4/8/2012

DEFINITION:

The work or business of installing in buildings the

pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus for bringing
in the water supply and removing liquid and
waterborne wastes

BLDG. UTILITIES NOTES

Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez

PARTS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM:

The essential component is the FIXTURES

FIXTURES:: without
SUPPLY - the piping that brings the water to its them there is no need for the others.
points of use
The chief criteria for designing a plumbing
FIXTURES  - point-of-
FIXTURES -  point-of-use
use receptacles
receptacles that system are its number of fixtures, number of
receive the supply water and discharge the fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water
waterborne wastes pressure at the highest fixture.

WASTE - the piping and venting that convey

WASTE -
the wastes and any associated gases from
its points of use to outside the building

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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY:

SYSTEM:

SURFACE SOURCES:
SOURCES:
Providing water and drainage for sanitation
Providing
and potable water needs Lakes, Streams, Rivers
Reservoirs, Run-off
Run-off from roofs & paved areas
Disposal of precipitation falling on the building.
This system is referred to as the
the stormwater
 stormwater
 system

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

UNDERGROUND SOURCES:
SOURCES:
Alkalinity
Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Artesian Wells,
Artesian Springs, Land Springs Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or
hydroxide components. Testing for
these components
components of water’s alkalinity is a
key to determining which treatments to use

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GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

Hardness pH

Hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps A measure of the water’s hydrogen ion
and detergents, and it deposits scale on the concentration,
concentrati on, as well as its relative acidity
inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils,
utensils, or alkalinity.
thus wasting heating fuel and making utensils
unusable. Hardness, which is caused by
calcium and magnesium salts, can be
classified as temporary (carbonate) or
permanent (noncarbon
(noncarbonate)ate)

below 7 indicate increasing acidity

and corrosiven
corrosiveness
ess

The pH value is the starting point water in its natural state can have
for determining treatments for a pH as low as 5.5, w ith 0 being the
corrosion control, chemical ultimate acidity
dosages, and disinfectio
disinfection.n.

higher than 7 indicate increasing

alkalinity, with 14 representing the
ultimate alkalinity

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WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION:

WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Chlorination  is the process used to destroy any

Chlorination is Gravitational Distribution – 
Distribution –  the
 the water from
bacterial microbes before general
general upland gathering grounds is impounded in a
distribution to water mains reservoir. There are no pumping costs with
this system

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WATER DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION:: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Pumped Distribution – 
Distribution –  water
 water extracted from a
river is pumped into a settlement tank,
subsequently filtered & chlorin
chlorinated.
ated.
Ring Main Distribution – 
Distribution  –  a
 a preferred distribution
as sections can be isolated with minimal
disruption & more opportunity for water to
maintain a flow

WATER DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION:: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Stop Valve (globe type) Gate or

Gate or Sluice Valve

Used to control the flow Used to control the flow

of water at high of water on low
pressure. pressure installatio
installations.
ns.
The wheel head is
To close the flow of rotated clockwise to
water the crutch head control the flow of
handle is rotated water
slowly in a clockwise
direction gradually
reducing the flow

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WATER DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION:: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

Drain Valve Supply Pipe

Installed at the The pipe that run from stop valve to, and into,
lowest point in pipe the building. Maintenance is the
systems, boilers, and responsibility
responsibility of the building owner
storage vessels

CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

Distributing Pipe Distributing Pipe

any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe) any pipe (other than an overflow or f lush pipe)
that conveys water from a storage cistern or that conveys water from a storage cistern or
from hot water apparatus from hot water apparatus

TYPES OF SYSTEMS USED:

Cold Water Supply System

Hot Water Supply System

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

INDIRECT SYSTEM – 
SYSTEM –  from
 from a cold storage cistern Gas Water Heater

DIRECT SYSTEM – 
SYSTEM –  from
 from the mains water pressure

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Electric Water Heater Water Meter

