Chapter-1

Integration

Indefinite Integrals
Definite Integrals

Dr. Md. Tarek Hossain

Assistant Professor, AIUB
Integration is a way of adding portion to find the whole.
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central
points and many useful things. But it is easiest to start with
finding the area under the curve of a function.
1.1Indefinite Integrals
 1.1.1 Definition of Indefinite Integrals
Indefinite integration may be regarded as the inverse operation to differentiation.
This means that the derivative of an indefinite integral of a function is the function
itself.
Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐹(𝑥) is an anti-derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 such that 𝑭′ 𝒙 =
𝒇(𝒙).Then 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be indefinite integral or anti derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 ,which can be
written as

ò f (x)dx = F(x)+ C
Here, is called integral symbol, 𝑓(𝑥) is called integrand, 𝑥 is called integration variable and
𝐶 is called constant of integration.

Example 1.1.1
𝑑
‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶, since
𝑑𝑥
− cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 = sin 𝑥
𝑑
‫ ׬‬sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 , since
𝑑𝑥
cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 = sinh 𝑥
𝑑
‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶, since
𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑥4 𝑑 𝑥4
‫׬‬ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, since + 𝐶 = 𝑥3 𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥 4
 Integral properties and table of indefinite integrals

.
 Useful Technique
𝑑
If 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), then using chain rule of differentiation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝐹 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
Thus

1
1. න sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑎
1
2. ‫ ׬‬cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶,
𝑎
1
3. ‫ ׬‬cosh(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sinh(𝑎𝑥) + 𝐶 ,
𝑎
1
4. ‫ ׬‬sinh(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cosh(𝑎𝑥) + 𝐶,
𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑛+1
5. ‫ 𝑥𝑎(׬‬+ 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑎 + 𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1),
1 1
6. ‫𝑥𝑎 ׬‬+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶,

1 −1 𝑥
7. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = sin +𝐶
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎

1 1 𝑥
8. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 +𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
Example 1.1.2

1
1. ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 ;
3

1
2.‫ ׬‬cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 ;
2

1 𝑥
−1 + 𝐶 ;
3.‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥 = sin
9−𝑥 3

1 1 𝑥
4.‫׬‬ 2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 + 𝐶 ;
16+𝑥 4 4

3 2𝑥+3 4 2𝑥+3 4
5. ‫(׬‬2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶.
4×2 8
 Example set-1.1.1

 4 1   x 5   x1 / 2 
1.
  3x 
 x   
 1dx  3 x 4dx  x 1 / 2 dx  dx  3   
 5   (1 / 2) 
  
 xC

3 5
 x 2 x  xC
5

2.
  
(3 cos 4 x  5e3 x )dx 3 cos 4 x dx  5 e3 x dx

3 5
 sin 4 x  e3 x  C
4 3

3.
‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫‪2𝑥 3‬‬ ‫‪− 6𝑥 +‬‬ ‫׬‪𝑑𝑥 = 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑥 3‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 +‬׬ ‪− 6‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 2‬׬ ‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑥 2 +1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 +1‬‬
‫‪𝑥4‬‬ ‫‪𝑥2‬‬
‫𝑐 ‪= 2. − 6. + 3. tan−1 𝑥 +‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2𝑡 2 +𝑡 2 𝑡+2‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝑡𝑑 ‪ 𝑡 −2‬׬ ‪ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2‬׬ ‪ 𝑑𝑡 +‬׬‪𝑑𝑡 = 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑡2‬‬
‫‪2 3‬‬
‫𝐶 ‪= 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 −1 +‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬ ‫?= 𝑥𝑑)𝑥‪(𝑥 3 −6‬׬‬

 Exercise set-1.1.1

(a)‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬, (b) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥, (c) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3/2 𝑑𝑥, (d) ‫ ׬‬sin −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

(e) ‫ ׬‬cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, (f)‫ 𝑒 ׬‬5𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (g) ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬2𝑥/3 𝑑𝑥, (h) ‫ ׬‬exp −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

