FIRST TERM: MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS Topic 1 Physical Quantities and Units 1.

1 Base quantities and SI units Teaching Period 6 1 Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) list base quantities and their SI units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K) and quantity of matter (mol); (b) deduce units for derived quantities; 1.2 Dimensions of physical quantities 1 (c) use dimensional analysis to determine the dimensions of derived quantities; (d) check the homogeneity of equations using dimensional analysis; (e) construct empirical equations using dimensional analysis; 1.3 Scalars and vectors 2 (f) determine the sum, the scalar product and vector product of coplanar vectors;

(g) resolve a vector to two perpendicular components; 1.4 Uncertainties in measurements 2 (h) calculate the uncertainty in a derived quantity (a rigorous statistical treatment is not required); (i) write a derived quantity to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Kinematics 2.1 Linear motion

6 2

Candidates should be able to: (a) derive and use equations of motion with constant acceleration; (b) sketch and use the graphs of displacementtime, velocity-time and acceleration-time for the motion of a body with constant acceleration;

2.2

Projectiles

(c) solve problems on projectile motion without air resistance; (d) explain the effects of air resistance on the motion of bodies in air.

Topic 3 Dynamics 3.1 Newtons laws of motion

Teaching Period 12 4

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) state Newtons laws of motion; dv dm (b) use the formula F = m for constant +v dt dt m or constant v only;

3.2

Linear momentum and its conservation

(c) state the principle of conservation of momentum, and verify the principle using Newtons laws of motion; (d) apply the principle of conservation of momentum; (e) define impulse as F dt ; (f) solve problems involving impulse;

3.3

Elastic and inelastic collisions

(g) distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions (knowledge of coefficient of restitution is not required); (h) solve problems involving collisions between particles in one dimension;

3.4

Centre of mass

(i) (j)

define centre of mass for a system of particles in a plane; predict the path of the centre of mass of a twoparticle system;

3.5

Frictional forces

(k) explain the variation of frictional force with sliding force; (l) define and use coefficient of static function and coefficient of kinetic friction.

Work, Energy and Power

Candidates should be able to: (a) define the work done by a force dW = F ds ; (b) calculate the work done using a forcedisplacement graph; (c) calculate the work done in certain situations, including the work done in a spring;

4.1

Work

4.2

Potential energy and kinetic energy

(d) derive and use the formula: potential energy change = mgh near the surface of the Earth; (e) derive and use the formula: kinetic energy
=
1 2

mv 2 ;

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome

(f)

state and use the work-energy theorem;

(g) apply the principle of conservation of energy in situations involving kinetic energy and potential energy; 4.3 Power 1 (h) derive and use the formula P = Fv ; (i) use the concept of efficiency to solve problems.

Circular Motion

Candidates should be able to: (a) express angular displacement in radians; (b) define angular velocity and period; (c) derive and use the formula v = r ;

5.1

Angular displacement and angular velocity

5.2

Centripetal acceleration

(d) explain that uniform circular motion has an acceleration due to the change in direction of velocity; (e) derive and use the formulae for centripetal acceleration a =
v2 and a = r 2 ; r

5.3

Centripetal force

(f)

explain that uniform circular motion is due to the action of a resultant force that is always directed to the centre of the circle;

(g) use the formulae for centripetal force mv 2 F= and F = mr 2 ; r (h) solve problems involving uniform horizontal circular motion for a point mass; (i) solve problems involving vertical circular motions for a point mass (knowledge of tangential acceleration is not required).

Gravitation

10

Candidates should be able to: (a) state Newtons law of universal gravitation and GMm use the formula F = 2 ; r (b) explain the meaning of gravitational field; (c) define gravitational field strength as force of gravity per unit mass;

6.1

Newtons law of universal gravitation

6.2

Gravitational field

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome
GM for a gravitational r2

(d) use the equation g = field; 6.3 Gravitational potential 3

(e) define the potential at a point in a gravitational field; (f) derive and use the formula V =
GM ; r

(g) use the formula for potential energy GMm U= ; r (h) show that U = mgr = mgh is a special case GMm for situations near to the of U = r surface of the Earth; (i) (j) use the relationship g =
dV ; dr

explain, with graphical illustrations, the variations of gravitational field strength and gravitational potential with distance from the surface of the Earth;