Valves
Water System Valves
Tank Valves
Pumps

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories
Valves
Water System Valves
Gate Valve
Gate Valve
• operates by raising or
lowering a metal gate
into, or out of, the line of
the pipework as the
spindle is screwed down
or up
4/8/2012
DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories
Valves
Gate Valve
• sometimes referred to as
sometimes
a fullway gate valve as
when it is fully open it
does not restrict flow
along the pipeline, unlike
the globe valve
• gate valve is used where
there is low pressure flow
in the pipeline, such as
that from cistern feed
systems
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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Globe Valve

Valves • control or shut flow

through a disc that is
Water System Valves lowered slowly by turning
a screwdown spindle to a
Globe Valve seating (they are also
described as screw down
valves)

• commonly used in high

pressure and hot water
pipework

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Check Valve Angle Valve

An automatic valve A valve for controlling

which permits liquid to the flow of a liquid or
flow in only one air; the fluid leaves at
direction right angles to the
direction in which it
enters the valve

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Ball Valve Drain-and-Waste

Drain-and-Waste Valve

A valve for regulating a valve used to drain

the flow of fluids by a water or other liquid
movable ball which from a pipework
fits in a spherical seat installation

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Fixture Shutoff Valve Bib Tap

a simple water tap

for filling or emptying
vessels etc. whose
nozzle is bent
downwards

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Water System Valves Tank Valves (Float valves)

Bib Tap Types:

Diaphragm
Portsmouth
Croydon

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves)

Diaphragm type Portsmouth type

The least noisy as there is less friction between Have a piston moving horizontally
moving parts

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Tank Valves (Float valves) PIPING

Croydon type Consists of pipe or tubing and fittings

Have a piston moving

vertically Types:

Likely to be found in Copper Piping

very old installation
installationss
Plastic Piping

Steel Piping

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Copper Piping
Reducer Threaded Adapters
Has strong resistance to corrosion
90º Elbow Caps
Called as “copper tubing” because of its thin
wall Reducing Elbow

45º Elbow

T-fittings Copper Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

the pipes & fittings are pr oduced from synthetic lightweight

resins derived from fossil fuels, such as coal &
petroleum cheaper than copper

like copper, plastic piping does not present Types:

corrosion problems PE
ABS
PVC
CPVC
PB

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Plastic Piping
Reducer Threaded Adapters
Fittings are connected to
90º Elbow Caps the tubing using fusion
by solvent cement or by
Reducing Elbow fusion machine

45º Elbow

T-fittings Plastic Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping Steel Piping

available in Connections
Connections are threaded
galvanized or black
types in standard
(the most common),
extra heavy, &
double extra heavy
weights

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping: Fittings Steel Piping: Fittings

Coupling

Plug Nipple Cap

Reducer

Tee Union/Bushing

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Piping Requirement

Steel Piping: Fittings Thermal Expansion:

Elbow 45º Elbow Deformation of pipe

shapes subjected to
thermal expansion

Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings: Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings:

Potable water (usually treated, suitable for
drinking)
Rainwater
Graywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals)
Blackwater (water containing toilet or urinal
waste)
Dark graywater (from washing machines with dirty
diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers;
usually prohibited for reuse)
Clearwater (backwash water from reverse
osmosis water treatment; condensation from a
cooling coil)

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DEFINITION: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

PLUMBING FIXTURES -
FIXTURES - point-of-us
 point-of-use
e receptacles
receptacles Water Closets
that receive the supply water and Urinals
discharge the waterborne wastes Bidets
Lavatories
Sinks
Bath Tubs
Showers
Drinking Fountains
Wash Fountains

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Water Closets Water Closets

A plumbing fixture
used to receive human
excrement and to
discharge it through
a waste pipe, using
water as a conveyin
conveying g
medium

Floor-mounted Wall-hung

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Water Closets Water Closets

One-piece Two-piece Round bowl contours Elongated

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Water Closets Water Closets

Required water closet

bowl for public use

- NPCP, sec 401

Flush tank operation Flush valve operation

Elongated (most common)

