Problems on Field winding

1) During the design of armature of a 1000kW, 500 V, 10 Pole, 300rpm, d.c compound
generator, following information has been obtained i) external diameter of armature 1.4m
ii) gross core length 0.35m iii) Flux per pole 0.105 Wb . Based on the above design
information, find out the following details regarding the design of field system I axial
length of the pole ii) width of the pole iii) height of the pole iv) pole arc v) depth of the
yoke . Permissible loss per square meter of the cooling surface may be assumed 700 w/m 2.
Assume missing data as per the rating of the machine.

Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1000 𝑘𝑊 , V=500V, P=10, N=300 rpm , L=0.35 m, D= 1.4m, 𝜙 = 0.105 𝑊𝑏,
permissible loss per sq. meter= 700 W/m2

Assumption made: Leakage factor 𝐾𝑙 = 1.2, Flux density in the pole 𝐵𝑝 = 1.6 𝑇, Iron factor
𝐾𝑖 = 0.95, Lap winding A=P, Voltage drop = 10V, turns ratio = 1.2 , space factor 𝑠𝑓 = 0.6,
depth of filed winding 𝑑𝑓 = 0.05 𝑚 , thickness of the pole shoe at the center = 3.6 cm , Pole
arc to pole pitch = 0.68 , Flux density in the yoke 𝐵𝑦 = 1.2 𝑇 .

i) Axial length of the pole:

𝐿𝑝 = 𝐿 − 1𝑐𝑚 = 0.35 − 0.01 = 0.34 m

ii) Width of the pole:

Pole flux on full load 𝜙𝑝 = 1.2 × 𝜙 = 1.2 × 0.105 = 0.126 Wb
𝜙𝑃 0.126
Sectional area of the pole 𝐴𝑝 = = = 0.079 𝑚2
𝐵𝑃 1.6
𝐴𝑝 0.079
Gross area of the pole = = = 0.083 𝑚2
𝐾𝑖 0.95
Gross area of the pole 0.083
∴ Width of pole bp = = = 0.245 m
Axial lenght of pole 0.34
iii) Height of the pole
Pout ×103
Full load current I = = 2000A
500
I 2000
Current per parallel path =𝐼𝑎 = = = 200𝐴
𝐴 10
Induced e.m.f E = V + Voltage drop = 500 + 10 = 510V
60 𝐸 𝐴 60×510×10
Number of armature conductor, 𝑍 = = = 970
𝑃𝜙𝑁 10×0.105×300
𝐼𝑎 𝑍 200 ×970
Full load armature ampere turns per pole, 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = = = 9700 𝐴
2𝑃 2 ×10
Thus, full load field amp.turns, 𝐴𝑇𝑓 = 1.2 × 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 1.2 × 9700 = 11640 𝐴
Thus, amp.turns per meter = 104 √(700 × 0.6 × 0.05) = 45825
𝐴𝑇𝑓 11640
Height of the field winding ℎ𝑓 = = = 0.25 𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 45825
0.1 𝜋𝐷 0.1 ×𝜋×140
Space for insulation and space wasted due to curvature = = = 4.4𝑐𝑚
𝑃 10
Thus, height of the pole = hf + Space for insulation + Thickness of pole shoe

= 0.25 + 0.044+0.036= 0.33m

 iv) Pole arc
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×1.4
Pole pitch, 𝜏𝑝 = = = 0.44
𝑃 10
∴ Pole arc = 0.68 X0.44 = 0.3 m
v) Depth of the yoke
1 0.126
Flux in the yoke section 𝜙𝑦 = 𝜙𝑝 = = 0.063 𝑊𝑏
2 2
𝜙𝑦 0.063
Cross sectional area of the yoke , 𝐴𝑦 = = = 0.0525 𝑚2
𝐵𝑦 1.2
Axial length of the yoke 𝐿𝑦 = 1.5 × gross armature length = 1.5 X 0.35 == 0.53 m
𝐴𝑦 0.0525
Thus, depth of the yoke, 𝑑𝑦 = = = 0.1 𝑚
𝐿𝑦 0.53

2)The following are the particulars refer to the shunt filed coil for a 440V, 6 pole , d.c
generator , Mmf per pole=7000A, depth of winding 50mm, length of inner turn 1.1m; length
of outer turn =1.4m ; loss radiated from outer surface excluding ends =1400 W/m2.; space
factor =0.62; resistivity =0.02𝛺−𝑚/mm2. Calculate a) the diameter of wire b) length of coil
c) number of turns and d) exciting current. Assume a voltage drop of 20% of terminal voltage
across the field regulator.

Solution:
V=440V,P=6,𝐴𝑇𝑓 =7000A,𝑑𝑓 =50mm=0.05m, 𝐿𝑖 = 1.1 𝑚, 𝐿𝑜 = 1.4 𝑚, 𝜌 = 0.02Ω − m/
mm2
𝑠𝑓 = 0.62 .
Voltage across the shunt filed winding = 0.8 × 440 = 352 𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 352
Voltage across each field coil 𝐸𝑓 = = = 58.7 𝑉
𝑃 6
𝑳𝒐 +𝑳𝒊 𝟏.𝟒+𝟏.𝟏
1)Length of mean turn 𝑳𝒎𝒕 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
𝐴𝑇𝑓 ×𝜌 ×𝐿𝑚𝑡 7000 ×0.02×1.25
2)Area of field conductor 𝑎𝑓 = = = 2.98 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑓 58.7
𝟒𝒂𝒇 𝟒×𝟐.𝟗𝟖
Diameter of conductor 𝒅 = √ =√ = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎.
𝝅 𝝅
𝑆𝑓 𝑑𝑓 ℎ𝑓 0.62 ×0.05 ×ℎ𝑓
3)Number of turns 𝑇𝑓 = × 106 = × 106 = 1.04 × 104 ℎ𝑓 ------1
𝑎𝑓 2.98
Permissible loss 𝑞𝑓 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 × 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑞𝑓 = 𝐿𝑜 × ℎ𝑓 × 1400 = 1.4 × 1400 × ℎ𝑓 = 1960ℎ𝑓
𝑞𝑓 1960ℎ𝑓
Field current 𝐼𝑓 = = = 33.4ℎ𝑓
𝐸𝑓 58.7
Filed mmf 𝐴𝑇𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 × 𝑇𝑓
𝐴𝑇𝑓 7000 209.5
Or 𝑇𝑓 = = = -------2
𝐼𝑓 33.4 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓
Equating equation 1 and 2
209.5
𝑇𝑓2 = 1.04 × 104 ℎ𝑓 × = 2.178 × 106
ℎ𝑓
∴ 𝐍𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐥 𝐓𝐟 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟔
𝑻𝒇 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟔
Hence height of the field coil 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒
= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎
𝟏.𝟎𝟒× 𝟏𝟎 𝟏.𝟎𝟒× 𝟏𝟎𝟒
4) Resistance of the field winding R f = Resistance of each coil × total number of turns =
ρLmt
× Tf
af
0.02 ×1.25
𝑅𝑓 = × 1476 = 12.3 𝛺
2.98
Field current 𝑰𝒇 = 𝑬𝒇 ⁄𝑹𝒇 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟕⁄𝟏𝟐. 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝑨

3) A shunt field coil develops an mmf of 9000A. The voltage drop in the coil is 40V, and the
resistivity of round wire used is 0.021 𝛺−𝑚/mm2. The depth of the winding is 35mm
approximately and the length of mean turn is 1.4m. Design a coil so that the power dissipated
is 700 W/m2 of the total coil surface. Take the diameter of the insulated wire 0.2 mm greater
than that of bare wire.