1 1 3
(i) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥, (j) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥, (k) ‫׬‬ 2
𝑑𝑥, (l) ‫׬‬ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦,
1−𝑥

1 3/2
(m) ‫𝑟𝑑 𝑟 ׬‬, (n) ‫ ׬‬sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (o) ‫ ׬‬cosh −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (p) ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥

5 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 3 +3 𝑥 2 +3 −3/2 𝑑𝑥, 1

(q) ‫ ׬‬1 − 2𝑥 (r)‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 (s) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 2 (t) ‫ ׬‬3𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥,
𝑥

(u) ‫ ׬‬cos 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 (v) ‫ ׬‬sin(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (w) ‫ ׬‬exp −3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥,

3 1 1
(x) ‫ ׬‬9+ 𝑥−2 2 𝑑𝑥, (y) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥, (z) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
4−(𝑥+1) 2 4−9𝑥 2
 Exercise set-1.1.2

1
(𝑖)‫ 𝑥 ( ׬‬− 3)𝑑𝑥, (ii) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 + 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥,

1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (iv) ‫( ׬‬sin(−3𝑥) + cos(2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 ,

1
(𝑣)‫ 𝑒( ׬‬−𝑥 + cos(3𝑥 − 2))𝑑𝑥 , (vi) ‫ ׬‬3𝑒 3𝑥+1 + 2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥,

𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 +1
(vii)‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥, (viii) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥

2 3
(𝑖𝑥) ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥, (x) ‫ ׬‬1 + 𝑥 − 7 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,

(xi) ‫ ׬‬3𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , (xii) ‫( ׬‬2 cos 2𝑥 − sin 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥,

4𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +15𝑥 5
(xiii) ‫ ׬‬5𝑦+1 𝑑𝑦 , (xiv) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥2

Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition P-408 Ex # 5-18

 Sample MCQ

1
1. Evaluate‫ 𝑥 ׬‬−1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
(a) ….. (b) ln𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 (c) ……..
𝑥 2 +1
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥2
(a) + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 (b) …. (c)…
2
1
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
25+𝑥 2
1 𝑥
(a) … (b) …. (c) tan−1 + 𝐶
5 5

4. Evaluate . ‫ ׬‬sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
(a) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐶 (b)… (c)…
3
 1.1.2 Integration by Substitution
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval 𝐼 and 𝑓(𝑥)is
continuous on 𝐼then
‫𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑓 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑢𝑑)𝑢(𝑓 ׬‬ Where If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) then d𝑢 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥)
An integral of the form‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)

du
Let, u  f ( x)   f ( x)  du  f ( x) dx
dx
f ( x) du
Then,  dx    ln u  C  ln f ( x)  C
f ( x) u

𝑓′(𝑥)
Thus, ‫)𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
 Example set 1.1.2

 1  x 
3
Set, u  1  x 3/2
3/2
1. x1/2 dx

Then, du  32 x1/2 dx  x1/2 dx  23 du


Thus,  1  x  2 1 1
x dx   u 3 du  u 4  C  1  x 3/2  
3 4
3/2 1/2
C
3 6 6

x
2.  4  x 4 dx Set, u  x 2

Then, du  2 xdx  xdx  du

2 du

Thus, 
x
4  x4
dx 
1 1
2  22  u 2
du 
1
4
tan 
1 u
2   C 
1
4
tan 1
 C
x2
2
 3.   2)dx Set, u  x 4
3 4
x cos( x

Then, du  4 x 3 dx  x dx  du4
3

du 1 1 1
Thus,  x 3 cos( x 4  2) dx   cos u.   cos udu  sin u  C  sin( x 4  2)  C
4 4 4 4

4.  2 x  1dx Set, u  2 x  1

Then, du  2dx  dx  12 du
3
1 1 u 1 32
2
1 3
Thus,  2 x  1dx   u . du  .  C  u  C  (2 x  1) 2  C
2 2 3 3 3
2
x
5.  1  4x2
dx Set, u  1  4 x 2

