u x= Diameter of sewer should not be less than 15 cm and in case of hilly area minimum dia. 10 em. = Maximum diameter of sewer: 300 em (3m). m Self cleansing velocity not silted up in the sewer invert/bottom. = Minimum velocity should not be less than 0.6m/sec in separate sewer and 0.75m/sec in combined sewer. Diameter of sewer Self cleansing velocity <25 cm I m/sec 25-60 cm 0.75 m/sec 360m 0.60 misec ‘= Maximum velocity/non scouring / limiting velocity. ners Limiting(maximum) velocity (msec) Earthen sewer 0,6-1.2 Brick sewer 15-25, Cement concrete 25:3 Stone ware sewers 34 Cast iron Sewer pipe 35-45 Vetrified tile & glazed brick sewer 3 x Gradient of sewer Diameter of sewer Gradient 100 mm 1:60 150 mm 1:100 225mm 1:150 ‘Sewers of circular cross-section are more commonly used Circular sewers are suitable in separate sewerage system For combined system, egg shaped sewers Egg shaped section is most suitable for both combined and separate system. Horse-shoe type sewer is suitable for trunk and outfall sewer. Sewers are designed to carry maximum discharge while flowing 2/3 full (large sewer) and ¥ full (smaller sewer). a System of Sewage 1. Com! veeeee d system: Both sanitary sewage and storm water are collected into the same pipe. 2. Separate system: two sets of sewers are required(sanitary sewage and storm water) 3._ Partially separate system: small portion of storm water is allowed to enter in the sanitary sewage ‘= main function of manhole is: cleaning the sewer ‘provided at every bend/all changes of direction, junctions, changes of gradients and change of diameter of main and branch sewers. ‘a Spacing of Manhole: 50m to 300m = Shallow manhole / inspection chamb .7 m to 0.90 m depth minimum velocity of sewer, velocity at which suspended material in sewerage is By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-98245403102 » Normal / medium manholes: 1.5 m depth. a Deep manhole: deeper than 1.5m x Drop manhole: generally in hilly area, provide inspection arm, Provided when the elevation difference between main sewer and branch sewer is greater than 60 em, Additional Notes Soil pipe: carrying human exereta and urine flows. Waste pipe: liquid waste (sullage) without human exereta flows. Vent pipe: ventilation purposes Rain water (R.W.) pi Am carries rain/storm water, eee ee phonage pipe (ASP): pipe installed in the house or building drainage to preserve the water seal ofa trap. smallest diameter pipe in house drainage. wo Grey water: waste water flow from kitchen, basin, bathroom except toilet. = Black water : waste water flow from toilet, carry excreta. za. Common types of latrines 1, Pit latrine / privy (@1-e +f) > minimum horizontal distance from a hand pump is 30 m. > The minimum vertical distance between the bottom of privy pit and the ground water table is 100 em. > It is most suitable in rural area. 2. Bore-hole pri > The hole should be lined from inside. > When the hole is filled up, a thick layer of soil covers it and another hole is dug by the side of it 3. Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine (Qenftaat ares 4H) > The ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), is a pit toilet with a black pipe (vent pipe) fitted to the pit, and a screen at the top outlet of the pipe > Consists of: Squat plate, Footrests near squat hole & vent pipe extending above roof. 4. Chemical toilet This is the most satisfactory method of disposal of excreta without water carriage. In this privy a metal tank filled with concentrated solution of eaustie soda is placed below the squatting seat. Pour Flush / water seal Latrine > This is water dependent latrine and these latrines fail to operate without water. > The water flushes out excreta from pan, which consists of a water-seal generally known as a trap. > Pour flush latrines require between I and 3 litres of water for flushing each time they are used. > Suitable for areas where water supply is available. ‘ya Septic Tank ‘underground watertight chamber ‘= It separates the liquids and solids, digestion: anaerobic action = Gases release from septic tank: hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methane (CH4) & carbon-dioxide (C02) Design