DECLARATION
I MOHAMED N. ABDI declare to the best of my knowledge and belief that, this project
presented here as partial fulfillment of Ordinary Diploma in Building and Civil
Engineering course of Dar as salaam Institute of Technology.
Student signature: ……………………………….
Supervisor signature: ……………………………
i
ABSTRACT
Tandika primary school is located at Tandika in Temeke Municipal and nearby Tandika
secondary school. Following the construction of business frames surrounding the school
premises, the school is now facing a problem of water pounding during a rain season.
This project therefore, aims at designing a storm water drainage system at this school so
as to overcome this problem.
In this study the relevant literature review for designing such a drainage system and data
collection are already collected. The data collected include rainfall data and survey
levelling data
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I do thank God who has given me good health and ability to do this project, also my
thanks are directed to all members of Building and Civil Engineering Department of Dar
es salaam Institute of Technology for their assistance, advices and co-operation which
lead to complication of this project
My special thanks are given to my supervisors who they give me cooperation from the
beginning to the end of this project.
With gratitude, I thank my fellow students for their advice and encouragement to me
during preparation up to completion of this project.
Lastly many thanks to my family who was the only sponsor during my study. I highly
appreciate their moral support and their encouragement that led me to the successful
completion of this project.
iii
Declaration..........................................................................................................................i
Abstract..............................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
1.2.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................2
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE.....................................................................................2
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE........................................................................................................2
1.5 OUTCOMES.............................................................................................................3
1.6 PROJECT METHODOLOGY..................................................................................3
VISUAL OBSERVATION.............................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2.....................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................4
2.1 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN PROCESS...................................4
2.2 METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF STORM WATER............................................4
2.3 TIME OF CONCENTRATION............................................................................5
2.4 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT.....................................................................................5
2.5.1 SITE VISITING..................................................................................................5
2.5.2 LEVELLING WORKS.......................................................................................5
[Link] EQUIPMENTS USED IN LEVELING...........................................................5
[Link] .DEFINITION OF TERMS IN LEVELLING.................................................5
2.5.3 METHOD ADOPTED........................................................................................6
2.5.4 NECESSARY THINGS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING..............................6
CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................................8
DATA COLLECTION..................................................................................................8
LEVELLING DATA.......................................................................................................8
RAINFALL DATA.........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................12
DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................12
SURVEY DATA...........................................................................................................12
RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS...................................................................................13
DESIGN OF CIRCULAR SEWER...................................................................................15
CROSS-SECTION OF CIRCULAR SEWER...............................................................15
iv
CHAPTER 5.....................................................................................................................16
5.1 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................16
5.2 RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................16
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................17
v
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP ................................................................................................................................1
FIGURE 2 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP .....................................................................................................................................2
FIGURE 3 BUSINESS FRAMES AROUND THE SCHOOL PREMISES ……………………………………………..3
FIGURE 4 ENTRANCE ......................................................................................................................................................3
FIGURE 5 ENTRANCE ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
FIGURE 6 DISTANCE FROM THE FRAMES TO THE ROAD.......................................................................................3
FIGURE 7 RAINFALL INTENSITY CURVES................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 8 CONTOUR MAP.............................................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 9 CONTOUR PROFILE......................................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 10 SITE LAYOUT .............................................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 11 CROSS SECTION OF CIRCULAR SEWER.................................................................................................15
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 LEVELLING DATA............................................................................................8
TABLE 2 RAIFALL DATA.............................................................................................9
TABLE3 AVARAGE RAINFALL INTENSITY ...............................................................9
TABLE 4 RAINFALL INTENSITY.....................................................................................9
TABLE 5 RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS................................................................................11
TABLE 6 CATCHMENT AREA........................................................................................11
TABLE 7 GRID DATA.......................................................................................................12
TABLE 8 ADOPTED GRADIENTS AND VELOCITY...................................................14
TABLE 9 ADOPTED CLEASING VELOCITY................................................................14
vii
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tandika primary school is found at Tandika in Temeke Municipal. The school is about
6.003km square. The school is along Mtipuko road and it is near Tandika secondary
school.
Before the construction of frames around the school campus, which are served for
business, the storm water was moved by gravity to the side drains that were along tandika
main road. But after the construction of that frames, the storm water stuck in the school
grounds. The storm water finds no way to flow to the side drains and from there it cause
flooding.