Solution:
𝐴𝑇𝑓 = 9000𝐴, 𝐸𝑓 = 40 𝑉, 𝜌 = 0.021Ω − m/mm2 , 𝑑𝑓 =35mm=0.35m, 𝐿𝑚𝑡 = 1.4 𝑚.
Assumption made: space factor 𝑠𝑓 = 0.66
𝐴𝑇𝑓 𝜌 𝐿𝑚𝑡 9000×0.021×1.4
Area of conductor 𝑎𝑓 = = = 6.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑓 40
Diameter of bare conductors d=2.9 mm
Diameter of insulated conductor 𝑑 = 2.9 + 𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2.9 + 0.2 =
3.1𝑚𝑚
Total winding area of 𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑𝑓 × ℎ𝑓 = 0.035ℎ𝑓
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓 × 𝐴𝑤 = 0.66 × 0.035ℎ𝑓 = 0.0231 ℎ𝑓
Winding area is also equal to 𝑇𝑓 𝑎𝑓 × 10−6 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑓 𝑎𝑓 × 10−6 = 0.0231 ℎ𝑓
0.0231 ℎ𝑓 0.0231 ℎ𝑓
𝑇𝑓 = = = 3500 ℎ𝑓 -----------1
𝑎𝑓 ×10−6 6.6 ×10−6
Total dissipating area of a coil considering all surfaces.
Dissipating surface = 2𝐿𝑚𝑡 (ℎ𝑓 + 𝑑𝑓 ) = 2 × 1.4 (ℎ𝑓 + 0.035) = 2.8ℎ𝑓 + 0.098
𝑊
Permissible loss 𝑞𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 2 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 700(2.8ℎ𝑓 + 0.098)
𝑚
∴ 𝑞𝑓 = 1980 ℎ𝑓 + 68.6 --------------2

E2f E2f af (40)2 ×6.6 0.36 ×106

Permissible loss qf = If2 R f = = = = -------3
Rf Tf ρLmt Tf ×0.021×1.4 Tf
Equating equation 1 & 2
0.36 ×106
1980 hf + 68.6 =
Tf
0.36 ×106
∴ Tf = -----------4
1980 hf +68.6
Equating equation 1 and 4
0.36 ×106
3500 hf =
1980 hf +68.6
∴ hf = 0.15 m
0.36 ×106
∴ Number of turns using equaiton 4 Tf = = 984.66 ≈ 985
(1980×0.15) +68.6
0.36 ×106
Permissible loss using equation 3, qf = = 365.11 W
985
 qf 365.11
∴ Field current If = = = 9.12 A
Ef 40

4. An eight pole, 500V dc shunt generator with all the filed coils connected in series requires
5000AT/pole. If the poles are of rectangular dimension 12X20cm and winding cross section
is 12X2.5 cm determine the cross-section area of the wire. number of turns and dissipation in
W/cm2 based on the outside and tow end surfaced of the coils. The conductor of circular cross
sections used 𝜌 =0.02𝛺−𝑚/mm2 and insulation increases the diameter of the conductor by
0.2mm. Allow a voltage drop in the filed regulator of 50V.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2)The field coils of 4 pole d.c shunt motor are required to produce an mmf of 5700A per pole.
The length of mean turn is 0.66 and the winding depth is 40mm. Heat dissipated at the rate of
1000W/m2 of the outside cylindrical surface of the coil. Determine dimension of the coil, size
of the conductor and number of field coil turns. Assume diameter of insulated conductor to
be 0.175 m greater than the diameter of base conductor. Resistivity =0.02𝛺-m/mm2.

Module 4 : Design of Induction Motor

Main dimensions and Stator design problem.
1) Find the dimensions of 15kW, 3phase , 50 Hz, 2810 rpm squirrel cage induction motor
having efficiency 0.88,full load power factor 0.9 , winding factor 0.955, specific magnetic
loading 0.5 tesla, specific electric loading 25000 ac/m. the rotor peripheral speed should
not exceed 20 m/s (𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝝅𝑫𝒏𝒔 ) .

Solution : Q= 15 kW, f=50 hz, since speed of rotor is 2810 rpm then the synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 is 3000
rpm, η=0.88, cos ϕ=0.9,𝐾𝑤 = 0.955, 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =0.5 T, q = 25000 ac/m.
Main Dimensions
𝐶𝑜 = 11 X 𝐵𝑎𝑣 q η cosϕ 𝐾𝑤 X10−3= 11X 0.5X25000X0.88X0.9X0.955 X10-3=103.99
𝑁 3000 120 𝑓
𝑛𝑠 =60𝑠 = 60 = 50rps(𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃 )
From out put equation
𝑄 15
𝐷2 𝐿=𝐶 𝑛 = 103.99 𝑋 50 = 2.91 𝑚3 -------------1
0 𝑠

Form the given data peripheral speed should not exceed 20 m/s ( stator diameter = stator bore)
20
There fore 𝜋𝐷𝑛𝑠 = 20m/s D = 𝜋𝑛 = 0.127 m
𝑠
D = 0.127 m substituting this value in equation 1 and solving for L
There for Length of the stator L = 0.178 m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) Estimate the stator core dimensions, no of stator slots and no of stator conductor per
slot for 100 kW 3300 V, 50Hz, 12 Pole star connected slip ring induction motor. Assume:
Average gap density 0.4 Wb/𝐦𝟐 , ampere conductor per meter is 25000 ac/m, efficiency
0.9, power factor =0.9, winding factor =0.96 choose the main dimension to give best
power factor, the slot loading should not exceed 500 ac/m.
Solution:
Q= 100 kW, f= 50 Hz,P =12,η=0.9, cos ϕ=0.9,𝐾𝑤 = 0.96, 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =0.4T,q = 25000 ac/m, EL=3300V
1)Main dimensions
𝐶𝑜 = 11 X 𝐵𝑎𝑣 q η cosϕ 𝐾𝑤 X10−3 = 11x 0.4x 25000x 0.9x 0.9x 0.96 X 10-3= 85.53
 120 𝑓 120 𝑋 50
𝑁𝑠 = = = 500 rpm
𝑃 12
𝑁 500
𝑛𝑠 =60𝑠 = 60 = 8.333rps
From Output Equation
𝑄 1000
𝐷2 𝐿=𝐶 =85.55 𝑋 8.33 = 0.14 𝑚3 -------------1
0 𝑛𝑠
The machine has to be designed for best power factor (from the given data)
Therefore D =0.135 P√𝐿 m = 0.135X12 √𝐿 -------------2
substituting Equation 2 in 1 and solving for D & L Hence D= 0.781 m L=0.23 m