parameter ‘ws Detention period: Norm: Length to breadth (L/B) rat = 24 hrs, Range: 12-36 hours, Sewage is travel long (2 to 4) By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-9824540310B Teaning period= 6-12 month normally but not exceeding 3 years (maximum) % Minimum volume of tank: | m3 (1000 litres). x» Minimum width = 75em x» Shape = Rectangular ~ Inlet pipe slope= 1:10 2% Minimum diameter of inlet and outlet pipe: 100mm » Effluent: clarified wastewater left from septic tank 2. Soak pit %= Underground structure. ‘= Generally, 30m away from a ~The shape and size of soak pi ource of drinking water, such as well and 3m away from septic tank. ‘rcular and minimum 90em diameter Model Questions For Sub Engineer / Asst. Sul eer 1. The water supply system means 'A. surface springs B. artesian springs ‘A. the entire scheme of collection and disposal of liquid | C. gravity springs D.all of these waste 10. The open wells or dug wells are also known as B. the complete layout from the source of supply tothe distribution ‘A. shallow wells 3. draw wells ee otreserolrs C. percolation wells D. all of these 0. construction of canals 11. The most important source of water for public water 2. The water obtained from the tube wellsisknown as | , ® A a water 8. subsurface | Ake _B. pond en ney ae ara 12. The water of a river has an important property called run potable yer A. turbidity 8. self-purification 3. Undereronnd winter 2 obtsined trom) C. permeability D. infiltration capacity Pee cae ee P.rivers | 43. The growth of population may be conveniently 4. ick up the incorrect statement from the following. aoe . Statement tn represented by we underround sources of water isfy {semilogarithmic curve 8, logistic curve Cee Dee . straight line curve D.all of these 5 The bortzontel sunnets cagtPucted ie shan 6 ths | 14 The standard length of GI pipe should be: . The horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depths | Pine Sanders lene aan oa along the banks of a river to intercept the ground water | 15, rhe design period for a water supply project is taken table are called = A canals B. infiltration galleries Remon maoimas yen 6 aed Cdeortes z iakes banks of ar C. 15 to 20 years D. 20 to 30 years + he vertical wells Provided slong the bans Of 2 er | 46, For large cities, the suitable method for forecasting to draw ground water in dry season are called ec oe eee el ‘arithmetical increase method artesian wells infiltration wells eee 7. pipe sunk into the ground to tap the underground | peeeee ae “< ~~ tube well D. comparative method "agen we = tube we 17. Suspended impurities consist of Sel pence A.iron 8.chlorine C. bacteria _D. all of these 8 The quantity of water available from an infiltration. i ley sowendy anon th 18. Dissolved impurities consist of Le me naa ian e ere A. bacteria Biron C.slit OD. fungi Caaua roe unos 19. The presence of bacteria in water causes of source - all of these ‘A hardness B. alkalinity 9. The continuous flow of water may be expected from By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-982454031014 C. diseases D. bad taste 20. The turbidity in water is caused due to Assilt B.clay C.finely divided organic matter _D. all of these. 21. Suspended impurities include A.algae —B. protozoa —_C. fungi 22. When lead is present in water, it ‘A. changes its colour turbidity C. causes alkalinity D. none of these 23. The presence of hydrogen sulphide in water causes A. softening B. alkalinity C. acidity D. bad taste 24, Turbidity of water is expressed in terms of A silica scale B. platinum cobalt scale C. pO value D. none of these 25. The colour of water is expressed in terms of, A silica scale B. platinum cobalt scale €. pO value D.none of these 26. The test & odour of water is expressed in numbers of A silica scale B. platinum cobalt scale €. pO value D. threshold number 27. The odour of water can be determined by A. thermometer B. Osmoscope . Jackson's turbidimeter_D. none of these 28. In our country (Nepal), turbidity of water measured by A thermometer . Jackson's turbidimeter D.all of these causes B. Osmoscope D. Turbidity rod 29. The maximum permissible temperature for domestic supply is A.5 to 10°C B.40 to 15% €.15to 20° D. 20to 25% 30. The maximum permissible colour for domestic ‘supplies, on platinum cobalt scale is, A.5 to 10 ppm B. 10 to 20 ppm €. 