PAPERS - BY

R.H. CHANDAR

CHAPTER4
WATER SUPPLY
VATER RIFICATION AND SUPpLN
Standards as per URDPFI pVALUE: pH is a value
Natersupply uidelines, to 14.
measure on scale or
follows Pure water
2014,
are as (which is neither aciIdic nor
ith piped water Dasic) has a pH of 7.
TOwns
Supply but without of
Acceptable range for pH
70
seweragesystem: 70 lpcd; ities with drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (Source: URDPFI
piped water Guidelines, 2014)
and sewerage system
Supp/y a n d
both: 135 Ipcd and G.
HARDNESS: Hardness of water is due to
politan and lega Cities with piped
water presence of calcium and magnesium ions.
seweragesystem both:
oply a n d
150 Ipcd. (lpcd emporary hardness can be removed by
Per Capita Per Day
dands for Liter boiling or by lime softening (addition of
Some terms associated with water purification
calcium hydroxide). Permanent hardness can
be treated by use of zeolites as adsorbents,
are discussed below:
ystems ion-exchange treatment, distillation, reverse
TURBIDITY: Haziness ot water due to presence Osmosis, etc. Hardness is expressed as
ofsuspended particulates is called Turbidity. It milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent
is a measure of degree to which water loses its per liter of water, called 'parts per million.

transparency; generally measured by passing

2. TYPES OF VALVE
light through it. It is a measure of water
Valve is a device which is used to regulate or
quality. Turbidity is measured in NTU
control the flow of fluids. Below are some valve
(Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
types frequently used in water supply systems:
6. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION: Addition
of chemical reagents to reduce turbidity is on/ off
A. GATE VALVE: Gate valve is used for
called coagulation & flocculation. Coagulation control of water flow. It can close or open a
or Alum,
agents (like Aluminum Sulphate given supply pipe-line
Aluminum Chloride etc.) are added to clump generally used in
B. FLOAT VALVE: Float valve is
level
destabilized suspended particulates
to form water storage tanks, to maintain a fixed
is also used in
micro-flocs. Flocculating agents (Some of water, and avoid overflow. (It
micro-flocs and flush-tank of water-closets).
polymers) are added to clump VALVE: Reflux valve is used to
REFLUX
torm flocs, which can settle down easily. C.
maintain unidirectional
flow of water in a
allowing
SEDIMENTATION: The process of r e v e r s e flow.
It
stops
settle the
solid given pipe.
water to stay still and It is used to release air during high-
sedimentation. D. AIR VALVE:
mpurities at bottom is called and admit air during low-
water pressure in pipe
of passing
D.FILTRATION: The process
or activate pressure; and
avoid collapse of pipelines. They
sand bed control of 'water
hammer' (sudden
rough filter beds (like called help in
is
charcoal bed) impurities water flow due to pressure surge)
stoppage of
emove
to
valves are generally
fitration. (ike E. SCOUR
VALVE: These
of a pipeline. They are
E. disinfectants

SINFECTION: Addition of
bleaching
located at low points
periodically or
the form of
sedimentation
generally in harmful used to flush-off
ation to kill
maintenance.
treatment) the pipeline during
powder, ozone, UV
disinfection.
to empty

micro-ors
organisms is called

TRANSPORTATION

389 INFRASTRUCTURE &

SERVICES,
FECTION 8:
 GATE ARCT

requirement
minimum
water supply per
The
7. residential purpose includina
-- ONE MARK QUESTIONS- head per day
for

and
sanitation
is
drainage
1. In water supply systems, the 'Reflux Valves
a.
70 liters
allow water to flow:
b. 135 liters

a In one direction only C. 180 liters

b. In both directions
d. 210 liters
C. Through air locked joints GATE 2001]
d. Only under low pressure
measured in parts ner
[GATE 2010] Hardness of water is
8.
million by weight
in terms of
2. The sudden stoppage in the flow of water ina a. Calcium Carbonate

closed conduit results in a phenomenon

b. Ferrous Oxide
called:
C. Carbon dioxide
a. Cavitation
d. Magnesium Sulphate
b. Hydraulic gradient GATE 2001
C. Stack pressure
d. Water hammer is due to
9. Turbidity ofwater
GATE 2009
a. Algae