2) No of stator turns per phase

𝜋𝐷𝐿 0.4 𝑋 𝜋𝑋0.781 𝑋 0.23
Flux per pole 𝜙𝑚 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝑃 = = 0.0187 Wb.
12
Stator induced emf𝐸𝑠 =4.44 f 𝜙𝑚 𝑇𝑠 𝐾𝑤 ,
𝐸 3300
Assuming the stator is star connected 𝐸𝑠 = Eph= 𝐿 = = 1905.25 Volts
√3 √3
𝐸𝑠 1905.25
Therefore stator turns per phase is given by𝑇𝑠 =4.44 =4.44 𝑋0.0187 𝑋50 𝑋0.955 =478
𝜙𝑚 𝑓𝐾𝑤
3) No of stator slots
In order to calculate total no stator slots ,stator slot pitch𝜏𝑠 should be taken in the range 15mm to 25mm
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 𝑋 0.781 𝑋 103
When 𝜏𝑠 = 15mm ,total no of stator slots = = = 164
𝜏𝑠 15
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 𝑋 0.781 𝑋 103
When 𝜏𝑠 = 25 mm, total no of stator slots = = = 98
𝜏𝑠 25
Hence total no of slots are in the range 98 to 164

No of slots/pole/phase 2 3 4 5
No of stator slots 72 108 144 180
From the above table it is clear that total no of stator slots which falls in the range is found to be 108 and
144 . But according given data slot loading should not exceed 500 ac/m. The slot loading is calculated as
below

Slot loading = stator current (𝐼𝑠 ) x No of conductor per slot (𝑧𝑠𝑠 )

a) By considering No of stator slots Ss = 108
Total no of conductorsZs = 6 Ts = 6 X 478 = 2868
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 2868
Conductors/ slot Zss = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 = 108 = 26.55≈ 27
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑄) 𝑋 103 100 𝑋 103
Stator current per phase 𝐼𝑠 = = = 21.59 Amps
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑋 𝜂 √3 𝑋 3300 𝑋 0.9 𝑋 0.9
There for total slot loading = IsX Zss= 21.59 X 27 = 582.93 ac/m
Since the total slot loading exceeding the given value 108 no of slots discarded

b) By considering No of stator slots Ss = 144

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 2868
Conductors/ slot Zss = = = 19.91≈ 20
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 144
There for total slot loading = IsX Zs= 21.59 X 20 =431.8 ac/m. Since the slot loading is with in the given
values . Total no stator slots = 144, conductors per slot =20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) Determine the main dimensions, turns per phase, no of stator slots, no of conductors,
slots conductor cross section and slot area of a 250 HP , 3 phase , 50 Hz, 400 V ,1410
rpm slip ring induction motor. Assume Bav = 0.5 Tesla, q= 30000 ac/m, efficiency =0.9
and power factor =0.9, winding factor =0.955, current density =3.5 A/𝒎𝒎𝟐 . The slot
space factor is 0.4 and ratio of the core length to pole pitch 1.2. The machine is delta
connected.
Solution :Q = 250 X 0.746 = 186.5 kW, f= 50 Hz, η=0.9, cos ϕ=0.9,𝐾𝑤 = 0.955, 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =0.5 T, q = 30000
𝐿
ac/m, 𝜏 =1.2, δ =3.5A/mm2 .Rotor speed 1410 rpm nearest synchronous speed is 𝑁𝑠 =1500 rpm,Space
𝑃
factor =0.4
1)Main dimensions
𝐶𝑜 = 11 X 𝐵𝑎𝑣 q η cosϕ 𝐾𝑤 X10−3 = 11 X0.5 X 30000X 0.9 X 0.9 X 0.955 X 10−3= 127.63
𝑁 1500
𝑛𝑠 =60𝑠 = 60 =25 rps
𝑄
𝐷2 𝐿=𝐶 = 0.0584𝑚3 -----------1
0 𝑛𝑠
𝐿 𝐿 1.2 𝜋𝐷
From the data𝜏 =1.2 i.e 𝜋𝐷 =1.2 or L = =0.942 D -------2
𝑃 ( ) 𝑃
𝑃
Substituting Equation 2 in 1 and solving for L& D
D= 0.395m L=0.375 m
2) No of stator turns per phase
120 𝑓 120 𝑋 50
No of poles P = 𝑁 = 1500 = 4
𝑠
𝜋𝐷𝐿 0.5 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋0.395 𝑋0.375
Flux per pole 𝜙𝑚 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝑃 = = 0.058 Wb
4
Stator induced emf𝐸𝑠 =4.44 f 𝜙𝑚 𝑇𝑠 𝐾𝑤
Assuming stator is delta connected ES= EL= EPh= 400 V
𝐸 400
Therefore stator turns per phase is given by 𝑇𝑠 =4.44 𝜙 𝑠 𝑓𝐾 =4.44 𝑋 50 𝑋 0.058 𝑋 0.955= 32.5≈ 32
𝑚 𝑤
3) No of stator slots
In order to calculate total no stator slots ,stator slot pitch 𝜏𝑠 should be taken in the range 15mm to 25mm
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 𝑋0.395 𝑋 103
When 𝜏𝑠 = 15mm , total no of stator slots = = = 82
𝜏𝑠 15
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 𝑋0.395 𝑋 103
When 𝜏𝑠 = 25 mm, total no of stator slots = = = 50
𝜏𝑠 25
Hence total no of slots lies in the range 50 to 82
No of slots/pole/phase 2 3 4 5
No of stator slots 24 36 48 60
Hence total no of stator slots = 60
Total no of conductors 𝑍𝑠 = 6 X𝑇𝑠 = 6 x 32 = 192
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 192
No of conductor per slot = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 == 60 =3.2 ≈3
Revised calculation:
Total no of conductors 𝑍𝑠 = Total no of stator slots X no of conductors/slot = 60 x 3 = 180
𝑍 180
No of stator turns per phase 𝑇𝑠 = 6𝑠 = 6 =30
Since the no of conductors per slot is odd and therefore double layer winding is not possible. Single layer
concentric winding with semi –enclosed slot is used.

4) Size of the stator slot

𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑄) 𝑋 103 186.5 𝑋 103
Stator current 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑠 = = = 191.87 A
3 𝑉𝐿 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑋 𝜂 3 𝑋 400 𝑋 0.9 𝑋 0.9
𝐼𝑠 191.87 2
Area of the stator conductor 𝑎𝑠 = 𝛿 = = 54.82 𝑚𝑚
𝑠 3.5
Total copper area in each slot = no of conductor per slot X area of conductor=3 x 54.82=164.46 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 164.4
Total slot area = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.4 ==411.15 𝑚𝑚2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4) Obtain the following design information for the stator of a 30 kW, 440 V, 3Φ, 6 pole, 50 Hz delta
connected, squirrel cage induction motor, (i) Main dimension of the stator, (ii) No. ofturns/phase (iii)
No. of stator slots, (iv) No. of conductors per slot. Following assumption are made Specific Magnetic
loading, Bav = 0.48 Tesla,Specific Electric loading, q = 26000 ac/m,Full load efficiency, η = 0.88,Full
load power factor cosΦ = 0.86. Winding factor Kw = 0.955.
Solution :Q= 30 kW, f= 50 Hz, P =6,η=0.88, cos ϕ=0.86,𝐾𝑤 = 0.955, 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =0.48 T,q = 26000 ac/m, EL=440
volts = Eph