20to 30 ppm D. 30to 40 ppm 31. The maximum permissible turbidity for domestic supplies, on silica scale is A.5to 10 ppm B.10 to 20 ppm C. 20to 30 ppm D. 30 to 40 ppm 32. High turbidity of water can be determined by ‘A. turbidity tube B. Jacksons turbidimeter C. Baylis turbidimeter D. Hellipe turbidimeter 33. Turbidity is mainly due to A. suspended solids B. colloidal solids . suspension solids D. floating solids 34. Low turbidity of water can be determined by A. Turbidity tube B. Jacksons turbidimeter C. Baylis turbidimeter D. Hellipe turbidimeter 35. The maximum permissible total solid content in water for domestic purposes should not exceed ‘A.300 ppm 8.400 ppm —C.500ppm —_D.1000 ppm 36. The bacteria which require oxygen for their survival is known as A. anaerobic bacteria B. pathogenic bacteria C. aerobic bacteria D. ‘non-pathogenic bacteria 37. The bacteria which can survive without oxygen is called A. anaerobic bacteria B. pathogenic bacteria C. aerobic bacteria D. non-pathogenic bacteria 38. Bacterias which cause disease are called A. anaerobic bacteria B. facultative bacterias C. aerobic bacteria D.none of these 39. In a well-planned city, the layout of distribution pipes generally adopted, is A. prid-iron system B. interlaced system C. reticulation system Dall the above 40. Copper sulphate is the most common chemical used for controlling A.bacteria B. algae C.silt 41. The method adopted for removing, bushes branches, debries etc. from water is known as A. sedimentation B. coagulation C. screening D. filteration 442. The total count of bacteria per cubic centimetre for domestic purposes varies from A.0to 100 B. 100 to 150 . 150 to 200 D. 200 to 250 ‘43, For an area developed in haphazard way, the type of layout used for the distribution of pipes is known as ‘A. dead end system B. ring system C. radial system D. grid iron system 4A. The suitable layout of a distribution system for well- planned cities is A. dead end system B. ring system C. radial system, D. grid iron system 45. For a city or town with roads of rectangular pattern, the type of layout used for the distribution of pipes is ‘A. dead end system B. ring system radial system D. grid iron system 46. In pressure supply mains, water hammer pressure is reduced by pro\ A. sluice valves D. mineral matter B. air valves By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-982454031015 C. pressure relief valves. none of the these 47. Water supply system includes A. digging a well for water B. construction of dams . construction of canals D. entire arrangement from source to distribution 48. The maximum permissible nitrites in public water supplies, is ANI B.O.Sppm —_C.1.0 ppm D.1.5 ppm 49. In distribution pipes, drain valves are provided at A. lower point B. higher point C. junction points. D. any where 50. The population growth curve is A. S-shaped curve B. parabolic curve . circular curve D. straight line 51. Turbidity of raw water is a measure of ‘A. suspended solids B. acidity of water B00. D.none of these '52. The most important and widely used tube well in Nepal, is A strainer well B. cavity well C. slotted well D. perforated pipe well 53. In the process of screening, the screens should be inclined at an angle of A. 10°t020° B.30°to 40° C45 %to 60° D.70°to 85° 54. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.0.D.) of safe drinking water must be Anil BS C10 D.15 55. Most commonly used pump for lifting water in water supply mains, is A axial flow pump 8. reciprocating pump C. rotary type pump D. centrifugal pumps 56. The maximum depth of sedimentation tanks is limited to A 2m 8.3m cam D.6m 57. By boiling water, hardness can be removed if itis due to A.calcium sulphate B, magnesium sulphate C. calcium nitrate D. calcium bicarbonate 58. Disinfection of drinking water, is done to remove A. odour B. bacterias . turbidity D. colour 59. Aeration of water is done to remove ‘A. odour 8B. colour C. bacterias D. hardness 60. Surface water is obtained from A.well —B. springs Cartesian well. rain 