Hazen's-William's nomogram is used to b. Fung

3.
C. Organic salt
calculate:
size of sanitary pipe lines
d. Suspended particles
a.
lines
[GATE 2000
b. size of water supply pipe
reservoir used disinfectant for
C.capacity of overhead water 10. The most commonly
d. capacity of water required for fire water is:
purification of municipal
fighting a. Boric powder
[GATE 2007]
b. Alumn
4. Water harvesting is:
C. Bleaching powder
a. A new method of water purification
d. Camphor
b. Collection of water in paddy fields
[GATE 2000]
C. Device to allow quick flow of storm water

11. The head of water supply line is

runoff into rivers velocity
d. Device to redirect storm water runoff measured in terms of
into underground aquifers a. m/sec
[GATE 2005] b. m/sec
C. m
5. Gate valves are used in water supply lines to:
d. m/sec
a. Isolate parts of the network
b. Drain out excess water
[GATE 1999
C. Release air trapped in pipeline 12. Zeolite' is
d. Limit the flow of water
a. Hydrated alumino-silicate
[GATE 2004] b. Sodium carbonate
6. Resistance of water to the passage of light C. Hydrated calcium hydroxide
it is of: d. Calcium bi-carbonate
through a measure

a. Colour [GATE 1998)

b. Turbidity
C. Hardness
d. Potability [GATE 2003]

390
SECTION 8: SERVICES, INFRASTRuCTURE & TRANSPORTA
 FAPEERS
ERS BY
R.H. CHANDAR
oH sScale
ca
runs from 0-14 the
The
pH
pH value of
3. drinking water is
b. On convex
bank
4.5
CDownstream point of waste water
b.
d
disposal
c7.0

Middle of the river

d. 12.6

GATE 1996)
[GATE 1998] -
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
The unit measurement Cusses or cu.
ft./ sec .A
is equivalent to building with 100 sqm roof area
a. 15.48 gal/min Connected to a 72 cum rain water collection
tank. If the rain fall is 60 mm/hr. and the loss
0.0353/ cu. m/sec.
b.
C.101.9cu. m./hr. during water storage is 20%, then the time
taken to fill the tank completely 1s
None of the above
d.
hours.
[GATE 1997] [GATE 2018)
Float valves
are used in distribution reservoirs
15. The water consumption of a high-rise
or other tanks: apartment building with 60 dwelling units

a. To maintain constant water level having an average household size of 5 persons

excessive pressure is 135 Ipcd. Assuming 80% of the total use is
b. To relieve
C.To drain out sediments collected met with recycled water supply, the daily
domestic demand for the building is
d. To permit the air to enter

[GATE 1997] liters.

[GATE 2018]
16. An 'Aquiclude' is. constricted circular
3. Water flows through a
a. Confined bed of impervious material
pipe whose diameter at the constricted end is
between aquifers of
half of the non constricted end. Velocity
-

b. Perched aquifer water at non constricted end is 2 m/s. Velocity

C.Artesian aquifer of water in m/sec at the constricted end using
d. Large water body underground of continuity of flow
the principal
(GATE 1996]
[GATE 2017]
17. The flow in a water supply pipe is ,
in Group-
a. Pressure flow 4. Match the water purification stages
b. Gravity flow Iwith the corresponding items
Group-ll in
C. Free flow Group 2
Group 1
d. None of the above 1. Ammonium hydroxide
[GATE 1993) P.Coagulation
2. Sodium Zeolite
Q. Filtration
3. Alum
supply R. Disinfection
domestic water
18. pH value of treated
S. Softening
4. Sand
should be in the range of 5 Chlorine
a. 4.0-5.5
S-5
b. 5.5-6.5 a. P-3, Q-4, R-1,
S-2
C. 6.5-8.0 b. P-1, Q-4, R-3,
S-4
d. 8.0-9.5 C. P-2, Q-3, R-5,
[GATE 1991]
d. P-3,Q-4, R-5, S-2
[GATE 2016]
intake
of
19. in the
location

meandering river,
be.
point for city water Supply should
d.
On concave banks TRANSPORTATION
UCTURE & TRANSPORTATION
&
391 INFRASTRUC