1)Main dimensions
𝐶𝑜 = 11 X 𝐵𝑎𝑣 q η cosϕ 𝐾𝑤 X10−3 = 11x 0.48x 26000x 0.88x 0.86x 0.955X 10-3= 99.218
120 𝑓 120 𝑋 50
𝑁𝑠 = = = 1000 rpm
𝑃 6
𝑁 1000
𝑛𝑠 =60𝑠 = 60 = 16.66 rps
From Output Equation
𝑄 30
𝐷2 𝐿=𝐶 𝑛 =99.218 𝑋 16.66 = 0.0181𝑚3 -------------1
0 𝑠
The machine has to be designed for best power factor ( Assumption made)
Therefore D =0.135 P√𝐿 m = 0.135X6√𝐿 -------------2
Substituting Equation 2 in 1 and solving for D & L Hence D= 0.330 m L=0.166m
2) No of stator turns per phase
𝜋𝐷𝐿 0.48 𝑋 𝜋𝑋0.330 𝑋 0.166
Flux per pole 𝜙𝑚 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝜏𝑝 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋 𝑃 = = 0.01376Wb.
6
Stator induced emf𝐸𝑠 =4.44 f 𝜙𝑚 𝑇𝑠 𝐾𝑤 ,
𝐸 440
Therefore stator turns per phase is given b𝑇𝑠 =4.44 𝜙 𝑠 𝑓𝐾 =4.44 𝑋0.01376 𝑋50 𝑋0.955 = 150.8≈ 151
𝑚 𝑤
3) No of stator slots :Assuming of stator slots/pole/phase =3
Total No of stator slots Ss= 3 X 3X6 = 54
Total no of conductors ZS= 6 TS= 6X151=906
𝑍 906
No of conductors per slot ZSS= 𝑠𝑠 = 54 =16.77≈ 17
𝑠
Revised calculation
Total no of conductors ZS = Total no of conductors per slot X total no of slots = 17 X 54 =918
𝑍 918
Total no of Turns TS= 6𝑠 = 6 = 153.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problems on the design of rotor
1.During the stator design of a 3 phase, 30 kW, 400volts, 6 pole, 50Hz,squirrel cage induction motor
following data has been obtained. Gross length of the stator = 0.17 m, Internal diameter of stator =
0.33 m, Number of stator slots = 45, Number of conductors per slot = 12. Based on the above design
data design a suitable rotor.

Solution : Q=30 kW, P=6, f=50Hz, L=0.17m, D=0.33m, Ss=45, Zs=12

1)Diameter of the rotor

Length of the air gap lg = 0.2 + 2 √DL mm=0.2+2√0.17 𝑋0.33=0.67 mm
Outer diameter of rotor Dr = D - 2 lg=0.33-2 X 0.67X10−3=0.328 m

2)Number of rotor slots

(a) Ss≠Sr≠ 45
(b) To avoid cogging and crawling: Ss- Sr ≠ ±3P
Sr≠ Ss ± 3P≠Ss-3x6≠45-18≠ 27 or ≠Ss+3x6 =63
(c) To avoid synchronous hooks and cusps in torque speed characteristics Ss- Sr ≠ ±P,
±2P, ±5P , Sr≠ (Ss±P),( Ss±2P),( Ss±5P) ≠ 51,39,57,33,75,15
(d)To avoid noisy operation Ss- Sr ≠ ±1, ±2, (±P ±1), (±P ±2)
Sr ≠ Ss±1, Ss±2, Ss±P±1, Ss±P±2≠ 46,44,43,47,52,58,38,53,37
Considering all the above combination no of rotor slot should be selected such its value nearer stator slot
Sr = 42 or 48 slots
Sr= Ss±P/2 =42,48
3)Rotor slot pitch = πDr / Sr = 0.024 m

4)Assumingη = 0.88 and Cosϕ =0.86

𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑄) 𝑋 103 30 𝑋 103
𝐼𝑠 = = 3 𝑋 440𝑋0.88𝑋0.86 = 33.03 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑋 𝜂

𝐼𝑟 ′ = 0.85 IS= 0.85 X 33.03 = 28.07 Amps( Assuming 85% of linkage of flux)

Total No of rotor conductor Zr =1, Rotor winding factor Kwr= 1,Stator winding factor Kws=0.955
𝐾𝑤𝑠 𝑆𝑠 𝑍𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑟 ′ 0.955 𝑋 45𝑋 12𝑋28.07 0.85 𝑋 𝐾𝑤𝑠 6 𝐼𝑠 𝑇𝑠
Rotor bar current 𝐼𝑏 = = = 344.6≈ 345( Or𝐼𝑏 = )
𝐾𝑤𝑟 𝑆𝑟 𝑍𝑟 1𝑋42𝑋1 𝑆𝑟
𝐼 345
5) Area of the rotor bar 𝑎𝑏 =𝛿𝑏 = = 49.28mm2, current density must be taken in the range 4 to 7 A/mm2
𝑏 7
6)Copper losses in the rotor bars :
Length of the rotor bar 𝑙𝑏 = L + Allowance for skewing =0.17+0.05 =0.22m
𝜌 𝑋 𝑙𝑏 0.021 𝑋 𝑙𝑏
Rotor bar résistance 𝑟𝑏 = = =
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
Copper loss in the rotor bars = 𝐼𝑏 2 X𝑟𝑏 X No of Rotor bars= 436.0 Watts
No of rotor bars= no of rotor slots
𝑆𝑟 𝐼𝑏
7) End Ring Current𝐼𝑒 = 𝜋𝑃 Amps= 717.91 Amps
𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼
8) Area of the end ring𝑎𝑒 =𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =𝛿𝑒 = 110.44 mm2
𝑒
current density is assumed in the range 4 to 6.5 A/mm2.
9)Copper loss in the end ring

Mean length of endring𝑙𝑚𝑒 =𝜋𝐷𝑚𝑒 = 1.03 m Mean diameter of endring𝐷𝑚𝑒 = D– 4to 6cm.
𝜌 𝑙
Resistance of the endring𝑟𝑒 = 𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑒 0.195 x 10-3, 𝜌𝑒 = resistivity of ending =0.021 Ω / m &𝑚𝑚2
𝑒
Total copper loss in the end ring = 2 𝐼𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒 = 2 X 717.92 x 0.195 x 10-3= 201 Watts
10) Equivalent Rotor Resistance
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
Equivalent rotor resistance 𝑟𝑟 ′ = ′ 2
= 637/ (3X26.23 2)= 0.308 Ω
3 𝑋 (𝐼𝑟 )
Total copper loss in the rotor = Copper loss in the rotor bar+ Copper loss in the end ring= 637 Watts
= 𝐼𝑏 2 X𝑟𝑏 X 𝑆𝑟 + 2𝐼𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2)A 3 phase 3000 volts 260 kW, 50 Hz, 10 pole squirrel cage induction motor gave the
following results during preliminary design.Internal diameter of the stator = 75 cm, Gross length of
the stator = 35 cm, Number of statorslots = 120, Number of conductor per slot =10. Based on the above
data calculate the following for the squirrel cage rotor. (i) Total losses in rotor bars, (ii) Losses in end
rings, (iii) Equivalent resistance of the rotor and also find the length of the air gap

Soln: Q=260 kW, P=10, f=50Hz, L=0.35m, D=0.75m, Ss=120, Zss=10 Assuming efficiency and full
load power factor =0.9

1) Diameter of the rotor

Length of the air gap lg = 0.2 + 2 √DL mm= 1.224 mm
Outer diameter of rotor Dr = D - 2 lg=0.747 m

2) Total no of rotor slots for satisfactory operation is Sr = Ss±P/2 =115 and 125
No of rotor slots Sr= 125