6.4

Satellite motion in a circular orbit

(k) solve problems involving satellites moving in a circular orbit in a gravitational field; (l) explain the concept of weightlessness;

6.5

Escape velocity

(m) derive and use the equation for escape 2GM and ve = 2 gR . velocity ve = R
Candidates should be able to: (a) define centre of gravity; (b) state the condition in which the centre of mass is the centre of gravity;

Statics

7.1

Centre of gravity

7.2

Equilibrium of particles

(c) state the condition for the equilibrium of a particle; (d) solve problems involving forces in equilibrium at a point;

7.3

Equilibrium of rigid bodies

(e) define torque as = r F ; (f)

state the conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body;

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome
(g) sketch and label the forces which act on a particle and a rigid body; (h) use the triangle of forces to represent forces in equilibrium; (i) solve problems involving forces in equilibrium.

Deformation of Solids 8.1 8.2 Stress and strain Force-extension graph and stress-strain graph

5 1 2

Candidates should be able to: (a) define stress and strain for a stretched wire or elastic string; (b) sketch force-extension graph and stress-strain graph for a ductile material; (c) identify and explain proportional limit, elastic limit, yield point and tensile strength; (d) define the Youngs modulus; (e) solve problems involving Youngs modulus; (f) distinguish between elastic deformation and plastic deformation;

(g) distinguish the shapes of force-extension graphs for ductile, brittle and polymeric materials; 8.3 Strain energy 2 (h) derive and use the formula for strain energy; (i) calculate strain energy from force-extension graphs or stress-strain graphs.

Kinetic Theory of Gases 9.1 9.2 Ideal gas equation Pressure of a gas

14 2 2

Candidates should be able to: (a) use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT ; (b) state the assumptions of the kinetic theory of an ideal gas; (c) derive and use the equation for the pressure exerted by an ideal gas p = c 2 ;
3 1

9.3

Molecular kinetic energy

(d) state and use the relationship between the Boltzmann constant and molar gas constant

k=

R ; NA

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome
(e) derive and use the expression for the mean translational kinetic energy of a molecule,
1 2

mc 2 = kT ;
2

9.4

The r.m.s. speed of molecules

(f)

calculate the r.m.s. speed of gas molecules;

(g) sketch the molecular speed distribution graph and explain the shape of the graph (description of the experiment is not required); (h) predict the variation of molecular speed distribution with temperature;

9.5

Degrees of freedom and law of equipartition of energy

(i) (j)

define the degrees of freedom of a gas molecule; identify the number of degrees of freedom of a monatomic, diatomic or polyatomic molecule at room temperature;

(k) explain the variation in the number of degrees of freedom of a diatomic molecule ranging from very low to very high temperatures; (l) 9.6 Internal energy of an ideal gas 3 state and apply the law of equipartition of energy;

(m) distinguish between an ideal gas and a real gas; (n) explain the concept of internal energy of an ideal gas; (o) derive and use the relationship between the internal energy and the number of degrees of freedom.

10 Thermodynamics of Gases
10.1 Heat capacities

14
2

Candidates should be able to: (a) define heat capacity, specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity; (b) use the equations: Q = C , Q = mc , Q = nCV,m and

Q = nCp,m ;
10.2 Work done by a gas 1 (c) derive and use the equation for work done by a gas W = p dV ;

Topic 10.3 First law of thermodynamics

Teaching Period 5

Learning Outcome (d) state and apply the first law of thermodynamics Q = U + W ; (e) deduce the relationship U = nCV, m T from the first law of thermodynamics; (f) derive and use the equation Cp,m CV,m = R ;

(g) relate CV,m and Cp,m to the degrees of freedom; (h) use the relationship = types of molecules; 10.4 Isothermal and adiabatic changes 6 (i) (j) describe the isothermal process of a gas; use the equation pV = constant for isothermal changes; use the equations pV = constant and TV 1 = constant for adiabatic changes; (m) illustrate thermodynamic processes with p-V graphs; (n) derive and use the expression for work done in the thermodynamic processes. Cp, m CV, m to identify the

(k) describe the adiabatic process of a gas; (l)