61. At the socket and spigot joint, ‘A. enlarged end of the pipe is called socket B. normal end of the pipe is called spigot C. spigot is fitted into the socket D.alllof the above 62. E, Coli bacterias die in water having pH greater than A 55 B65 C75 D.95 63. The main disadvantage of hard water, is A. greater soap consumption B. boilers C. corrosion and incrustation of pipes D.alllof the above 64. Hard water for public water supply is discarded because A. it consumes more soap B. it contains lot of turbidity C. it contains pathogenic bacterias D. it possesses bad taste and odour 65. The best process of disinfection of public water scaling of supply, is by A. boiling B. chlorination . adding lime D. adding zone 66. The prescribed hardness limit of potable water ranges between A, 50 to 75 P.P.M. B.75 to 115 P.P.M, ,100 to 150 P.P.M. D. 150 to 200 P.P.M. 67. The four major water supply distribution systems, are ‘A. dead end, tree, grid iron and reticulation B. dead end, tree, grid iron and circular C. tree, grid iron, ring and radial D. tree, reticulation, circular and ring 68. The strainer type tube well, is unsuitable for A. coarse gravels B. fine sandy strata C.clean gravels, D. none of these 69. Litres of water per person per day, is provided in A. office buildings B. hotels, hostels D. nurse's homes 70. Turbidity of water may be caused due to ‘A. Suspended clay B. Suspended silt . finely divided organic material D.all the above 7. The pipe joint commonly used in pumping stations is A. flexible joint B. flanged joint C. expansion joint D. spigot and socket joint 72. Turbidity of water is expressed Ain ppm B. in numbers in an arbitrary scale C.bypH value —_D. by colour code By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-982454031016 73. The maximum pressure to which a pipe is subjected to during its operation, is known ‘A. working pressure B. design pressure C. test pressure D. pipe pressure 74, A well is considered to be good if itis sunk into AClay B.SandC.Coarsegravel _D. Silt 75. The nitrate concentration in domestic water ‘supplies, is generally limited to A.10ppm 8.15 ppm C.25ppm =. 50 ppm ‘76. Water having pH value as 6, is Avalkaline —B.acidic C.neutral_D. none 77. The most ideal disinfectant used for drinking water throughout the world, is A. alum —B.lime C. chlorine . nitrogen 7B. Water losses in water supply, is assumed as A 5% —B7.5% 10% D. 15% 79. Demand for public uses in a city, does not include water required for ‘A. watering of public parks 8. watering of public gardens C. sprinkling on roads D. drinking purposes 80. The total domesti supply, is assumed consumption in a city water 8.20% 8.30% . 40% D.60%. 81. Alumisa A. coagulant 8. flocculant C. catalyst D. disinfectant 82. The requirement of water per capita per day, is A. 90 litres B. 150 litres . 250 litres D. 400 litres 83. In order to prevent water to flow back in opposite direction, we shall use a A. Reflux valve B. Sluice valve C. Air relief valve D. Pressure relief valve 84. The type of pipe commonly used in water supply jistribution schemes, is ALR.C.C. pipes B. Hume pipes C.Cast iron pipes D.G.l. pipes. £85. Air valves are generally provided in pressure pipes of water supply A. at pipe junctions B. at summits Cat low points D. near service pipes ‘86. Per capita demand of water i A. per person per day calculated in lit B. per person per month C.per person peryear _—_D- none of these 87. P.V.C. pipes can withstand pressure bead of water upto A.25m — B.50m 75m D. 100 m 88. The diameter of pipes in bath rooms and lavatories in domestic water supply, is A 6mm = B.12mm_ —C.18mm_—_D.24mm 89. For controlling algae, the most commonly used chemical, is ‘A. copper sulphate B.alum C.lime D. bleaching powder 90. Widely used pipe for rural water supply in Nepal A.HOP pipes B. Gil. pipes C.PVC pipes D.C pipes 91. PH value is a symbol for ‘A. magnesium B. hydrogen calcium D. sodium 92. The most common cause of acidity in water is A. hydrogen B. oxygen . carbon dioxide D.all of these 93. The maximum permissible chlorine content for public supplies should be between ‘A.0.1 t0.0.2 ppm B..0.3 to.0.4 ppm C.1:2to4 ppm D.6.5 to 8 ppm 94. A valve which