3) Rotor bar current

η = 0.9and Cosϕ =0.9
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑄) 𝑋 103 260 𝑋 103
𝐼𝑠 = = = 61.77 Amps
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑋 𝜂 √3 𝑋 3000𝑋 0.9 𝑋09
 𝐼𝑟 ′ = 0.85 IS= 0.85 X 61.7 = 52.5 Amps ( Assuming 85% of linkage of flux)
Total No of rotor conductor Zr =1, Rotor winding factor Kwr = 1,Stator winding factor Kws=0.955
𝐾𝑤𝑠 𝑆𝑠 𝑍𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑟 ′ 0.955 𝑋120𝑋10𝑋52.5
Rotor bar current 𝐼𝑏 = = = 481.32 Amps
𝐾𝑤𝑟 𝑆𝑟 𝑍𝑟 1𝑋125𝑋1
0.85 𝑋 𝐾𝑤𝑠 6 𝐼𝑠 𝑇𝑠
( Or𝐼𝑏 = )
𝑆𝑟
𝐼 481.32
4) Area of the rotor bar 𝑎𝑏 =𝛿𝑏 = = 68.7mm2 ,
𝑏 7
(current density must be taken in the range 4 to 7 A/mm2)
5) Copper losses in the rotor bars :

Length of the rotor bar 𝑙𝑏 = L + Allowance for skewing = 0.35 +0.05=0.40 m

Allowance for skewing is taken in the range 45 to 55 mm
𝜌𝑋𝑙 0.021 𝑋 𝑙
Rotor bar résistance 𝑟𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏= 1.22 X 10-4ohm
𝑏 𝑏
No of rotor bars= no of rotor slots =125
Copper loss in the rotor bars = 𝐼𝑏 2 X𝑟𝑏 X No of Rotor bars= 3532Watts.
𝑆 𝐼
6) End Ring Current 𝐼𝑒 = 𝑟 𝑏 =1915.11 Amps
𝜋𝑃
𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼
7) Area of the end ring 𝑎𝑒 =𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =𝛿𝑒 = 294.63 mm2
𝑒
(current density is assumed in the range 4 to 6.5 A/mm2.)

8) Copper loss in the end ring

Mean length of endring𝑙𝑚𝑒 =𝜋𝐷𝑚𝑒 = m , Mean diameter of endring𝐷𝑚𝑒 = Dr– 4to 6cm=0.747-
0.06=0.687 m
lme= 2.158 m
𝜌 𝑙
Resistance of the endring𝑟𝑒 = 𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑒 = 1.54 x 10-4, 𝜌𝑒 = resistivity of ending =0.021 Ω / m &𝑚𝑚2
𝑒
Total copper loss in the end ring = 2 𝐼𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒 =1100.16 Watts

9) Equivalent Rotor Resistance

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

Equivalent rotor resistance 𝑟𝑟 ′ = 2 = 0.5602 Ω
3 𝑋 (𝐼𝑟 ′ )
Total copper loss in the rotor = Copper loss in the rotor bar+ Copper loss in the end ring=
= 𝐼𝑏 2 X𝑟𝑏 X 𝑆𝑟 + 2𝐼𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒 = 3532 + 1100.16=4632.16 Watts.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.Following design data have been obtained during the preliminary design of a 3 phase,850 kW, 6.6
kV, 50 Hz, 12 pole slip ring induction motor. Gross length of stator core = 45 cm,internal diameter of
the stator core = 122 cm, number of stator slots = 144, Number ofconductors per slot = 10. For the
above stator data design a wound rotor for the motor.

Solution : Q=850 kW, P=12, f=50Hz, L=0.45m, D=1.22m, Ss=144, Zss=10,

1) Diameter of the rotor

Length of the air gap lg = 0.2 + 2 √DL mm= 1.68 mm
Outer diameter of rotor Dr = D - 2 lg= 1.22 – 2 1.68 X 10-3=1.21

2) Number of rotor slots : Selecting fractional slot winding, assuming number of rotor slots per pole
per phase as 3½
Total number of rotor slotsSr = 3.5 x 12 x 3 = 126
Rotor slot pitch = π Dr/ Sr = 0.299 mm
3) Number of rotor turns per phaseTr :
𝐸 6600
Assuming star connection for stator winding Es= 𝐿 = = 3810. 51 V
√3 √3
Winding Factor Kws= Kwr=1
 Total number of stator conductors = Total no of Stator slots X No of conductors per slot
= 144X10= 1440
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 1440
Total number of stator turns per phase Ts= =240
6 6
Assuming line voltage between slip rings = 600 V
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
Rotor is also star connected Er= = 346.41 V
√3
𝐸𝑟 𝐾𝑤𝑠 346.41 𝑋 1 𝑋240
There fore rotor turns per phase 𝑇𝑟 =(𝐸 ) (𝐾 ) 𝑇𝑠 = = 21.81≈ 22
𝑠 𝑤𝑟 3810.52 𝑋 1
Total No Rotor conductor Zr =6 X 𝑇𝑟 = 6 X 22= 132
𝑍𝑟
No of rotor conductors per slot Zrr = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 1.04≈ 1
Revised calculation
No of rotor conductors Zr= No of rotor slots X No of rotor conductors per slot= 126 X 1= 126
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
The new value of rotor turns per phase Tr = = 21
6
4) Rotor current (Ir) : Assuming efficiency and power factor of the machine as 0.9
i.e η=0.9 and Cosϕ =0.9

𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑄) 𝑋 103

𝐼𝑠 = = 91.79 Amps
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑋 𝜂

𝐼𝑟 ′ = 0.85 IS= 78.02 Amps ( Assuming 85% of linkage of flux)

(𝐾𝑊𝑆 𝑋𝑆𝑠 𝑋𝑍𝑆𝑠 )𝐼𝑟 ′

Rotor current 𝐼𝑟 = =891.65 Amps
(𝐾𝑤𝑟 𝑋 𝑆𝑟 𝑋𝑍𝑟𝑟 )
5) Area of the rotor conductor (ar) : Current density may be assumed in the range 4 to 6 A/mm2
𝐼
𝑎𝑟 = 𝛿𝑟 = 74.30𝑚𝑚2
𝑟
6) Total Copper loss : Length of mean turn of rotor conductor is calculated
𝜋𝐷
𝑙𝑚𝑡 = 2L+2.3𝜏𝑝 +0.08m = 2L + 2.3 ( 𝑃 ) + 0.08 = 1.71 m
(𝜌 𝑙𝑚𝑡 𝑇𝑟 ) 0.021 𝑋 1.71 𝑋 21
Rotor resistance 𝑅𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟
Ω= 74.3
=0.010 Ω
Total copper loss = 3𝐼𝑟 2 𝑅𝑟 Watts = 3 x (891.6)2x 0.010= 23.8 kW

MODULE 5 : Design of Synchronous Machines (Problems on Design of Synchronous Generator)

1.Determine the main dimensions of a 150 KVA, 6500 V, 50 Hz, 62.5 rpm, 3 phase star
connected alternator. Also find the number of stator slots, conductors per slot, conductor area and
work out the winding details. The peripheral speed should be less than 40 m/s. Assume average gap
density as 0.65 wb/m2, Specific electric loading as 40,000 AC/m and current density as 4 amp/ mm2.