T OPOGRAPHICAL MAP
F IGURE 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
During the rainy season, a part of rainfall water remains over the ground. That remaining
water contains organic wastes and bacteria which are dangerous for health of the pupils
and teachers. The more it remains over the ground, the more it increases the problem of
passage for pupils and their teacher
1
T OPOGRAPHICAL MAP
F IGURE 2
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES
To design storm water surface drainage system to tackle rain water as soon as it falls over
the ground
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
• To conduct survey works.
• To prepare the topographic plan.
• To determine the rainfall intensity data.
• To determine the catchment area.
• To design storm water drainage system
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• This project will look into storm water surface drainage system, As a water
carriage system, that storm water is collected, carried, and disposed by using
sewers to the near stream of disposal
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
If the concerned authority will implement on this project and it will be able
To minimize accident caused by congested water
To provide the passage way for pupils and teacher
.To minimize diseases caused from congested water, and their consequences
.To provide the stability to the existing school building
2
1.5 OUTCOMES
The outcome of this project will be a designed report of storm water drainage system
which can
• Serve the school building that is already in existence,
Reduce the magnitude of the problem.
serve the pupils and their teacher from diseases caused by storm water, this
contains pathogens and bacteria
1.6 PROJECT METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objectives of this project the following methodology will be used.
Visual observation and analysis
Data collection from relevant sources
Conducting survey works
Literature review
Data analysis
VISUAL OBSERVATION
B USINESS FRAMES AROUND THE SCHOOL 1
F IGURE 3
F IGURE 4
DISTANCE FROM
THE ROAD TO THE FRAMES
ENTRANCE
F IGURE 5 F IGURE 6
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
GENERAL
Storm water surface drainage system as a water carriage system is the most modern
method of disposal that serves the sake of cleanliness and hygienic point of view.
The system involves the collection of storm water from the area and conveys them to a
point of disposal. In this system, storm sewers are laid in order to carry storm water. A
sewer is a pipe or conduit generally closed but normally not flowing fully.
For the purpose of design quantity of water has to be taken [Link] the rainfall is
more, larger will be the quantity of storm water be tackled. If the rainfall takes place
slowly but continues for the whole day,lesser quantity of rainfall water will be
[Link] if the intensity of rainfall is more i.e more rainfall takes places in a lesser
time rain water will have very little chance for evaporation and percolation and more
quantity of rain water becomes [Link] amount of rainfall is in unit time. The time
may be in minutes, hour or a day. The intensity of rain fall is expressed in millimetre or
centimetre per hour . .
2.1 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN PROCESS
• Quantity of storm water
• Rainfall intensity.
• Area of catchment.
• Shape of catchment.
• Nature of the surface over which rain fall takes place.
2.2 METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF STORM WATER
There are two methods which are generally used to estimate the quantity of storm water.
1. Rational method
2. Empericall formulae method
1. The rational method
This is the method which is most commonly used to estimate the quantity of storm water.
In this method the area is measured directly , the run off coefficient can be used
according to the nature of the surface of the area to be [Link] are two methords
which are genrally used to estimate the quantity of storm [Link] the rain water
continues for long durations, the surface become wet and saturated , and it does not soak
any more water and increased amount af run off becomes available, it is therefore
essential to select the value of run off.
This method used when the area is less than 400hectares
Q = 0.28 A i C
Where, Q is the quantity of discharge.
A is the catchment area
i is the intensity of rainfall
C is the run off coefficient
2. Emperical formulae
4
For determining the run off from a very large area this method are normally used. The
formulae are applied directly by assuming suitable constants. Emperical formulae are
found to give quit satisfactory result where rational methods fails.
2.3 TIME OF CONCENTRATION
If the rain starts to fall simultaneously all over a sewered area almost at once, some rain
will start arriving at the sewer at the point of outfall, this being rain which has fallen near
that point subsequently, the flow in the sewer will go on increasing as more and more of
the area is contributing water. And finally when the whole area is contributing, the flow
in the sewer it will be equal to the precipitation over the whole area, this rate will
continue until the storm ceases. Then the rate of flow in the outfall sewer will start
decreasing gradually as less and less of the area will be contributing to storm water.
When the storm water is over, flow of the area nearer to the point of outfall will cease
almost immediately.
2.4 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
The value of runoff coefficient do not remain constant, they change with duration of rain
fall period.