SERVICES,

SECTION
8:
 R.H. CHANDAK
GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVED PAPERS BY

connection >
Ferrule
Goose neck
5. A pump is installed in an apartment building Water
meterStop top ccock
Service pipe
to lift water from ground level to the roof top Goose neck
connection
d Ferrule
water tank with the capacity of 10,000 litres. Water ter
Service Pipe Stop cock
Total head of lift is 18 m and pumping time is
30 minutes to fill the tank completely. GATE 2007
Assuming acceleration due to gravity (g) as 10
1 with tho:
the valves in Group heir
and efficiency of the pump as 80
m/sec 9. Match

percent, the power requirement of the pump functions in Group 2.

in kW will be Group 2
Group Prevents
water to flow
1.
[GATE 2016] P. Gate
back in the opposite
valve
6. The term Working head' in context of water direction
flow of water
Q. Air valve 2. Regulates
supply system means:
3.Completely empties the
a. Height of a body of water falling freely R. Scour

under the force of gravity to acquire a valve pipe for inspection/ repair
4. Ensure safety of pipe
certain velocity S. Reflux
against collapse
b. Rate of increase of velocity with respect to valve
distance normal to the direction of flow S-1
a. P-2, Q-4, R3,
C. Total head with deduction for velocity
b. P-3, - 1, R-2, S - 4
Q
head or losses S-2
C. P-1, Q-3, R-4,
d. Difference between supply and delivery S-3
d. P-4, Q-2, R-1,
water levels
GATE 2006
(GATE 2013] shows the Mass Curves of supply
10. The figure
the parameters used in the Hazen & and demand for an Elevated Storage Reservoir
7. Identify
William's nomogram to calculate pipe (ESR). The minimum required capacity of the
diameter for water supply: ESR is given by:
P. Flow rate in lit/sec
Q. Pipe diameter in mm *******a*** "******** *****

R. Population to be served **

S. Head loss in m/m

T.Velocityin m/sec
Cumutatve
Flow
Supply Demand
a. P, Q, S (million
litves)
b. R, S, T
C. P, R, S n
d. P,S, T
GATE 2009]
8. The correct sequence of various components Time of day (hours)
of a house water connection from the
municipal water main is: a. (m+ n)
a. Stop cock >Water meter Goose neck b. (m n)
Service pipe> Feruleconnection
b. Ferrule connection StopcockGoose
C.(mx n)
d. Larger of m or n
neckService pipe Water meter GATE 2006/

392 nTA TION

 IORE
SOLVED PAPERS-
PERS BY R.H.
meters of aywater
ANDAR
1 1
1750

. 75.
s q u a .

body having as
Surface area of 14,000
total.
square meters
is
with water
hyacinth Two Marks Question
covered
at GP ra
every
Assuming the
24 hours Question No.
groW
in how Answer
weed
ays the water
body will 15
Consider doubling in 24totally
many

covered?[INOTE: 8100
hrsl
16 days 8

b. 8 days D

c 3 days 1.2 to 1.3

d. 1 day
D
GATE 200s] B D
Reserve capacity can be determined from A
12. drawn between: 10 A
the graph
a.
cumulative runoff and timne 11

b. population and time 12 A

Crun-offand time

demand and time

d. water
EXPLANATIONS
GATE 2004)

-ONE MARK QUESTIONS

ANSWER KEY 2 -C in Chapter Notes.
1. Refer to Point

D in Chapter Notes.
Refer to Point 2
-

2.
One Mark Question
Answer is used to find the
Hazen William's nomogram
Question No. 3.
for a water-supply
A required size of pipe
has four
nomogram generally
D system. The
Diameter of pipe, Head-
B lines; Rate of flow,
of
3
loss per unit length
(gradient) and Velocity
D known parameters on
these
4 flow. Any two
D lines a r e marked
and joined with a
5 given four this line
B The points where
6 line segment.
intersects the
other two lines of
B
segment respective
determine those
will
8 A nomogram

D parameters.