Slon: Q= 150 VA, VL=650V, f=50Hz, Ns=62.5 rpm, vs =40 m/s. Bav=0.65 wb/m2,q=40000 AC/m. Current
density 𝛿 = 4A/mm2
𝑁 62.5
Synchronous speed ns= 60𝑠 = 60 = 1.041rps
120 𝑓
Number of poles P = = 96
𝑁𝑠
Assuming Winding factor𝐾𝑤 = 0.955
Output coefficient C0 = 11 Bavq Kw X 10-3 =273.13
𝑄
𝐷2 𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑛 =0.52 m2
𝑜 𝑠
Taking the peripheral speed as 40 m/s
𝜋𝐷𝑛
Peripheral speed𝑣𝑠 = 60 𝑠
𝑠 𝑣 60
Diameter of the rotor D = 𝜋𝑛 =733. 5 m
𝑠
𝜋𝐷
Pole pitch 𝜏𝑝 = =23.9 m
𝑃
Substituting D in D2L product L= 9.66 x 10-7
𝐵 𝜋𝐷𝐿
Flux per pole ϕ = 𝑎𝑣𝑃 =0.9275 Wb
𝐸𝐿
Eph= =3752.77 volts
√3
Assuming one circuit per phase a=1
𝑎𝐸
Turns per phase Tph= 4.44 𝑋 𝑓𝑋𝑝ℎ𝜙 𝑋𝐾 = 19.2 ≈ 19
𝑤
Assuming slot pitch 5.5 cm for terminal voltage of 6500 V
𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
Hence the number of slots Ss= 𝜏 = 5.5 𝑋10−2 =41897.42 ≈ 41897
𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑆
Number of slots per pole per phase =𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑋 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3𝑃𝑠 = 145.47
The abovevalue fractional value of slots per pole per phase Assuming number of slots per pole per phase
as 145
Revised Total number of slots = total no of slots/pole/phase X no of poles X no of phases =145 X 3 X96
=41760
Total number of conductors Zs = 6 X Tph =6 x19 =114
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Hence number of conductors per slotZss = = 0.0027
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase𝐼𝑠 = = 76.92 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝐼
Area of cross section of each conductor 𝑎𝑠 = 𝛿𝑠 = 19.23 mm2

2. A 1000 kVA, 3300 volts, 50 Hz, 300 rpm, 3 phase alternator has 180 slots with 5 conductors per slot.
Single layer winding with full pitched coils is used. The winding is star connected with one circuit per
phase. Determine the specific electric and magnetic loading if the stator bore is 2m and core length is
0.4 m. Using the same specific loadings determine the design details for a1250 kVA, 3300 volts, 50 Hz,
250 rpm, 3 phase star connected alternator having 2 circuits perphase. The machines have 60ophase
spread.

Solution: For 1000 kVA alternator

Q = 1000 kVA, VL=3300 V, f=50Hz, 𝑁𝑠 = 300 rpm, Ss=180, Zss=5, D=2m, L=0.4m. m𝛽 = 60o
Total stator conductors Zs = total no of slots X total no of conductors/slot = 900
𝒁
Turns per phase = 𝟔𝒔 = 150
𝑁
Synchronous speed 𝑛𝑠 =60𝑠 = 5 rps
120 𝑓
Number of poles P= = 20
𝑁𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
Slots per pole per phase = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑋 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3 =m 𝛽 = 60/3 =20
𝑚𝛽
sin ( )
2
Distribution factor 𝑘𝑑 = 𝛽 = 0.9597
𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
For Full pitched winding, pitch factor kp= 1
Winding factor kw= kpx kd= 0.9597
𝐸
Eph= 𝐿 =1905.25 v
√3
𝐸
Flux per pole ϕ=4.44 𝑓 𝑝ℎ = 0.059 wb
𝑇 𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤
𝜋𝐷
Pole pitch 𝜏𝑝 = 𝑃 = 0.314 mm
Area of one pole pitch Ap= pole pitch x core length = 0.125 mm
𝜙
Specific magnetic loading Bav = 𝐴 = 0.472 T
𝑝
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase Iph= = 174.97 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝐼
Area of cross section of each conductor 𝑎𝑠 = 𝛿𝑠 = 43.7 mm2
As there is one circuit per phase current per conductor = 175 Amps
6 𝐼 𝑇𝑝ℎ
Specific electric loading q = 𝑝ℎ = 25,079
𝜋𝐷
𝑠 𝜋𝐷𝑁
Peripheral speed 𝑣𝑠 = =31.41 m/s
60
For 1250 kVA generator
Q=1250 KVA, EL= 3300 volts, f=50 Hz, 𝑵𝒔 = 250 rpm
From 1000 KVA machine we have the following design infomation
Bav =0.472 T , q=25,079𝑣𝑠 =31.41 m/s
𝑁
Synchronous speed ns= 60𝑠 =
120 𝑓
Number of poles P = =
𝑁𝑠
Assuming Winding factor 𝐾𝑤 = 0.955
Output coefficient C0 = 11 Bavq Kw X 10-3 =
𝑄
𝐷2 𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑛 =
𝑜 𝑠
Taking the peripheral speed as 𝑣𝑠 =
𝜋𝐷𝑛𝑠
Peripheral speed 𝑣𝑠 =
60
𝑠 𝑣 60
Diameter of the rotor D = 𝜋𝑛 =
𝑠
𝜋𝐷
Pole pitch 𝜏𝑝 = =
𝑃
𝐵𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜋𝐷𝐿
Flux per pole ϕ = =
𝑃
𝐸𝐿
Eph= =
√3
No of circuits per phase a=2 ( from data), Winding factor Kw
𝑎𝐸
Turns per phase Tph= 4.44 𝑋 𝑓𝑋𝑝ℎ𝜙 𝑋𝐾 =
𝑤

Total number of conductors Zs=

Assuming 3 slots/pole/phase
Total number of slots Ss = No of slots/pole/phase X no of poles X No of Phase

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Number of conductors per slot Zss = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠

Revised number of conductors = Conductors /slot X Total No of slots

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Revised number of turns per phase = =
6

3. Design the stator frame of a 500 kVA, 6.6 kV, 50 Hz, 3 phase, 12 pole, star connected salient pole
alternator, giving the following information.
(i) Internal diameter and gross length of the frame.
(ii) Number of stator conductors.
(iii) Number of stator slots and conductors per slot.
Specific magnetic and electric loadings may be assumed as 0.56 Tesla and 26000 Ac/m respectively.
Peripheral speed must be less than 40 m/s and slot loading must be less than 1200.

Solution:
Q = 500 kVA, VL=6600 V, f=50Hz, P=12, B=0.56, q=26000 Ac/m,𝑣𝑠 = 40 m/s.
Assuming the winding to be full pitched Kw = 0.955
i)Main dimensions of the rotor.
120 𝑓
Synchronous speed Ns = 𝑃 = rpm
𝑁
Synchronous speed ns= 60𝑠 = rps
Output coefficient C0 = 11 Bavq Kw X 10-3 =
𝑄
𝐷2 𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑛 = m2----------------1
𝑜 𝑠
Using round poles for the salient pole alternator and assuming ratio of pole arc to pole pitch as
0.65 and pole arc equal to core length
Pole arc/ pole pitch = core length/ pole pitch= 𝐿⁄𝜏𝑝 = 0.65
𝜋𝐷
L =0.65 𝜏𝑝 = 0.65X 𝑃 ---------------2
Substituting equation 2 in 1
D= m L=m
Peripheral speed 𝑣𝑠 = 𝜋 𝐷 𝑛𝑠 = m/s

Peripheral speed is with in the limits

ii) No of stator conductors : (Star connected alternator)