11 Heat Transfer
11.1 Conduction

10
5

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the mechanism of heat conduction through solids, and hence, distinguish between conduction through metals and non-metals; (b) define thermal conductivity; (c) use the equation
dQ d = kA for heat dt dx conduction in one dimension;

(d) describe and calculate heat conduction through a cross-sectional area of layers of different materials; (e) compare heat conduction through insulated and non-insulated rods; 11.2 Convection 1 (f) describe heat transfer by convection;

(g) distinguish between natural and forced convection;

Topic 11.3 Radiation

Teaching Period 3

Learning Outcome (h) describe heat transfer by radiation; (i) (j) use Stefan-Boltzmann equation define a black body; dQ = e AT 4 ; dt

11.4 Global warming

(k) explain the greenhouse effect and thermal pollution; (l) suggest ways to reduce global warming.

SECOND TERM: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Topic Teaching Period Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) state Coulombs law, and use the formula Qq F= ; 4 0 r 2

12 Electrostatics
12.1 Coulombs law

12
2

12.2 Electric field

(b) explain the meaning of electric field, and sketch the field pattern for an isolated point charge, an electric dipole and a uniformly charged surface; (c) define the electric field strength, and use the F formula E = ; q (d) describe the motion of a point charge in a uniform electric field;

12.3 Gausss law

(e) state Gausss law, and apply it to derive the electric field strength for an isolated point charge, an isolated charged conducting sphere and a uniformly charged plate; (f) define electric potential;

12.4 Electric potential

(g) use the formula V =

Q 4 0 r

(h) explain the meaning of equipotential surfaces; (i)

(j)
13 Capacitors 12

use the relationship E =

use the formula U = qV.

dV dr

Candidates should be able to: (a) define capacitance; (b) describe the mechanism of charging a parallel plate capacitor; (c) use the formula C =

13.1 Capacitance 13.2 Parallel plate capacitors

1 2

Q A to derive C = 0 for d V the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor;

10

Topic
13.3 Dielectrics

Teaching Period
2

Learning Outcome
(d) define relative permittivity r (dielectric constant); (e) describe the effect of a dielectric in a parallel plate capacitor; (f) use the formula C =

r 0 A
d

13.4 Capacitors in series and in parallel 13.5 Energy stored in a charged capacitor

(g) derive and use the formulae for effective capacitance of capacitors in series and in parallel; (h) use the formulae
2 2 C (derivations are not required);

U=

QV , U =

Q2

and U =

1 2

CV 2

13.6 Charging and discharging of a capacitor

(i) (j)

describe the charging and discharging process of a capacitor through a resistor; define the time constant, and use the formula = RC ;
t 1 e Q = Q0
t
t , V = V0 1 e

(k) derive and use the formulae

and

I = I 0 e for charging a capacitor through a resistor;

(l) derive and use the formulae Q = Q0 e
t t t

V = V0 e and I = I 0 e for discharging a capacitor through a resistor;

(m) solve problems involving charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistor.
14 Electric Current 10

Candidates should be able to: (a) define electric current, and use the equation dQ I= ; dt (b) explain the mechanism of conduction of electricity in metals;

14.1 Conduction of electricity

11

Topic
14.2 Drift velocity

Teaching Period
2

Learning Outcome
(c) explain the concept of drift velocity; (d) derive and use the equation I = Anev ;

14.3 Current density

(e) define electric current density and conductivity; (f) use the relationship J = E ;

14.4 Electric conductivity and resistivity

(g) derive and use the equation =

ne 2t ; m RA ; l

(h) define resistivity, and use the formula = (i) (j)

show the equivalence between Ohms law and the relationship J = E ; explain the dependence of resistivity on temperature for metals and semiconductors by ne 2t using the equation = ; m

(k) discuss the effects of temperature change on the resistivity of conductors, semiconductors and superconductors.
15 Direct Current Circuits 14

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the effects of internal resistance on the terminal potential difference of a battery in a circuit; (b) state and apply Kirchhoffs laws; (c) explain a potential divider as a source of variable voltage; (d) explain the uses of shunts and multipliers;

15.1 Internal resistance

15.2 Kirchhoffs laws 15.3 Potential divider

4 2

15.4 Potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge

(e) explain the working principles of a potentiometer, and its uses; (f) explain the working principles of a Wheatstone bridge, and its uses;

(g) solve problems involving potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge.