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:
Common Flushing Actions:
Washdown
considered the noisiest toilet
the most likely to become
plugged because it has the
smallest-diameter
smallest-diam eter trap
usually found in the two-
piece flush tank toilet
consuming only about 2.5
gal (9.5 L)
TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:
Common Flushing Actions
Siphon Vortex  suitable for low-velocity
water (often as a result of low
pressure)
the quietest, making them a
favourite wherever
bathrooms are adjacent to
sleeping areas or other
acoustically sensitive spaces
4/8/2012
TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:
Common Flushing Actions
Siphon jet A small priming jet hurries
the bowl’s contents into the
trap and hastens the siphon
action.
requires a flush of about
3.75 gal (14.2 L)
sometimes equipped with
flush valves, which use less
water
TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:
Common Flushing Actions
Siphon Vortex The water enters the bowl
off-center in such a way as
to form a vortex; this swirling
action cleans the sides of
the bowl and the trap,
helping the siphon action in
emptying both bowl and
trap
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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Common Flushing Actions Common Flushing Actions

Blowout Flushing combine very-high-velocity Blowout Flushing very common in

water and a simple trap to commercial and institutional
offer a noisy but very low- toilet rooms, where large
maintenance toilet water supply lines and high
dependent upon flush pressures are available
valves rather than tanks
The high velocity of the
water lowers the quantity
required from 3 to 4 gal (11.4
to 15.1 L) per flush

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Common Siphonic Pan Basic Parts of a

Water Closet

Single Trap Double Trap

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Prohibited
Prohibited Water Closet Bidet

- Having invisible seals a seated sanitary

or unventilated space appliance for
or walls, which are washing the private
not thoroughly washed parts, consisting of
out at each discharge a bowl connected
to a water supply
and drain

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Urinal Urinal

A sanitary fixture Types:

equipped with a
water supply and Stall Urinal
drain for flushing Slab Urinal
away urine Bowl Urinal
Waterless Urinal

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Urinal Urinal

Types: Types:

Stall Urinal Slab Urinal

a urinal with a a urinal consisting

curved console
fitted to a wall,
down which urine
flows into a
drainage channel
of a sheet fitted to
a wall, down which
collected discharge
flows into a floor
channel

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Urinal Urinal

Types: Types:

Slab Urinal Bowl Urinal

(pod urinal)

an individual wall-
mounted urinal

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Urinal Urinal

Types: Bowl Urinal Types: Bowl Urinal

Waterless No flush Waterless No flush

utilize a floating layer of BlueSeal

BlueSeal liquid
 liquid that
forms a barrier to sewer vapours but allows
urine to readily pass through. The liquid is
periodically replenished 3 oz [89 mL] per BlueSeal
1500 uses Liquid

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Urinal Lavatories

Types: Bowl Urinal A basin with water supply and

drainage piping, for washing
Waterless No flush the hands and face

Replaceable
Cartridge

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Lavatories Kitchen Sink

Types: a sanitary vessel of

vitreous china or
Wall-hung stainless steel for
Pedestal washing utensils,
Counter top hands etc.

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Range of Sinks Service Sinks (Slop Sinks)

Belfast Sink Located in janitor’s rooms for

filling buckets, cleaning mops,
and for general cleaning
purposes

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bath Tubs Bath Tubs

a large vessel connected Types:

to a water supply and a
drain, in which a person footbath
can be fully immersed in hip bath
water while washing  jacuzzi
plunge bath
treatment bath
whirlpool bath

TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bath Tubs Shower

Types: a sanitary installation

with a controllable
Whirlpool bath spray or jet of water for
washing and cleaning
- Must have removable panel
for accessing the pump
- The pump & the circulation
piping shall be self-draining to
minimize water retention
- NPCP, sec 411

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TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES: TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Drinking Fountains Washing Fountains

an appliance, often found in
public places, schools and
institutions,
institutions, consisting of a
basin from which a jet of clean
drinking water can be
discharged
(ablution fountain)
a large circular or polygonal
communal washbasin which
accommodates a number of
people washing at any given
time

PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Fixture Traps

a device at Each plumbing

drainage outlet, fixture, except those
filled with water having integral trap,
to prevent the shall be separately
passage of foul trapped
air from a sewer
back into the - NPCP, sec 1001
building or area

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PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps

Each plumbing fixture trap

shall be protected against
siphonage & back-pressure
by a properly placed vent
pipe

- NPCP, sec 1002

PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Fixture Traps

Types: Types:

Integral Trap Shower Trap P Trap

P Trap Drum Trap
S Trap
U Trap
Swivel Trap
Bottle Trap
Straight Through Trap
Low-Level Bath Trap

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PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Fixture Traps

Types: Types:

S Trap U Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Fixture Traps

Types: Types:

Swivel Trap Bottle Trap

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PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Fixture Traps Fixture Traps

Types: Types:

Straight Low Level Shower Drum

Through Trap Bath Trap Trap Trap

PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

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PLUMBING FIXTURES: PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bathroom Unit for Disabled Persons

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Introduction: Sources of Energy

PLUMBING FIXTURES:

Bathroom Unit for Disabled Persons OFF-SITE ON-SITE

Power Plant - photovoltaic

- geothermal - wind turbine
- hydropower - geothermal
- nuclear, etc - stream hydro
electric

Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Photovoltaic or Wind Turbine

Solar Panels

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Introduction: Sources of Energy Basic Theory: Defining Electricity

Geothermal Source
electricity
a form of energy resulting from the existence
of charged subatomic particles such as the
electron and proton.

Basic Theory: Electron Theory Basic Theory

Conductors
Elements of an Atom

Insulators

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Conductors Insulators

Gold - Best Glass - Good

Silver - Best Porcelain - Good
Copper - Good Dry Wood - Good
Aluminum - Good Paper - Good
Steel - Fair Plastic - Good
Iron - Fair Rubber - Good
Other metals - Fair Water (pure) - Fair
Salt Water - Fair
An insulating material is sometimes called a
dielectric

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Types of Insulated Conductors Common Insulators for

Electrical Wires & Cables
Wire
a pliable metallic strand or a twisted or Plastic
woven assembly of such strands, often
insulated w/ dielectric
dielectric material & used as a Thermoplastic
conductor of electricity capable of softening when heated & of
hardening again when cooled
Cable
a single insulated conductor or a bound or Thermosetting
sheathed combinations of conductors becomes permanently rigid when heated &
insulated from one another cannot be softened again

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Basic Theory
Insulation
Codes for
Thermoplastic Electrical
- polycarbonate Wires
- polyethylene
- polypropylen
p olypropylenee
- polystyrene
- polyvinyl & vinyl

Thermosetting
- polyester
- polyurethane
- epoxy
- melamine
- phenolic

Basic Theory

Insulated Wire Coding

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Types of Cables
Service Entrance Cable (SE & USE) Wire and Cable Additional Protection…..
Non-metallic
Non-metallic
Non-metallic Sheathed
Sheathed Cable
Cable (NM or NMC CONDUIT
Underground Feeder (UF)
Non-metallic
Metal-clad Cables - PVC
Flexible Armored Cable (AC)
Metal Clad Cable (MC) Metallic
- Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
Communication Cable - Electric Metallic Tubing (EMT)
Coaxial Cable - Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC)
Telephone Cable

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Conduit
PVC Conduit
A tube, pipe, or duct for
enclosing
enclosin g and protecting
electric wires and cables

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Metal Conduit
Rigid Steel
Conduit
Rigid Steel (RS)
Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
Aluminum Conduit (AL)

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Rigid Steel Electrical

Conduit Metallic
Conduit

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

RMC threadless Flexible Metallic

connector & Conduit
coupling
known to the trade
as Greenfield

Basic Theory Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Raceways &
Cablebus
Types:

Surface Raceways
Metallic
Nonmetallic
Floor Raceways
Underfloor raceways
Cellular metal floor raceways Battery provides the voltage source
Cellular concrete floor raceways Electrical Wires as the conductor for the current
Full Access Floor Bulb provides the Resistance

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

OHM’S LAW

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Series Circuits:
Kinds of Electrical Circuits:
Circuits:
An arrangement of component in an electric
circuit in which the same current flows through
- Series Circuits
each component in turn without branching
- Parallel Circuits

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Parallel Circuits:
Electrical Circuits
Circuits Classified by NEC:
An arrangement of component in an electric
circuit in which all positive terminals are
- General Purpose Branch Circuit
connected to one conductor & all the negative
terminal are connected to the second
- Appliance Branch Circuit
conductor,
conducto r, the same voltage are being
applied to each component
- Individual Branch Circuit

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

General Purpose Branch Circuits: Appliance Branch Circuit:

Supplies outlets for lighting, and appliances, Supplies outlets intended for feeding
including convenience receptacles appliances.

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Load Chart for Residential Appliances:

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s

Amperage in Circuit
Individual Branch Circuit:
Range 4,500 30 AT 1
Air Con (3/4hp) 1,200 30 AT 1
Designed to supply a single specific item
Central Air Con 5,000 40 1
Range Tops 6,000 30 1
Dryer 5,000 30 1
Dishwasher 1,200 20 1
Microwave 1,000 20 1 or more
Refrigerator 300 20 1 or more
Freezer 350 20 1 or more
Washing Machine 1,200 20 1
Hand iron 1,650 20 1

Load Chart for Residential Appliances: Branch Protection

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s

Amperage in Circuit
OVERCURRENT
Water Heater (MP) 4,500 30 AT 1
Water Heater (SP) 1,600 20 1 An excessive current flow in the circuit, due
Television 300 20 1 or more to the following:
Audio Centre 350 20 1 or more
PC & Peripherals 1,000 20 1 or more
Pumps 1,200 20 1 - overload in the equipment or
conductors

- short circuit

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Branch Protection

Overcurrent Protection Devices

Overcurrent protection devices are

designed to protect equipment and
structures from fire.

It stops the flow of current in a circuit when

the amperage is too high for the circuit.

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Types of Overcurrent Protection Devices:

Circuit Breaker

Fuse

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Branch Protection Branch Protection

Circuit Breaker

A switch that automatical

automaticallyly interrupts an
electric circuit to prevent excess current from
damaging apparatus in a circuit or from
causing a fire

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Ground-Fault Ground-Fault
Circuit-Interrupter Circuit-Interrupter
(GFCI) (GFCI)
(GFCI) help protect individu
individuals
als against
shock, in addition to providing current
overload protection

it detects even a very small current leak to a

ground, which may not be detected by a
conventional circuit breaker

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Branch Protection Branch Protection

Typical Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Switchboard Frame Size Trip Setting Voltage Remarks

50 A 15 20 30 40 50 240 V 1-3 pole

100 A 15 20 30 40 240 V 1-3
1 -3 pole
50 70 90 100 600 V
225A 70 90 100 125 600 V 1 -3 pole
150 175 200 225
400A/600A 125 150 175 200 225 600 V 1-3 pole
250 300 350 400 500 600
800A/1200A 250 300 350 400 500 600 V 1-3 pole
600 800 1000 1200
1600A 400 600 800 1000 600 V 1-3 pole
1200 1600

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Fuse Fuse
An overcurrent protective device with a
circuit opening fusible element which opens
(break) when there is an overcurrent in the
circuit

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

3 direct ways the human body gives off heat:

Comfort describes a delicate balance of
pleasant feeling in the body produced by its
surroundings. A comfortable atmosphere
describes our surroundings when we are not
aware of discomfort.

Comfort involves four things: (1) temperature, (2)

humidity, (3) air movement, and (4) air
cleanliness.