𝐸
Eph= 𝐿 =
√3
𝐵 𝜋𝐷𝐿
Flux per pole ϕ = 𝑎𝑣𝑃 = Wb
Assuming one circuit per phase a=1
𝑎𝐸
Turns per phase Tph= 4.44 𝑋 𝑓𝑋𝑝ℎ𝜙 𝑋𝐾 =
𝑤
Total no of stator conductors per phase Zph = 2 x Tph
Total no of stator conductors Zs = 6 X Tph
iii) Number of stator slots and conductors per slot considering
the guide lines for selection of number of slots Selecting
the number of slots/pole/phase = 3
Total number of slots Ss= 3 x 12 x 3 =
Slot pitch 𝜏𝑠 = πD/Ss =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Number of conductors per slot Zss= =≈
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
Revised value of total number of conductors Zs = No of conductors per slot X total no of slots =
𝑍
Revised Turns per phase Tph= 6𝑠 =
Slot loading:
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase 𝐼𝑠 = =
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
Slot loading = Stator current per phase X no of conductors/slot =𝐼𝑠 X Zss
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3)A 3 phase 1800 kVA, 3.3 kV, 50 Hz, 250 rpm, salient pole alternator has the following design data.
Stator bore diameter = 230 cm
Gross length of stator bore = 38 cm
Number of stator slots = 216
Number of conductors per slot = 4
Sectional area of stator conductor = 86 mm2
Using the above data, calculate
(i) Flux per pole
(ii) Flux density in the air gap
(iii) Current density
(iv) Specific Electric loading

Solution :Q = 1800 KVA, VL=3300 V, f=50Hz, D=2.3 m, L=0.38m, Ss=216, Zss=4, as=86mm2, Ns=250
rpm

1) Flux per pole (𝛷)

Total no of Conductors Zs = Total No of slots X conductors /slot = 216 x 4 =864
𝑧
Total no of turns per phase Tph= 6𝑠 = 144
 𝐸𝐿
Eph = = 1905.2 volts
√3

Eph
Flux per pole = =0.0624 Wb
4.44 𝑓 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤

2) Flux density in the air gap (Bav):

120 𝑓
No of poles P = 𝑁 = 24
𝑠
𝑃𝛷
Bav= 𝜋 𝐷 𝐿 =0.545 Wb/m2
3) Current density (𝛿𝑠):
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase 𝐼𝑠 = = 314.92 amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼
Current density 𝛿𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =𝑎𝑠 = 3.661 A/mm2
𝑠
4) Specific Electric loading (q)
Co = D2Lns= 8.362
𝑁
ns =60𝑠 =4.16 rps
Co = 11 Bav q Kw x 10-3
𝐶𝑜
q = 11 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝐾𝑤 𝑋 10−3 =1468.24 AC/m

4.Calculate the stator core dimensions for 10 MVA, 11KV 50Hz , 3Phase , 2 Pole turbo alternator,
based on the following informationBav=0.63 T, q=48,000 Ac/m, Limiting Peripheral speed is vs=120
m/s, length of the air gap lg=2.0cm , Kw=0.955

Slon: Q= 10 MVA,VL=11KV, f=50Hz, P=2, vs =120 m/s,Bav=0.63wb/m2,q=48000 AC/m𝐾𝑤 = 0.955

120 𝑓
Synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 = = 3000 rpm
𝑃
𝑁𝑠
Synchronous speed ns= 60 = 50 rps
Output coefficient C0 = 11 Bavq Kw X 10-3 =317.67
𝑄
𝐷2 𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑛 =0.629 m3 --------1
𝑜 𝑠
Taking the peripheral speed as 120 m/s
𝜋𝐷𝑁
Peripheral speed 𝑣𝑠 = 60 𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝑛𝑠
𝑣
Diameter of the rotor D =𝜋𝑛𝑠 =0.763 m -------2
𝑠
Substituting 2 in 1 L=1.08 m

5.The stator of 750KVA, 2.2 KV, 50 Hz, 375 rpm , 3phase, star connected water wheel generator, the
following design information have been obtained. Internal diameter of the stator = 1.65 m,Gross
length of stator = 0.25mNo of stator slots per pole phase = 3, No of conductors /slot = 3,sectional area
of the conductor = 51.6 mm2. Determine 1) Flux per pole 2) Flux density 3) Specific electric loading 4)
current density

Soln: Q= 750 KVA, VL=2200V , f=50Hz, Ns=375 rpm , D=1.65m, L=0.25 m, as=51.6 mm2
1) Flux per pole (𝛷)
120 𝑓
No of poles P = 𝑁 = 16
𝑠
Total no of slots Ss = No of pole X No of phase X No of slots/pole/phase = 3X3X16=144
Total no of Conductors Zs = Total No of slots X conductors /slot = 144 X 3 = 432
𝑧
Total no of turns per phase Tph= 6𝑠 =72
𝐸𝐿
Eph = = 1270.17 volts
√3
 Eph
Flux per pole = 4.44 𝑓 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 = 0.0832 Wb
2) Flux density in the air gap (Bav):
𝑃𝛷
Bav= = 1.027Wb/m2
𝜋𝐷𝐿

3) Specific Electric loading (q)

ns =6.25 rps
Co = D2Lns= 4.253
Co = 11 Bav q Kw x 10-3
𝐶𝑜
q = 11 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝐾𝑤 𝑋 10−3 =394.21 AC/m

4) Current density (𝛿𝑠):

𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase 𝐼𝑠 = = 196.82 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼
Current density 𝛿𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =𝑎𝑠 = 3.814 A/mm2
𝑠

6.A 500 kVA, 33kV, 50 Hz, 600 rpm, 3 phase salient pole alternator has 180 turns per phase.
Estimate the length of air gap if the average flux density is 0.54 Wb/m2, the ratio of pole arc to pole
pitch 0.65: the short circuit ration is 1.2 ; the gap contraction factor, 1.15 and the winding factor
0.955. The mmf required for gap is 80% of No load field mmf.

Solution: Q= 500KVA, VL =33000 Volts, f=50 Hz, Ns=600 rpm, Tph =180, Bav=0.54 T, L/𝜏𝑝 = 0.65,
SCR=1.2, Kg = 1.15
𝑁
Synchronous speed 𝑛𝑠 = 60𝑠 = 10rps
120 𝑓
No of poles P = = 10
𝑁𝑠
Vph = 19052.55 V
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phase 𝐼𝑠 = = 8.74 amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤1
Armaturemmf𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 2.7 = 405.649AT
𝑃

No load field mmf per pole 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = SCR X 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 486.77 AT

Field form factor Kf =𝛹= 0.66

𝐵
Maximum flux density in air gap = 𝐵𝑔 = 𝐾𝑎𝑣 =0.818 T.
𝑓
Mmf for air gap = 800000 𝐵𝑔 𝑙𝑔 𝐾𝑔 = 0.8 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜

0.8 𝐴𝑇
∴length of the air gap 𝑙𝑔 = 800000 𝐵𝑓𝑜𝐾 = 5.174 X 10-4 meters
𝑔 𝑔

7.Determine the main dimensions of the stator bore, no of stator conductors and slots of a 3 phase,
star connected. 8 pole alternator rated at 300 kVA, 50Hz, Assume q= 280 Ac/cm Bav= 0.63T, Square
pole faces and pole arc = 0.65 pole pitch. Voltage rating =3300 V. Take number of slots/pole/phase
=3.5.