Then, du  8 xdx  xdx   18 du

1
1
x 1 1 1 1 u 1 12 2
1 1
Thus,  dx   .  du    u du   .  C   u  C   (1  4 x )  C
2 2 2

1 4x 2
u 8 8 8 1 4 4
2
 2x  3
6.  x 2  3x  5 dx  ln x 2  3x  5  C න
𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

f ( x)  x 2  3 x  5, f ' ( x)  2 x  3

cos x  sin x
7.  sin x  cos x
dx  ln sin x  cos x  C

sin 3x 1  3sin 3x 1
8.  1  cos3x dx   
3 1  cos3x
dx  
3
ln (1  cos3x)  C

sec 2 2 x 1
9.  5  tan 2 x
dx  ln 5  tan 2 x  C
2

sin x
10.  tan xdx   cos x
dx   ln cos x  C
 Exercise set-1.1.3
.

1 3𝑥 2 +2 2𝑥−1
(𝑎) ‫𝑥 ׬‬+2 𝑑𝑥, (b) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 +2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (c) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2−𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥,

2𝑥+sin 𝑥 1+𝑒 −𝑡 1
(d) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2−cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (e) ‫𝑡 ׬‬−𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡, (f) ‫ ׬‬2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥,

𝑥 2 +2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 sec2 3𝑥

(g) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3+3𝑥2+1 𝑑𝑥, (h) ‫ ׬‬3+sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (i) ‫ ׬‬2+tan 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

𝑒 3𝑥 1
(j) ‫ ׬‬3−2𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (k) ‫ ׬‬cot 3𝑧 𝑑𝑧 . (l )  dy
y (1  ln y )
 Exercise set-1.1.4
.
2 21 2 sec2 (lnx)
(a)‫ ׬‬2𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 (b) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥
(c) ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3𝑥 +5 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 5 (d) ‫ ׬‬cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = cos 𝑥

𝑥3 1+ln 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
(𝑒) ‫׬‬ 𝑥 4 +1 5
𝑑𝑥, (f) ‫׬‬ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (g) ‫׬‬ 1+sin 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥 ,

cos(2/𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥
(h) ‫ ׬‬sin 3𝑥 2 + cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (i) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 , (j) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑥2 𝑥

1 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 𝑚(arctan 𝑥)
(k)‫(𝑥 ׬‬1+ln 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥, (l) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥, (m) ‫ ׬‬1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥,
3+𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑒𝑥
(n) ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+1 𝑑𝑥, (o)  4 tan 3 x sec 2 x dx; u  tan x

Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition P-418 Ex # 7 - 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 27, 31, 32, 43.
 Sample MCQ

𝑒𝑥
1. Evaluate ‫𝑥 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1
(a) ….. (b) ln 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 (c) ……..

𝑥 2 +2𝑥
2. Evaluate ‫ ׬‬3 2 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑥 +3𝑥 +1
3 2
(a) 3ln(𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐 (b) …. (c)…

1
3. Evaluate‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥,
𝑥(1+ln 𝑥)3
1 −2
(a) … (b) …. (c) − 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 +𝐶
2
1.2 Definite Integrals
 1.2.1 Riemann and Trapezoidal Sum
A Riemann sum is an approximation of the area under a
curve by dividing it into multiple simple shapes (like rectangles
or trapezoids). Riemann Sums use rectangles to approximate
the area under a curve. Another useful integration rule is the
Trapezoidal Rule.
 Riemann and Trapezoidal Sum

Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) which is defined (i.e. bounded) over the closed interval[𝑎, 𝑏].