9 Hazen William's
on
C is based
10 This nomogram
C Equation(forSI units);

R0.63 S0.54
12
A
V= 0.849 C
C
of flow, 'C' is roughness
13 is velocity
C Where, 'V radius (calculated
14 'R° is hydraulic
coefficient, area/cross-sectional
A wet
cross-sectional
15 as is head loss per
and'S'
A of flow)
16 wet perimeter
B or slope.
17 unit length

18
B
19
rnICTURF & TRANSPORTATION
 CHANDAR
PAPERS BY R.H.
GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVED

in Chapter Notes.
Point 1 -F
4. Rainwater harvesting is a process of collecting 18. Refer to
to with
hdraw
constructed
storm-water runoff and store for reuseor structures
are
19. Intake
Intake works should ne
recharge underground Juifers. Rainwater water from
a river. never
i n s i d e o1 à curve,
harvesting pits can be constructed to increase be placedon the
silt builde
along
al

the level of underground water table. concave

bank (point A),
where
uilds-u
works shall be located On

5. Refer to Point 2- A in Chapter Notes. faster. Intake the

outside of a curve, along convex bank (point

6. Refer to Point 1-A in Chapter Notes. flows faster and silt d up

where water
B),
Points A and B a r e marked in the
7. Refer to Point 1 in Chapter Notes. is less likely.
meandering
river given below:
picture of
8. Referto Point 1-G in Chapter Notes.

9. Refer to Point 1 - A in Chapter Notes.

T8

10. Refer to Point 1-E in Chapter Notes. POINT A

11. Velocity head' represents energy of water

flow due to its bulk motion (kinetic energy)
For a given flow of fluid with velocity, V,
velocity head is calculated as;

Velocity head =
2.g --TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Volume of water accumulated in one hour
Where, 'g' is acceleration due to gravity.
(100 x .06) = 6 cu. m. (As 60 mm = 0.06 m)
Height of a body of water falling freely under
Volume of water lost during storage = 6 x
the force of gravity to acquire a certain
velocity (V) is called Velocity Head'. (20/100) = 1.2 cu. m. (Given, 20% water loss
Net volume of water =6-1.2 = 4.8 cu. m. per
12. Zeolites hydrated
are aluminosilicate
hour
minerals. They have a microporous structure, Time to fill the tank = volume oftank/ volume
because of which they are used as adsorbents.
of water per hour
(Also refer to Point 1-G in Chapter Notes)
Time to fill the tank 72/4.8 15 hours
13. Refer to Point 1- F in Chapter Notes.
2. Total number of residents (No. of dwellings
14. Cusec or 'cu. ft per sec.' is a measure of water xAvg. household size) = 60 x 5 = 300 persons
flow. 1 m = 3.28 ft. So, 1 cubic ft. = cube of Water requirements for 300 person 300 x
(1/3.28) 0.0283 cu. m. To convert to 135= 40500 liter (As water
cu. m. =

Cu. m. per hour; 1 cu. ft per sec = (0.0283 x

consumption 15
given as 135 liters per capita per day)
3600) cu. m. per hr. = 101.88 cu. m/hr. 80% of the demand is met by recycled wate
So, the volume of recycled water 40500 xX
15. Referto Point2- Bin Chapter Notes.
0.80 32400 liter
16. A zone of clay or impervious rock, within the Additional requirement of water per day
Earth, which restricts the flow of groundwater
40500 32400 8100 liter
from one aquifer to another is called
3. Let, diameter at non-constricted end De
'Aquitard'. A completely impervious aquitard
is called 'aquiclude' or aquifuge. Then, diameter at constricted end = d/2
From principle of continuity of flow,
17. Water in water supply lines generally flows
A1V1 A2V2
under gravity. This flow is called 'gravity flow.