When rain fall continues for longer duration the surface become wet and saturated and it
does not soak any more water and increased amount of runoff become available.
2.5 SURVEY WORKS
2.5.1 SITE VISITING
This is the process visiting site. We visit site in order to see how the site looks
like, to see the features available in site, to see things which will be obstacles to our work.
2.5.2 LEVELLING WORKS
Leveling is an operation of prime important to Engineer, both in acquiring data for the
design of all classes of work and during construction operation.
If any ordnance survey map is examined, the heights of several points on the map will be
seen to be shown by spot levels. These heights are measured above a datum called
ordnance datum (OD) which is actually the mean level of the sea. From this datum
levelling have been conducted throughout the country and the levels of numerous points
permanently established by bench marks. Any levelling done on site could therefore be
referred to OD by simply taking reading to a bench mark instead of pegs.
[Link] EQUIPMENTS USED IN LEVELING
o Levelling staff
o Level
o Arrows
o A level book
o A pencil
[Link] .DEFINITION OF TERMS IN LEVELLING
A level surface is the one which is at points normal to the direction of gravity as indicated
by the plumb line.
A level line is a line lying throughout on one level surface and is therefore normal to
direction of gravity of all points.
5
Horizontal plane passing through a point is the plane normal to the direction of gravity at
the point; it is therefore tangential to the level surface at the point.
Horizontal line passing through a point is one lying in the horizontal plane and it is
tangent to a level line through the point and having the same direction.
Datum surface is an adopted level surface to which the elevation of point may be
referred.
Reduced level of a point is elevation above the datum adopted.
Benchmark is a fixed point of elevation that the elevation is known.
2.5.3 METHOD ADOPTED
Rise and fall method
This method is simply that two consecutive reading from the same instrument position
give the difference of height of two points where the staff was held. The rise and fall are
entered in appropriate column then they are successively added or subtracted, beginning
with the initial points of heights of which must be taken as known.
Arithmetical checks
Along a line of leveling the height is carried forward on the principle that the change of
height recorded and each set up of the level is equal to back sight minus foresight, and the
relation provides a simple checks on the arithmetical work.
Back sight is the sight taken after setting up the instrument in any position.
Fore sight is the last sight taken before moving the instrument
Temporary adjustments
The temporary adjustments are performed every time the instrument is set up. Three
operations are involved.
i. Setting the tripod
This is probably the most underrated, yet a few seconds spent at this point will serve
much time and effort later on.
ii. Levelling the instrument
This operation used to position the spirit level bubble at the centre by screw.
iii. Parallax elimination
Parallax must be removed before any observations can be made to a levelling
staff
2.5.4 NECESSARY THINGS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING.
1. TYPES OF LAY OUTS
The layout of the sewer system will depend largely on topography, the gradient and often
the best location for the main sewers will be obtained when these sewer follow the
natural drainage channels
2. SEWER DEPTH
The depth of sewer should preferably be such that all sewers will drain to it under
gravity. It is customers to construct the sewer about 2.5m deep.
CHOICE OF LOCATION
The most desirable position of the sewer is generally in the centre. The first sewer to be
located is the main including the out fall line and the interceptors, the sub main are
located next.
3. LAYING OF SEWER
6
First of all detailed leveling along the centre line of the proposed sewer lines is done. The
levels are taken at regular intervals. All the levels should be reduced to datum rather than
any assumed datum and the drainage plan prepared indicating, all the proposed sewers,
gradients, invert, and surface levels.
4. THE SIGHT RAIL AND BONING SYSTEM
Is the most accepted method for laying drain accurately to the gradient including on the
plan. Sight rails are all change points of gradients and at intermediate position, if the
distance of sighting is large. The sight rails are set in such a way, that the line sighted
along the top edge of rails represents the line fall of the sewer. This gradient is shifted
below the ground level by means of traveller of a fixed length.
Sight rails _ are the horizontal cross rails pieced on uprights.
The rails vary in size. Since the work of laying pipes is generally started from the lower
end, the sight rails will be required to be fixed at this point.
5. EXCAVATION
The nature of the ground will govern the method to be adopted for excavation of
tranches. While excavating the trench the dugout soil should be deposited on one side of
the trench only and also away so that excavated soil may not fall back in the trench.