12

Topic
16 Magnetic Fields

Teaching Period
18

Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to: (a) explain magnetic field as a field of force produced by current-carrying conductors or by permanent magnets; (b) use the formula for the force on a moving charge F = qv B ; (c) use the equation F = qvB sin to define magnetic flux density B; (d) describe the motion of a charged particle parallel and perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field;

16.1 Concept of a magnetic field 16.2 Force on a moving charge

16.3 Force on a currentcarrying conductor

(e) explain the existence of magnetic force on a straight current-carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic field; (f) derive and use the equation F = IlB sin ;

16.4 Magnetic fields due to currents

(g) state Amperes law, and use it to derive the I magnetic field of a straight wire B = 0 ; 2r

(h) use the formulae B =

for a circular coil 2r and B = 0 nI for a solenoid;

0 NI

16.5 Force between two current-carrying conductors

(i)

derive and use the formula F =

0 I1I 2l for the 2 d force between two parallel current-carrying conductors;

describe the motion of a charged particle in the presence of both magnetic and electric fields (for v, B and E perpendicular to each other);

16.6 Determination of the e ratio m

(j)

(k) explain the principles of the determination of e for electrons in Thomsons the ratio m experiment (quantitative treatment is required); 16.7 Hall effect 2 (l) explain Hall effect, and derive an expression for Hall voltage VH ;

(m) state the applications of Hall effect.

13

Topic
17 Electromagnetic Induction

Teaching Period
18

Learning Outcome
Candidates should be able to: (a) define magnetic flux as = B A ; (b) state and use Faradays law and Lenzs law; (c) derive and use the equation for induced e.m.f. in linear conductors and plane coils in uniform magnetic fields;

17.1 Magnetic flux 17.2 Faradays law and Lenzs law

1 8

17.3 Self induction

(d) explain the phenomenon of self-induction, and define self-inductance; (e) use the formulae E = L (f) dI and LI = N ; dt

derive and use the equation for the self N2A ; inductance of a solenoid L = 0 l

17.4 Energy stored in an inductor

(g) use the formula for the energy stored in an 1 inductor U = LI 2 ; 2 (h) explain the phenomenon of mutual induction, and define mutual inductance; (i) derive an expression for the mutual inductance between two coaxial solenoids of the same 0 N p Ns A . cross-sectional area M = lp

17.5 Mutual induction

18 Alternating Current Circuits

12

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the concept of the r.m.s. value of an alternating current, and calculate its value for the sinusoidal case only; (b) derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t ;

18.1 Alternating current through a resistor

(c) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage for a pure resistor; (d) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating current circuit which consists only of a pure resistor;

14

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome

18.2 Alternating current through an inductor

(e) derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t ; (f) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage for a pure inductor;

(g) define the reactance of a pure inductor; (h) use the formula X L = L ; (i) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating current circuit which consists only of a pure inductor; derive an expression for the current from V = V0 sin t ;

18.3 Alternating current through a capacitor

(j)

(k) explain the phase difference between the current and voltage for a pure capacitor; (l) define the reactance of a pure capacitor;
1 ; C

(m) use the formula X C =

(n) derive and use the formula for the power in an alternating current circuit which consists only of a pure capacitor; 18.4 R-C and R-L circuits in series 3 (o) define impedance; (p) use the formula Z =
R2 + ( X L X C )2 ;

(q) sketch the phasor diagrams of R-C and R-L circuits.

15

THIRD TERM: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES, OPTICS, AND MODERN PHYSICS

Topic Teaching Period Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) define simple harmonic motion;

19 Oscillations
19.1 Characteristics of simple harmonic motion 19.2 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion

12
1

(b) show that x = A sin t is a solution of a = 2 x ; (c) derive and use the formula v = A2 x 2 ; (d) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in displacement, velocity and acceleration with time; (e) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in velocity and acceleration with displacement;

19.3 Energy in simple harmonic motion

(f)

derive and use the expressions for kinetic energy and potential energy;

(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in kinetic energy and potential energy with time and displacement; 19.4 Systems in simple harmonic motion 19.5 Damped oscillations 3 (h) derive and use expressions for the periods of oscillations for spring-mass and simple pendulum systems; (i) (j) 19.6 Forced oscillations and resonance 1 describe the changes in amplitude and energy for a damped oscillating system; distinguish between under damping, critical damping and over damping;

(k) distinguish between free oscillations and forced oscillations; (l) state the conditions for resonance to occur.