allows the water to flow in one direction but prevents its flow in the reverse direction, is known as A.sluice valve B. reflux valve C. alr relief valve D. pressure relief valve 95. In order to control the flow of water through pipes, a A. scour valve B.air valve C. gate valve D. safety valve 96. Which is the oldest water works in Nepal ? . ‘A.Bhim dhara scheme _B. Bir dhara scheme . Sundarijal scheme D. Dudh pokhari scheme 97. The most common coagulant is ‘A.magnesium sulphate B. alum chlorine D. bleaching powder 98, The process of purifying water by passing it through a bed of fine granular material, is called A. screening B.filteration C. coagulation D. sedimentation 99. GI pipe coming from both side is joined with fitting called : A.socket B. tee C.union D. elbow By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-9824540310wv 100. The process of killing pathogenic bacterias from water is called A. sedimentation B. filteration . coagulation D. disinfection 101. A reflux valve is also known as A safety valve B. scour valve C.air valve D. check valve 102. A scour valve, in a water distribution system, is provided at A. low points B. high points . junction points D. all of these 103. The valve provided on the suction pipe in a tube well is A. sluice valve B. air relief valve C.pressure relief valve. reflux valve 104. A pressure relief valve is provided to prevent ‘A. the water flowing out of the suction pipe B. the back flow, when the pump is stopped . the increase of pressure after certain safe limit D. all of the above 105. Cleaning period for a rapid sand filter is taken as, A.2to3 hours B.2to 3 days €.2to 3 weeks D.2t0 3 months 106. Cleaning period for a slow sand filter is taken as A. Lhour to 3 hours B. 1 day to 3 days C. Lweek to 3 weeks D.1 month to 3 months 107. After cleaning the slow sand filter, the filtered water should not be used for a period of ‘A. upto 6 hours B. 6 hoursto 12 hours .A2hours to 24hours 0.24 hours to 48 hours 108. The maximum permissible chloride content in water for domestic supplies should not exceed ‘A250 ppm 8.350 ppm C. 450 ppm D.550 ppm 109. In distribution pipes, air valves are provided at ‘A. lower points B. junction points . highest points D. any wher 110. The maximum permissible quantity of iron and ‘manganese in water for domestic purposes should be A.0.1ppm 8.0.3 ppm C.0.6ppm D.0.8 ppm. 111. The maximum permissible quantity of lead in water for domestic supplies is 8.0.01 ppm 8.0.05 ppm C.0.50ppm._D.1 ppm 112. The maximum permissible fluorine content in water for domestic supplies should be A.0.15 ppm B.1.5ppm —_C. 15 ppm. D. 150. ppm 113. Slow sand filter is more efficient for the removal of A. bacteria B. odour . turbidity D.all of these 114. The temporary hardness in water is cused due to the salts like A chlorides B. nitrates C. carbonates D. sulphates 115. The permanent hardness in wate the salts like A. chlorides B. nitrates C. sulphates D.all of these 116. Water demand for public use as compared to total demand, kept in design of water works for a cit AS% B. 10% . 20% D. 25% 117. In designing a water works for a city to meet the water demand for public use, a provision of about AS% B.10% 20% D. 25% (Public use provision: 5% of toal demand or 10 I/h/d usually added caused due to By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-982454031018 Answer Sheet: Water Supply Engineering T]> 2 4]4] ec [olfd] si] aio 2 [b [22[ 4 [22[ « [| 4 [8 | a [002 3 [b [23] ¢ [43] a [63] a [83 | a [103 4 [a [24] a [44] & [64] a [84 | c [rot 3 |b [25[ & [45] 4 [os] b [85 | b [105 6 [a [26[ a [46] ¢ [66] b | 86 | a [106 7 [be [27| & [27[ 4 [e7| « [87 | a ft07 8 [4 [28| a [48] a [68] b | 88 | b [108 9 [b 29, b [29] a [69] a [89 [a [109 T0[ 4 [30] & [50] a [70] a | 90 | a [0 fe Bilas] al] o [or [eo ft T2[ b [22| & [52] a [72] a] | [re 13[b [3[ 6 [53] ¢ [a] als [als 14 [b [| ¢ [54] a [74] « [os [ [es 15[ ¢ [35] ¢ [55] a [75] 4 [95 [ [iis T6[ a [36[ ¢ [56] a [76] & [96 [b [116 7[e [7[ a [57] 4 [77] ¢ [97 [ b [7 18[b [38{ d [58] b [78] d [98 [b [is 19[ © [39[ 4 [59] a [79] a [99 [ ¢ [9 20| d [ao b [eo] 4 [ao] a fioo| 4 [i20 By: Hari Mahatara National Academy (Online Class-Note)-9824540310