Consider a partition P of 𝑎, 𝑏 into 𝑛 subintervals by the points

a  x0  x1  x2      xn  b

This partition corresponds to the subintervals

𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ,∙ ∙ ∙ , 𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑛
In each [𝑥𝑟−1 , 𝑥𝑟 ] choose any point 𝑐𝑟 such that 𝑥𝑟−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝑥𝑟 .
Then the sum
𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟 𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑟−1
𝑟=1
𝑛

= ෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟 ∆𝑥𝑟 , ∆𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑟−1

𝑟=1

is called a Riemann sum for the function 𝑓(𝑥) on [𝑎, 𝑏].

Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0, on[𝑎, 𝑏] . Then the Riemann sum
𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟 ∆𝑥𝑟
𝑟=1

is the sum of the areas of the n rectangles shown below, and thus represents an
approximation to the area under the graph on[𝑎, 𝑏]. Figure below illustrates the case
where n = 5.
Different choice of the nodal points 𝑐𝑟 give different values of the Riemann sums.

Commonly used Riemann sums are :

left Riemann sum ( 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟−1 ),

right Riemann sum(𝑐𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟 ) and

𝑥𝑟−1 +𝑥𝑟
middle Riemann sum(𝑐𝑟 = 2
).

If we use
𝑓 𝑥𝑟−1 + 𝑓(𝑥𝑟 )
𝑓 𝑐𝑟 = ,
2

average of the heights at end points of the subinterval, it is called the Trapezoidal
Riemann sum.
 Left, middle and right Riemann sums
To make a Riemann sum,
we must choose how
we're going to make our
rectangles. One possible
choice is to make our
rectangles touch the curve
with their top-left corners.
This is called a left
Riemann sum.
Another choice is to make
our rectangles touch the
curve with their top-right
corners. This is a right
Riemann sum.
In a middle Riemann sum, the height of each rectangle is equal
to the value of the function at the middle point of its base.
Summary of Riemann Sum:
Let a function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined in the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

In evaluation of Riemann sums we commonly use equal subintervals. Dividing [𝑎, 𝑏]

into 𝑛 equal sub-intervals of the length
𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛

Riemann sum of 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is

𝑛 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟 ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 ෍ 𝑓(𝑐𝑟 )
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

For all r if The sum 𝑆𝑛 will be called

𝑐𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟−1 left Riemann sum
𝑐𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟 right Riemann sum
𝑐𝑟 = (𝑥𝑟 + 𝑥𝑟−1 )/2 middle Riemann sum

𝑓 𝑥𝑟−1 + 𝑓 𝑥𝑟 Trapezoidal Riemann sum

𝑓 𝑐𝑟 =
2
 1.2.2 Numerical Integration (The Trapezoidal Rule)
𝑏−𝑎
First we subdivide the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛 subintervals of width 𝛥𝑥 = .
𝑛

Then on each interval we will approximate the function by a straight line joining the
function values at either endpoint on the interval.

The following figure illustrates the case for 𝑛 = 6.

Each of these shaded objects is a trapezoid (hence the rule’s name) and as we can see
some of them do a very good approximation to the actual area under the
corresponding segment of the curve.
 The area of the trapezoid in the interval 𝑥𝑟 , 𝑥𝑟+1 is given by,
𝛥𝑥
𝐴𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑟 + 𝑓 𝑥𝑟+1 × .
2

Then sum of the area of the 𝑛 trapeziums (e.g. 6 in the above figure) will approximate the
area under the curve and is given by,

𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑥
≈ 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝑓 𝑥1 × + 𝑓 𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 × + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 ×
2 2 2
∆𝑥
≈ 𝑓 𝑥0 + 2𝑓 𝑥1 + 2𝑓 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 2𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛
2

Which is known as the composite Trapezoidal rule.

 Example set 1.2.1
Example 1:

Find the area under the curve𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 by using different Riemann sum over
the interval [0,1.6] using 8 subintervals.

Solution:

The following table shows the estimated area, using different Riemann sum, under the
curve 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 3 over the interval [0,1.6]using 8 equal subintervals .