20 Wave Motion
20.1 Progressive waves

12
3

Candidates should be able to: (a) interpret and use the progressive wave equation y = A sin ( t kx) or y = A cos ( t kx); (b) sketch and interpret the displacement-time graph and the displacement-distance graph;

16

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome
2 x ; (d) derive and use the relationship v = f ;

(c) use the formula =

20.2 Wave intensity

(e) define intensity and use the relationship I A2 ; (f) describe the variation of intensity with distance of a point source in space;

20.3 Principle of superposition 20.4 Standing waves

1 4

(g) state the principle of superposition; (h) use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of standing waves; (i) (j) derive and interpret the standing wave equation; distinguish between progressive and standing waves;

20.5 Electromagnetic waves

(k) state that electromagnetic waves are made up of electrical vibrations E = E0 sin ( t kx) and magnetic vibrations B = B0 sin ( t kx); (l) state the characteristics of electromagnetic waves;

(m) compare electromagnetic waves with mechanical waves; (n) state the formula c = significance; (o) state the orders of the magnitude of wavelengths and frequencies for different types of electromagnetic waves. 1

00

, and explain its

21 Sound Waves
21.1 Propagation of sound waves

14
2

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the propagation of sound waves in air in terms of pressure variation and displacement; (b) interpret the equations for displacement y = y0 sin ( t kx) and pressure

p = p0 sin t kx + ; 2

17

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome (c) use the standing wave equation to determine the positions of nodes and antinodes of a standing wave along a stretched string;

21.2 Sources of sound

(d) use the formula v =

to determine the

frequencies of the sound produced by different modes of vibration of the standing waves along a stretched string; (e) describe, with appropriate diagrams, the different modes of vibration of standing waves in air columns, and calculate the frequencies of sound produced, including the determination of end correction; 21.3 Intensity level of sound 21.4 Beat 2 2 (f) define and calculate the intensity level of sound;

(g) use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of beats; (h) use the formula for beat frequency f = f1 f2 ;

21.5 Doppler effect

(i)

describe the Doppler effect for sound, and use the derived formulae (for source and/or observer moving along the same line).

22 Geometrical Optics
22.1 Spherical mirrors

8
3

Candidates should be able to: (a) use the relationship f =

r for spherical 2

mirrors; (b) draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images by concave mirrors and convex mirrors; 1 1 1 (c) use the formula + = for spherical

mirrors; 22.2 Refraction at spherical surfaces 2 (d) use the formula n1 n 2 n 2 n1 + = for u v r refraction at spherical surfaces;

18

Topic 22.3 Thin lenses

Teaching Period 3

Learning Outcome n1 n 2 n 2 n1 + = to derive u v r 1 1 1 and the thin lens formula + = u v f lensmakers equation (f)
1 1 1 nl = 1 ; f m nm r1 r2

(e) use the formula

use the thin lens formula and lensmakers equation.

23 Wave Optics
23.1 Huygenss principle

16
1

Candidates should be able to: (a) state the Huygenss principle; (b) use the Huygenss principle to explain interference and diffraction phenomena;

23.2 Interference

(c) explain the concept of coherence; (d) explain the concept of optical path difference, and solve related problems; (e) state the conditions for constructive and destructive interferences;

23.3 Two-slit interference pattern

(f)

explain Youngs two-slit interference pattern; D for the a fringe separation in Youngs interference pattern;

(g) derive and use the formula x =

23.4 Interference in a thin film 23.5 Diffraction by a single slit

(h) explain the phenomenon of thin film interference for normal incident light, and solve related problems; (i) (j) explain the diffraction pattern for a single slit; use the formula sin = for the first a minimum in the diffraction pattern for a single slit;

(k) use the formula sin = power of an aperture;

as the resolving

19

Topic 23.6 Diffraction gratings

Teaching Period 3 (l)

Learning Outcome explain the diffraction pattern for a diffraction grating;

(m) use the formula d sin = m for a diffraction grating; (n) describe the use of a diffraction grating to form the spectrum of white light, and to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light; 23.7 Polarisation 2 (o) state that polarisation is a property of transverse waves; (p) explain the polarisation of light obtained by reflection or using a polariser; (q) use the Brewsters law tan B = n ; (r) use the Maluss law I = I0 cos2 ; 23.8 Optical waveguides 2 (s) explain the basic principles of fibre optics and waveguides; (t) state the applications of fibre optics and waveguides.