6. LAYING OF PIPES
The trench should be carefully bottomed so that the pipe barrels rest on firm and
undisturbed ground. Where it is necessary to cut pipes, they should be done with suitable
wheel type pipe cutter so as leave clean end, square to axis of the pipe
7. BACK FILLING
Filling of the trench should not be done until it tested and passed. All timber may be
withdrawn with safety. Should be removed as backfill is proceeds where the pipes are
unprotected by concrete hunching, the first operations should be to hand pack and tamp
carefully. Selected fine material around the lower half of the pipe so as to buttress them
to the sides of the trench. The filling should then be continued to 15cm over the top of the
pipe, using selected fines hand packed material Back fill should be watered and rammed
on both sides of the pipe with a wooden rammer
7
CHAPTER 3
DATA COLLECTION
LEVELLING DATA
BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED
LEVEL
1.349 100.00
1.347 0.002 100.002
1.345 0.02 100.004
1.795 1.457 0.112 99.892
1.591 0.204 100.096
1.491 0.1 100.196
1.578 0.087 100.109
2.130 0.390 1.188 101.297
1.990 1.14 101.437
0.700 1.29 102.727
2.121 1.421 101.306
3.401 1.28 100.026
0.511 2.741 0.66 100.686
0.791 0.46 100.407
1.431 1.251 0.36 99.947
1.791 0.96 99.587
2.751 1.5 101.087
1.381 0.13 100.787
3,468 2.641 1.26 99.527
1.720 3.465 102.992
O.851 0.463 0.869 103.861
2.401 1.55 102.311
1.681 0.791 0.61 101.701
1.345 0.336 102.037
1.764 0.419 101.618
2.872 1.108 100.51
1.935 0.937 101.447
1.026 1.937 0.002 101.445
3.078 2.052 99.393
2.565 0.513 99.906
1.106 0.782 1.874 101.78
0.615
14.786 13.006 101.78
-13.006 -100.00
1.78 1.78
8
T ABLE 1
RAINFALL DATA
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
2000 1.8 3.5 169.9 222.1 47.6 127 29.6 31.1 3.2 6.2 79.2 214 935.3
2001 64.5 71.3 139 296.7 162.5 14 19.6 3.9 5 6.7 15.5 82.2 880.9
2002 81.9 83.5 197.2 569.4 30.1 7 32.1 95.4 30.2 51.8 98.9 113 1390
2003 20.1 22.2 122.4 13.7 130.8 110 26.1 0.9 3.5 22.4 89.2 24.6 585.4
2004 77.7 149.8 134.5 297.6 19.3 42.7 0.9 0.6 31.1 93.5 65.5 182 1094.8
2005 154.8 38.9 80.2 119.4 302.6 2.8 14.9 13.8 10.5 124.9 24.5 13.4 900.7
2006 6.4 44 243.5 226.7 166.4 143 15 6.5 23.8 78.1 241 230 1424.6
2007 8.5 39.4 201.4 181.7 124.2 16.5 2 26.2 14.3 70.3 114 45.8 844
2008 52.3 56.1 159.4 303.8 62.4 10 6.7 10.4 16.7 95 117 11.7 901.3
2009 17.9 61.8 103.8 240.1 25.2 10.6 1.4 5.8 2.1 38.8 18.2 69.9 595.6
2010 14 83.2 167.7 362.2 119 14.6 7.1 15.8 46.2 0.4 48.7 85.3 964.2
2011 4.1 103.8 26.3 224.4 106.7 29.7 11.9 26.3 54.4 31.6 317 377 1312.9
2012 3.2 36.4 49.9 263.5 109.6 9.7 3.2 19.2 16.3 0.8 124 66.8 702.6
2013 67.4 1.6 190.2 179 85.8 1.2 2.3 9.1 19.7 37 69.3 662.6
RAINFALL INTENSITY DATA
T ABLE 2
AVARAGE RAINFALL INTENSITY FOR 3O YEARS
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
61.6 64.7 143.5 252.4 166.8 36.8 19.1 21.8 18.5 62.6 113.4 ####
AVARAGE RAINFALL INTENSITY
T ABLE 3
RAINFALL INTENSITY
Duration in 2years 5years 10years 25years 50years 100years
minutes
15 92 118.3 135.7 154.7 171.4 185.4
30 64.2 84.1 96 113.4 125.8 136
60 42.4 57.9 66.3 66.3 87 96
120 23.6 32.1 36 36 46.3 53.9
9
180 16 22.8 25.9 24.1 33.6 36.1
360 9.8 12 14.6 18.2 20.7 21.8
720 5.7 6.4 5.7 9.5 9.8 11.8
RAINFALL INTENSITY
T ABLE 4
Table 4
R AINFALL INTENSITY CURVES 1
F IGURE 7
i = 76 / (t + 10) when t = 5 to 20 minutes.
i = 102.0 / (t + 20) when t = 20 to 100 minutes.
i = 266.7 / (t +20) in 10 years.
i = 305 / (t +12) in 15 years.
