
n 2
4. n =  cos ec dx =  cos ec x cosecn – 2 x dx

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
  (cot x)(n  2) (– cosec x cosec x cot x) dx
n = – cotx cosec n – 2x + n–3

2 n2
 – cotx cosec x – (n – 2)  cot x cos ec x dx
n–2

2
  = – cotx cosec x – (n – 2)  (cos ec x  1) cosec
n
n–2
x dx n–2

n–2
 (n – 1) n = – cotx cosec x + (n – 2) 2n – 2
n2
cot x cos ec x n2
n = + 
n 1 n 1 n – 2
Example : Obtain reducation formula for n =  sin x dx. Hence evaluate  sin x dx
n 4

Solution. n =  (sin x) (sin x) n –1 dx


= – cos x (sin x) n–1 + (n – 1)  (sin x) n–2
cos2x dx

= – cos x (sin x) n–1 n –2

+ (n – 1)  (sin x)
(1 – sin2x) dx
n–1
n = – cos x (sin x) + (n – 1) n–2 – (n – 1) n
cos x(sin x)n1 (n  1)
 n = – + n–2 (n  2)
n n
cos x(sin x )3 3   cos x(sin x)  1 x 
  +C
Hence 4 = – +
4 4  2 2 
Self Practice Problems :
x 3
1.  x4
dx Ans. ( x  3)( x  4) + n  x3  x4 + C 
dx  x 1 2  x 

2.  3/2 Ans. 8  2  x  x 1  + C
[( x  1)(2  x)]  
1/ 7
dx  x 1
3.  [(x  2) (x  1) ]
8 6 1/ 7 Ans. 7  
 x  2
+C

dx dx
4. Deduce the reduction formula for n =  4 n
(1  x )
and Hence evaluate 2 =  (1  x 4 2
)
x 4n  5
Ans. n = + 
4(n  1)(1  x 4 )n 1 4(n  1) n–1
  1  1 
x 3  1 x 
1 x 1 x
x
 2 
2 = 4 + tan  n   + C
4 (1  x ) 4 2 2  2  4 2  1 
   x  2 
    x 

5. If m,n =  (sin x) m
(cos x)n dx then prove that
(sin x )m 1(cos x )n1 n 1
m,n = + . m,n–2
mn mn

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