Conduction Convection Radiation

Air-conditioning System:
Psychometric Chart:
4th way the human body gives off heat:
The study of air & its
Properties
Evaporation of
perspiration

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Air-conditioning System:
Psychometric Chart:
Psychrometric
Psychrometric Chart Componen
Components:
ts:

•  Dry-bulb temperature
•  Wet-bulb temperature
•  Relative humidity
•  Specific volume
•  Moisture content
•  Heat content

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Refrigeration is the process of removin

removing
g heat
Air-conditioning from where it is not wanted.

A mechanical - Heat is removed from food to preserve its

installation
installation system quality and flavor
providing warmed,
cooled, clean and - Heat is removed from room air to establish
otherwise treated air human comfort
into the habitable
spaces of a building

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

The liquid called the refrigerant is fundamental to Heat in buildings comes principally from four
the heat transfer accomplished by a refrigeration sources: electrical
electrical energy, the sun, outdoor air
machine. temperatures and the building’s occupants

- a commercial refrigerant is any liquid that
will evaporate and boil at relatively low
temperatures. During evaporation or
boiling, the refrigerant absorbs the heat.
- Every kilowatt of electrical energy in use
produces 3413 Btu/h
- At noon, a surface directly facing the sun may
receive 300 Btu/h, on a clear day

- An individu
individual
al will give
give off about
about 400
400 Btu/h
Btu/h in a 23.3°
23.3°
room

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Refrigerants are used in the process of refrigeration

refrigeration.. A refrigerant is a substance that picks up latent
heat when the substance evaporates from a liquid
to a gas.
Refrigeration is a process whereby heat is removed
from a substance or a space.

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Sulfur dioxide
Common Refrigerants: - colorless but toxic liquid or gas, therefore not
a safe refrigerant
Sulfur dioxide
Methyl chloride Methyl chloride
Ethyl chloride - a good refrigerant but flammable
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide Ammonia
Freon - a very toxic & flammable gas

Carbon dioxide
- very harmful in large concentration & without
the presence of oxygen

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Freon
- reason for tremendous growth of residential Freons effect to the environment:
air- conditioning system
- major contributor to ozone depletion
- not flammable
- 1987 Montreal Protocol call for total phase-
- low toxicity out of freon & other chlorofluorocarbons

- can cause frostbite on skin contact - 1996, non-production in developing countries

- no thermal effect to most metals

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:
Alternative to Freon:
By adding some components to the system,
- Genetron AZ 20 these problems can be eliminated.
The four major components that
- SUVA 410A make up mechanical refrigeration
systems are the following:
- Puron
1. The evaporator
2. The compressor
3. The condenser
4. The refrigerant
metering device

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The evaporator The compressor

The evaporator The compressor is

absorbs heat into the heart of the
the system refrigeration
system

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

The condenser The metering device

The condenser rejects

both sensible (measurable)
and latent (hidden)
heat from the refrigeration
system

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS: REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS:

Removing moisture

Dehumidifying  the air

Dehumidifying the
means to remove the
moisture, and this is
frequently desirable in
refrigeration systems

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Types of Air-conditioning System: Types of Air-con

Air-conditioning
ditioning System:

Duct-free Type Ducted Type Duct-free Type

Packaged Equipment
all of the components
are built into one
cabinet

Split-system Equipment
condenser is located
outside, remote from
the evaporator, and
uses interconnecting
i nterconnecting

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Duct-free Type: Duct-free Type:

Package Equipment:

Window Room Air Condition

Conditioners
ers
Package Terminal
(WRAC)
Air Conditioners
(PTAC)

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning Systems:

Air-handling Unit (AHU)
Hi-wall Aircon Type hp Applicable Area
Slimpacs
Wall Mounted 1.00 20

1.50 24

2.00 32
Underceiling Cassette 2.50 38

4.00 50

Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area

Ceiling Mounted 3.00 45 Ceiling Cassette 3.00 45

4.00 50 5.00 85

6.00 80

Ceiling Cassete

Floor Mounted

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Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning System:

Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area Condensing Unit (CU)

Floor Mounted 3.00 45

5.00 80

Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

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Air-conditioning System: Air-conditioning System:

Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types):

Ducted Type:

Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

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ACU SPACES:

CHILLED WATER PLANT

CHILLED WATER
PLANT

COOLING
TOWER

AIR-HANDLING
UNIT

COOLING TOWERS

Cooling towers
extract heat from the
water that is used to
cool the condenser
coils of the chilled
water plant.

