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By :M.S.Zabihi
In both, Mechanical and Fusion splicing we need to prepare a good end face for the fibers which to be joint. A fiber splice preparation kit can help in this regard.
Fusion Splicing
Cable Closure or Joint Box Cable closure or joint box is using for making sealed and safe the spliced fiber and have necessary arrangements for any new joint in this position in the future
Video Clip
Cable Closure
Warning
OTDRs should not be used to measure cable plant loss. They can not show the actual cable plant loss that system will see The limited distance resolution of the OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
OTDRs only see the middle of the multimode fiber core an OTDR will measure 6-7 dB of loss for a multimode cable plant that tests at 10 dB with a source and power meter.
OTDR
OTDR
OTDR
A Sample of Mini-OTDR
Start-km: 0 km - 100 km Span: 1 km - 400 km Readout resolution: 0.08 m Minimum sample spacing: 0.1m Refractive index: 1.0000 - 2.0000 Backscatter coefficient: 20 - 60 dB at 1s Length unit: km, kft or miles Measurement points: up to 1600 Vertical scale: 0.1 - 10.0 dB/Div Read-out resolution: 0.001 dB Reflectance range: -14 dB to -60 dB
This section describes measurement procedure for the typical measurement items with the software program , one the most important is the wintrace software . In this section ,these operation items are briefly explained as measurement procedure centering around the sequence of execution . Note that the distance Range , pulse width , and other values set in this procedure are just examples , and not actually required values . When we use this software first of all , the follow specification chart have to use .
1 The title : operator choose for the optical fiber link. 2 Date : Set the day of measuring . 3 Time : Set the time of measuring . 4 Device : The kind of measuring equipment .
5 Lambda : Select wavelength . 6 Pulse : Set the pulse width ( 100 ns ) it shows the pulse of OTDR laser for measuring long hall . 7 Acquisition time : Time duration to access the graph .
8 Range : Set the distance Range . 9 Index : Input the reflective index of the fiber ( like as 1.465 , it is suitable for step index SM ) 10 Cable Number : Number of cable in the route , show number of cable in this part .
11 Fiber Number : The number of fiber in the cable . 12 Way : open ------ end OR open -----extrimity display the cursor indicates the absolute distance from the output connector to the fault location of fiber or end of fiber .
TRACE ANALYZING OTDR shows two events: 1-all reflection of the light when passing the length of the fiber. 2-Optical fiber atteuation.
One Important Point: All fiber losses is not from manufacturing parameters. Some times bad installation increase the attenuation of the fiber, Because of: Micro and macro bending OH diffusion Strength because of extra pushing and/or pulling. Temperature increase.
At the beginning of the graph, sometimes there are two peaks, the small one is not a real loss of reflection and called ghost.
Ghost caused by multiple reflection . If the reflected light at the connector (connecting point) returns back to the source and reflects again. In this case , optical pulse may seem to be re- emitted from the source . This irregular reflection appears as a an extra peaks of loss.
1 Slope
2 Splice
3 Reflection
Any connector or hot discontinuity may occur a reflection which is a peak of loss in the trace.
2 Attenuation : Shows about the loss of events 3 Reflectance : Shows about the Reflection of events
4 - Real.dis : Shows distance between events 5 Slope : Shows slops between events
Fiber scope
DIN
FC/PC
SC
FSMA
SM
E-2000