10
RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS
T ABLE 5
CATCHMENT AREA
11
1st side width (m) 73
2nd side width (m) 65
Length 87
AREA (m)2 6003
CATCHMENT AREA
T ABLE 6
Table 6
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS
SURVEY DATA
Arithmetic checkups on surveying data
The last RL - 1st RL = Sum of Rise – sum of fall = Sum of BS – Sum of FS
101.78 – 100.00= 1.78
14.098 – 12.318= 1.78
14.786 – 13.006= 1.78
GRID DATA
X y RL
0 0 100
100.00
0 5 2
100.00
0 10 4
0 15 99.892
100.09
0 20 6
100.19
0 25 6
101.29
5 25 7
101.43
5 20 7
102.72
5 15 7
5 10 101.30
12
6
100.02
5 5 6
5 0 100.68
6
0 100.40
10 7
10 10 99.947
10 15 99.587
10 20 101.08
7
10 25 100.78
7
15 25 99.527
102.99
15 20 2
103.86
15 15 1
102.31
15 10 1
101.70
15 5 1
102.03
15 0 7
101.61
20 0 8
20 5 100.51
101.44
20 10 7
101.44
20 15 5
20 20 99.393
20 25 99.906
25 25 101.78
GRID DATA
T ABLE 7
CONTOUR MAP
13
CONTOUR MAP 1
F IGURE 8
Figure 8
CONTOUR PROFILE
RL
130
120
110
RL
100
90
80
70
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
C ONTOUR PROFILE 1
F IGURE 9
RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS
14
By considering the graph above
The rainfall intensity (mm/hr), taken was of 10years from 2003 – 2013.
And the average duration of flow taken in minutes.
Tc = Te + Tf .
Where
Tc – Time of concentration.
Te- Time of entry.
Tf – Time of flow.
DISCHARGE.
From
Q = 0.28 C I A
Q = 0.28 * 6003 * 36 * O.85
Q= 51433.7 m3
Discharge will be, QUANTITY PER TIME
51433.7 / 24*60*60= 0.5953m3/sec
ADOPTED GRADIENTS AND VELOCITY
DIAMETER GRADIENT VELOCITY IN m/s
100mm 1 in 60 0.58
150mm 1 in 100 0.61
225mm 1in 120 0.79
ADOPTED VELOCITY
T ABLE 8
ADOPTED CLEASING VELOCITY
DIAMETER OF SEWER SELF-CLEASING VELOCITY IN m/s
150 to 300 1m/s
300 to 600 0.75m/s
Above 600 0.60m/s
ADOPTED CLEASING VELOCITY
T ABLE 9
From WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING VOL 2 (PG 95).
15
SITE LAYOUT
S ITE LAYOUT
F IGURE 10
DESIGN OF CIRCULAR SEWER
CROSS-SECTION OF CIRCULAR SEWER
C ROSS SECTION OF CIRCULAR SEWER
F IGURE 11
16
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
We do not design sewers according to the rainfall curves , for much less storm water
because we proceed by assuming that storm water is not dirty and it does not create any
nuisance problem and hence , it can be allowed to accumulate for sometimes before its
disposal.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
I recommend as a designer to the implementers of this project to consider the economy of
constructing large size works which can accommodate floods during higher rain fall
intensities occurring sparingly, against the damage caused to the property and the
inconvenience to the public due to small size works designed on the basis of lower rain
fall intensities occurring usually.
17
REFERENCES
SIGNH, G. (1984). WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING. NEW DELHI:
STANDARD PUBLISHERS DISTRIBUTORS.
SYSTEM, W. S. (1976). S K HUSAIN. NEW DELHI, BOMBAY,CALCUTA: OXFOFD
AND IBH PUBLISHING [Link].
18