Here, 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 1.6 and 𝑛 = 8

Then the length of each subintervals is,

𝑏 − 𝑎 1.6
Δ𝑥 = = = 0.2
𝑛 8
 left Riemann sum right Riemann sum middle Riemann sum
Riemann sum
[𝑥𝑟−1 , 𝑥𝑟 ] 𝑐𝑟 𝑓(𝑐𝑟 ) 𝑐𝑟 𝑓(𝑐𝑟 ) 𝑐𝑟 𝑓(𝑐𝑟 )
[0.0, 0.2] 0.0 3 0.2 2.8816 0.1 2.9701
[0.2, 0.4] 0.2 2.8816 0.4 2.5456 0.3 2.7381
[0.4, 0.6] 0.4 2.5456 0.6 2.0496 0.5 2.3125
[0.6, 0.8] 0.6 2.0496 0.8 1.4896 0.7 1.7701
[0.8, 1.0] 0.8 1.4896 1.0 1.0000 0.9 1.2261
[1.0, 1.2] 1.0 1.0000 1.2 0.7536 1.1 0.8341
[1.2, 1.4] 1.2 0.7536 1.4 0.9616 1.3 0.7861
[1.4, 1.6] 1.4 0.9616 1.6 1.8736 1.5 1.3125
෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟
14.6816 13.5552 13.9496

Δ𝑥 ∗ ෍ 𝑓 𝑐𝑟
2.9363 2.7110 2.7899

The Trapezoidal Riemann sum is,

0.2
𝑆𝑛 = 3 + 2 × 2.8816 + 2.5456 + 2.0496 + 1.4896 + 1.0000 + 0.7536 + 0.9616 + 1.8736 ×
2
= 2.8237.
 The following figures show the geometrical interpretation of the above Riemann sums,

Note that the exact value of the area is 2.80115 which is calculated using the integration
will be considered later.
Example 2:
1 2
Use the Trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 5 to approximate the integral ‫׬‬0.5 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 to
3 decimal places.

Solution:
1−0.5 2
Here 𝑎 = 0.5, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑛 = 5. So ∆𝑥 = = 0.1 and 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑒𝑥 .
5

Hence,
x 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
f(x) 1.5113 1.5599 1.6224 1.7019 1.8022 1.9283

Using the Trapezoidal rule, we have

1
2 0.1
න 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≈ [1.5113 + 2 1.5599 + 2 1.6224
0.5 2
+2(1.7019) + 2 1.8022 + 1.9283]
=0.8406 ≈ 0.841
Example 3:
𝜋
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 (3 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. to three decimal places using Trapezoidal rule with four
subintervals.[Note that in calculating the values of cosx use radian mode]

Solution:
𝜋
Here 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 𝜋 and 𝑛 = 4. So,∆𝑥 = 4
and 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 + cos 𝑥.

Hence,
x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π
f(x) 2.0000 1.9254 1.7321 1.5142 1.4142

Using Trapezoidal rule we have

𝜋
න (3 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
1 𝜋
≈ . [2 + 2 ∗ 1.9254 + 1.7321 + 1.5142 + 1.4142]
2 4
𝜋
≈ × 13.7576 ≈ 5.403
8
 Exercise set 1.2.1
1. Estimate the value the following integrals to 3 decimal places using ‘n’ subintervals of
equal length using (i) left Riemann sum, (ii) right Riemann sum, (iii) middle Riemann
sum and (iv) Trapezoidal rule.

2 7 1 5 1
(a) ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (n = 4), (b) ‫׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 (n = 6), (c) ‫׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 (n = 4),
𝑥 3 +1 1−ln 𝑥

1 1
(d) ‫׬‬0 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (n = 4), (e) ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (n = 5).

2. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 388 Ex # 1, 3, 7, 9
P- 524 Ex # 7, 8, 9 (n= 4, 6) LRS, RRS, MRS, TR
 Sample MCQ

1. If 𝑛 is the number of subintervals then how to calculate the

length of subintervals of the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑏−𝑎
(a) ….. (b)∆𝑥 = (c) ……..
𝑛

2. When Riemann sum of 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is called

𝑆𝑛 = ∆𝑥 ෍ 𝑓(𝑐𝑟 )
𝑟=1
(a) Left Riemann sum if 𝑐𝑟 = 𝑥𝑟−1 (b) …. (c)…

𝜋
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬0 (3 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. to three decimal places using
Trapezoidal rule with n=4.

(a) … (b) …. (c) 5.403

 1.2.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem:If 𝑓 𝑥 is a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑓 𝑥 is an indefinite integral of

𝑓 𝑥 then

b
a f ( x)dx  [ F ( x)]ba  F (b)  F (a) where ‫)𝑥(𝐹 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬.

Example:

1.
2
1 (3x
2

 4 x  5)dx  x  2 x  5x
3 2
2
1  8  8  10  (1  2  5)  18

e 1
2. 1 x
dx  [ln x]1e  ln e  ln 1  1

 /2
3.
0 sin 2 x dx  [ 12 cos 2 x]0 / 2   12 (1  1)  1
 1.2.4 Substitution Rule For Definite Integrals

Example:
4


0
2 x  1dx Set, u  2 x  1 Then, du  2dx  dx  12 du

Changing Limit

x u
0 1
4 9
9
3
1  32  26
4 9 2
1 1 u
Thus,  0
2 x  1dx  
1
2
udx  .
2 3
  9  1 
3  3
2 1
 Exercise set 1.2.2

𝜋
3
1. (a) ‫׬‬1 (𝑥 2 𝑥+ 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥, (b) ‫׬‬0 (sin 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ,
2

2 (1+ln𝑥)5 1 𝑒𝑥
(c) ‫׬‬1 𝑑𝑥 (d) ‫׬‬0 1+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑥

5 𝑑𝑥 2
(e) ‫׬‬0 , (f) ‫׬‬−1 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
25+𝑥 2

1 4(arctan 𝑥)3 1 1 9 𝑑𝑥
(g) ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥, (h) ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 , (i) ‫׬‬1
1+𝑥 2 64−𝑥 2 𝑥(1+ 𝑥)2

2. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P-400 Ex # 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 35, 43

P-409 Ex # 21 – 30
P- 419 Ex # 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 70, 71
 Sample MCQ

3
1. Evaluate ‫׬‬0 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
(a) ….. (b)60 (c) ……..
4

2. Evaluate 
0
2 x  1dx

26
(a) (b) …. (c)…
3

3
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬0 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦

(a)3(3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2) (b) (c)

1.2.5 Even and Odd Function
Example: State whether the following functions are odd, even or neither.

Solution: (a)

So, f(x) is an odd function

(b)

So, g(x) is an even function

(c)

So, h(x) is neither even nor odd function

1.2.6 Some properties of definite integral
 Exercise set 1.2.3

1. State whether the following functions are odd, even or neither.

(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 , (b) 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 25) 2 , (c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 6 + e4𝑥 ,

(d) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin3 𝑥cos 6 𝑥, (e) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin4 𝑥 cos5 𝑥, (f) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

2. Evaluate the following integrals by using integral properties

1 2 4
(a) ‫׬‬−1 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥, (b) ‫׬‬−2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (c) ‫׬‬−4(2 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥,

5 4 𝜋 𝜋
(d)‫׬‬−5 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (e) ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑥 8 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (f) ‫׬‬−𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,

𝜋 𝜋/2 𝜋 𝑥3
(g) ‫׬‬−𝜋 sin3 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (h) ‫׬‬−𝜋/2 𝑥 4 sin3 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, (i) ‫׬‬−𝜋 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥,

3. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 419 Ex # 61, 66, P-422 Ex # 22, 23

 Sample MCQ

1. Which one is even function

(a) ….. (b)𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 (c) ……..

2. Which one is odd function

(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (b) …. (c)…

3
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

(a) 0 (b) (c)

Thank You…………….