Solution : Q= 300 kVA, 50 Hz, Bav=0.63 T, q= 28000AC/m, f=50 Hz, L=0.65𝝉𝒑 , VL=3300 V. No of
slots/per /phase =3.5, P=8.

1) Main Dimensions of the stator.

120 𝑓
Synchronous speed 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃 = 750 rpm
𝑁
Synchronous speed ns= 60𝑠 = 12.5rps
 Co = 11 X Bav X qX Kw X 10-3= 185.30
𝑄
D2L = 𝐶 𝑛 =0.1295 m3 ------------1
0 𝑠
𝜋𝐷
w.k.t L=0.65𝜏𝑝 = 0.645 X =0.253D ---------2
𝑃
Substituting 2 in 1
L=0.202 m D=0.799m

2) Stator winding details

𝐵
Flux per pole Φ = 𝑎𝑣𝑋𝑃𝜋 𝐷 𝐿 = 0.0399Wb
Eph = 1905.2 volts.
𝐸
No of stator turns per phase Tph= 4.44 𝑓𝑝ℎ = 225.2 = 225
𝛷𝑋𝑘 𝑤
No of stator conductors Zs = 6 Tph =1350
No of stator slots = No of phases X no of poles X No of slots /pole/phase = 3X 8X3.5 =84
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
No of conductors per slot Zss = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠. =16.07 =16
Revised value of conductors Zs = Total no of slots X No of conductors per slot =84 X16 =1344
𝑍
Revised no of turns per phase Tph = 6𝑠 = 224

8.Find the main dimensions of 2500kVA, 187.5 rpm. 50Hz, 3phase salient pole synchronous generator.
The generator is to be vertical water wheel type. The specific magnetic loading is 0.6 Wb/m 2 and
specific electric loading is 34000 AC/m. Use circular poles with ratio of core Length to pole pitch = 0.65
Specify the type of pole construction used if the runaway speed is about two times the normal speed.

Solution : D= 3.9 m L= 0.245 m, Vs = 38.2 m/s , Runaway speed is = 76.2 m/s almost peripheral nearer
to 80 m/s therefore dove-tail construction is used for attaching the rotor poles to the them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. The following is the design data available for a 1250KVA, 3phase , 50Hz, 3300Volts, star
connected, 300 rpm alternator of salient pole type .Sator bore D=1.9 m and stator core length is
L=0.335 m, pole arc /pole pitch =0.66 , Turns per phase = 150, single layer concentric winding with 5
conductors per slot, short circuit ratio =1.2. Assume that distribution of gap flux is rectangular
under the pole arc is zero values in the inter polar region. Calculate i) Specific magnetic loading ii)
armature mmf per pole iii) gap density over pole arc d) air gap length. Mmf required for air gap is
0.88 times of no load field mmf and the gap contraction factor is 1.15

Solution: Q= 1250 KVA, f=50 Hz, VL=3300 volts, Ns =300 rpm, D=1.9 m , L=0.335 m,
L/𝜏𝑝 = 0.66, Tph =150 , SCR =1.2, Kg = 1.15.

Total no stator conductor Zs= 6 X Tph = 900

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 6𝑇
Total no of stator slots = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 = 𝑍 𝑝ℎ = 180
𝑠𝑠

𝑁
Synchronous speed in rps𝑛𝑠 = 60𝑠 = 5 rps
120 𝑓
No of poles P = = 20
𝑁𝑠
Assuming winding factor Kw = 0.955
𝐸𝐿
Voltage per phase Eph = = 1905.25 volts
√3
𝐸
Flux per pole Φ =4.44 𝑓 𝑝ℎ = 0.059Wb
𝑇 𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤

𝜋𝐷𝐿
Area of the of the pole Ap= =0.09 m2=0.1 m2
𝑃
 𝛷 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Average flux density Bav = 𝐴 = = 0.59 T
𝑝 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

Assuming field form factor Kf=Ψ =0.66

𝐵𝑎𝑣
Gap flux density Bg = = 0.893T
𝛹
𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103
Stator Current per phaseIph = = 218.69 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝐼𝑝ℎ 𝑇𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤
Armature mmf per pole 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 2.7 = 4229.19 Ampere turns
𝑃

No load fieldmmf𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = SCR X 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 1.2 X 4229.19=5075.02 Ampere turns

Mmf required for air gap 𝐴𝑇𝑔 = 0.88 X 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = 0.88 X 5075.02=4466.02 Ampere turns

0.88 𝐴𝑇
There foreLength of air gap lg = 800,000 𝑋 𝐵𝑓𝑜𝑋 𝐾 = 5.4 x10-3 m or 5.4 mm.
𝑔 𝑔

11) 1250 kVA, 3 phase, 50Hz, 3300 Volts, 300 rpm, synchronous generator with a concentric winding
has the following design data, Specific magnetic loading Bav=0.58 Wb/m2, Specific electric loading
q=33000 AC/m, gap length = 5.5 mm, field turns per pole =60, SCR= 1.2, The effective gap area is 0.6
times the actual area. Peripheral speed is 30 m/s. Find the stator core length, stator bore, turns per
phase, mmf for air gap, armature mmf per pole and field current for no load and rated voltage.

Solution: Q= 1250 kVA, f=50Hz, VL=3300 volts, Ns= 300 rpm, Bav=0.58 Wb/m2,
q=33000 AC/m, Tf=60 , SCR =1.2, Agp=0.6Ap, vs =30 m/s
𝑁
Synchronous speed in rps𝑛𝑠 = 60𝑠 = 5 rps
120 𝑓
No of poles P = = 20
𝑁𝑠
Output coefficient Co = 11 X BavXqX Kw X 10-3= 201.06
𝑄
D2L =𝐶 𝑛 =1.245 m3 ------------1
𝑜 𝑠
From peripheral speed Equation 𝑣𝑠 = 𝜋 𝐷 𝑛𝑠 = 30 M/s
𝑣
D=𝜋𝑛𝑠 =1.9 m -------------2
𝑠
Substitute 2 in 1 L= 0.344 m
𝜋𝐷𝐿
Area of the of the pole Ap= 𝑃 = 0.1026 m2
Flux per pole𝛷 = 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑋𝐴𝑝 =0.0595 Wb

𝐸𝐿
Voltage per phase Eph = = 1905.25 Volts
√3
𝐸
No of turns per phase Tph = 4.44 𝑓𝑝ℎ𝛷 𝐾 = 151.03 =151
𝑤

𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 103

Stator Current per phaseIs=Iph = = 218.69 Amps
3 𝑉𝑝ℎ

𝐼 𝑇 𝐾𝑤
Armature mmf per pole 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 2.7 𝑝ℎ 𝑃𝑝ℎ = 4257.38 Ampere turns
Effective area per pole = 0.6 X Area per pole = 0.6 x0.1026= 0.0615 m2
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Effective gap density KgBg = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 =0.96 Wb/m2
Mmf for air gap = 800,000𝐵𝑔 𝑙𝑔 𝐾𝑔 = 800000 X 0.96 x 5.5X10-3 =4224 Ampere turns

No load field 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜 = SCR X 𝐴𝑇𝑎 = 1.2 x 4257.38=5108.856 Ampere turns

 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑚𝑓 𝐴𝑇𝑓𝑜
Field current at no load 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = = 85.14 Amps
𝑇𝑓