24 Quantum Physics
24.1 Photons

20
8

Students should be able to: (a) describe the important observations in photoelectric experiments; (b) recognise the features of the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained by wave theory, and explain these features using the concept of quantisation of light; (c) use the equation E = hf for a photon; (d) explain the meaning of work function and threshold frequency; (e) use Einsteins equation for the photoelectric 1 2 effect hf = W + mvmax ; 2 (f) explain the meaning of stopping potential, and 1 2 use eVs = mvmax ; 2

20

Topic 24.2 Wave-particle duality

Teaching Period 2

Learning Outcome (g) state de Broglies hypothesis; (h) use the relation = wavelength; (i) (j) interpret the electron diffraction pattern as an evidence of the wave nature of electrons; explain the advantages of an electron microscope as compared to an optical microscope; h to calculate de Broglie p

24.3 Atomic structure

(k) state Bohrs postulates for a hydrogen atom; (l) derive an expression for the radii of the orbits in Bohrs model;

(m) derive the formula E n =

Z 2e4m 8 0 h2n2
2

for

Bohrs model; (n) explain the production of emission line spectra with reference to the transitions between energy levels; (o) explain the concepts of excitation energy and ionisation energy; 24.4 X-rays 5 (p) interpret X-ray spectra obtained from X-ray tubes; (q) explain the characteristic line spectrum and continuous spectrum including min in X-rays; (r) derive and use the equation min =
hc ; eV

(s) describe X-ray diffraction by two parallel adjacent atomic planes; (t) 24.5 Nanoscience 1 derive and use Braggs law 2d sin = m ;

(u) explain the basic concept of nanoscience; (v) state the applications of nanoscience in electronics devices.

21

Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the discovery of protons and neutrons (experimental details are not required); (b) explain mass defect and binding energy; (c) use the formula for mass-energy equivalence E = mc2; (d) relate and use the units u and eV; (e) sketch and interpret a graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number;

25 Nuclear Physics
25.1 Nucleus

14
4

25.2 Radioactivity

(f)

explain radioactive decay as a spontaneous and random process; dN = N dt

(g) define radioactive activity; (h) state and use the exponential law for radioactive decay; (i) (j) define decay constant; derive and use the formula N = N 0 e t ;

(k) define half-life, and derive the relation ln 2 = ; t1

2

(l) 25.3 Nuclear reactions 4

solve problems involving the applications of radioisotopes as tracers in medical physics;

(m) state and apply the conservation of nucleon number and charge in nuclear reactions; (n) apply the principle of mass-energy conservation to calculate the energy released (Q value) in a nuclear reaction; (o) relate the occurrence of fission and fusion to the graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number; (p) explain the conditions for a chain reaction to occur; (q) describe a controlled fission process in a reactor; (r) describe a nuclear fusion process which occurs in the Sun.

22

Reference Books
Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the STPM examination and other reference books such as those listed below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Adam, S. and Allday, J., 2000. Advanced Physics. New York: Oxford. Breithaupt, J., 2000. Understanding Physics for Advanced Level. 4th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Duncan, T., 2000. Advanced Physics. 5th edition. London: John Murray. Giancoli, D.C., 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. 4th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Giancoli, D.C., 2008. Physics-Principles with Application. 6th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker, J., 2008. Fundamentals of Physics. 8th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Hutchings, R., 2000. Physics. 2nd edition. London: Nelson Thornes. Jewett Jr, J.W. and Serway, R.A., 2006. Serways Principles of Physics. 4th edition. California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Jewett Jr, J.W. and Serway, R.A., 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 7th edition. California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Nelkon, M. and Parker, P., 1995. Advanced Level Physics. 7th edition. Oxford: Heinemann. Young, H.D. and Freedman, R.A., 2011. University Physics with Modern Physics. 13th edition. California: Pearson Addison Wesley.

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