394
SECTIQN 8: SERIco anTA TION
 GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVED PAPERS- BY R.H. CHANDAR

A1 is Area at 1 end with flow

Where; velocity Supply line. Belowdiagram marks
the

VI and A2 is Area of 2 end with flow velocity domestic

Components present of a typicali
V2 water-supply system. Water
Eor circular pipe, Area is directly proportional tor

Street/Road

10 Square of radius or square of diameter. Ferrule Water

connection suppiy
V2 building

ervice Cock
House
pipe
BoundaY

Municlpal
water
SECTION
2 mains

=> d2 )V Goose-neck lead

Pipe

=> Velocity at constricted end, V =4x2 8 m/s

Nater
Stop
Cock mere

4. Refer to Point 1
-

B, D, E and G in Chapter
PLAN-

Notes.
A, C, D and E in Chapter
Refer to Point 2
-

lift, h 18 9
Given, Total head of
= m
5.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s Notes.
Liters line is above
Capacity of water tank 10,000 supply
=
cumulative
10. When the water
the
=>The weight of water to be lifted by line; there is
excess
cumulative demand
after consumption.
10,000 Kg (as 1 lit. 1 kg for water)
=
even
pump, w being accumulated,
t 30 min e x c e s s is
'n'. When
Given, Time taken for lifting water,
=
maximum
In given graph,
cumulative
Cumulative demand
line is above
1800 Sec. water supply. In
Consumed per unit time) there is deficit of
Power (energy supply line;
water by given height
in maximum deficit is 'm'. The
necessary to lift given given graph to
Potential energy shall have a capacity
time is calculated as; elevated storage tank
given also
supply (n) and
per unit time
(Potential energyis m xgxh) cater for both
excess

later
10)/1800 = deficit comes
18 x As in this case;
P (wx hx g)/t =(10,000 x deficit (m).
water to cater
of
1000 Watts during the day, the quantity
start of
80 % for deficit (m) should be stored from
Given, Efficiency
=

80% of 'a' should have capacity to

is of power 'a', day. Also, the tank
=>Ifrequired pump above this pre-
should be 1000 Watts store the e x c e s s quantity (n),
the capacity is
=> (0.8 x a) = 1000 stored water capacity (m). So,

1000/0.8 1250 Watts determined by 'm' plus'n'.

=>a kW.
of pump is 1.25 24
Therefore, the power cover doubles every
11. GP where area of
and delivery levels
supply rate
hours implies,
r 100% or 1.
ofgrowth,
6. Difference between
is called Working Head'.
Itis
(Refer to Point 3 in Chapter 4 of Section 2). We
ofwater flow meters. Height
of a interval is 24 hours
generally
measured in have FV = PV (1+ r)" (Here
under the force of 1 day. We are calculating no.
of such
body of water falling freely or

a certain velocity
(V) is intervals required to attain a FV of 14,000 sq.
Bravity to acquire of
Refer to explanation m. from PV of 1750 sq. m. with rate r = 1)
called Velocity Head'.
of this chapter
Q. no. 11 in 1-mark questions So, 14,000 1750 (1+1) or 8 2.
So, no. of days required, n = 3 days
3 in one-mark
Refer to explanation of Q.
no.
7.
questions of this Chapter. 12. Refer to explanation of Q. no. 10 in two-mark
8. Ferrule connection' is used to provide water questions of this chapter. Reservoir stores
It is used run-off water. So, option A.
Tight connection between two pipes.
main municipal
tO connect the supply-pipe to

395
SECTION 8: SERVICES, INFRASTRUCTURE &
TRANSPORTATION