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FAN ROOMS (AHU) AND OUTDOOR

AIR LOUVERS

In an all-air
system, an air
handling unit in a
fan room
circulates air
through a filter
and
thermostatically
controlled hot
water and chille
chilled
d
water coils to
condition it.

Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types):

Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Duct System Configuratio

Configurations:
ns: Duct System Configuratio
Configurations:
ns:

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Duct System Configuratio

Configurations:
ns: Duct System Configuratio
Configurations:
ns:

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Basic Mechanical Symbols: Basic Mechanical Symbols:

Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs Typical Grilles & Diffusers Designs

56

Elevator System: The Basic
lift, elevator (Am.)
a mechanical
installation for lifting
of passengers or
goods from one level
or storey in a
building to another.
Elevator System: The Basic
In 1853, American inventor
Elisha Otis demonstrated a
freight elevator equipped
with a safety device to
prevent falling in case a
supporting cable should
break
4/8/2012
Elevator System: The Basic
Elevators are classified on the basis of driving
methods
• Electric Traction
- driven by electric motor
• Hydraulic Traction
- driven by oil-power
Elevator System: The Basic
In 1854 Otis dramatized his safety
device on the floor of the Crystal
Palace Exposition in New York. With
a large audience on hand, the
inventor ascended in an elevator
cradled in an open-sided shaft.
Halfway up, he had the hoisting
cable cut with an axe. The platform
held fast and the elevator industry
was on its way.
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Elevator System: The Basic

Elisha Otis didn't actually invent the elevator, he

invented the brake used in modern elevators.
Electric Elevator
Elisha Otis was inspired to design what w as then
called the "safety elevator".

Geared Traction
Machine

Geared Machine
for MRL

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Elevator Car

Hydraulic Elevator

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Hydraulic Jack Arrangements Hydraulic Jack Arrangements

Single, Central Single side-acting Single side-acting Twin side-acting Twin side-acting
(direct) (indirect) (direct) (indirect)

Elevator System: Elevator System:

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Elevator System: Escalator System:

ESCALATOR

moving staircase, moving stairway; a motorized

staircase used as a means of automated vertical
vertical
circulation, in which treads fixed to a circulating
belt move up or down in the plane of the stair.

Escalator System: Escalator System:

Basic Application
Application::

- Commercial

Malls
Shopping Centers
Offices
Casinos

Preferred transportation
systems whenever heavy
traffic volumes are
expected between floors

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Escalator System: Escalator System:

Basic Application
Application:: Others:

- Transportation - Hotels
- Sports Centers
Airports
Railway Terminals
- Connecting Bldgs
Mass Transit

Escalator System: Escalator System:

Straight Escalator: Spiral Escalator:

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Escalator System:

Escalator System:

Design Standard:

- Operating Speed: 90 ft/min 2000 - 4000 persons/

persons/hr
hr
120 ft/min 5000 - 8000 persons/
persons/hr
hr

- Width: 32” (0.82 meters)

meters)
48” (1.21 meters)
meters)

- Slope: 30
° (United States)
30  and 35  (other countries)
° °

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Escalator System: Escalator System:

Basic Configurations: Basic Configurations:

- Parallel - Cross-over

Escalator System: Escalator System:

Basic Configurations:
Basic Design Principles:
- Walk Round
- to minimize the movements of people

- to minimize the movements of goods

- to prevent clashes b/w people & goods

- to prevent bottleneck 

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Travelators System: Travelators System:

The Travelators or moving walkways are identical

to Escalators, except their surface along the
travel are smooth from end to end. They can be
inclined and horizontal during the travel

Travelators System: Fire Protection System:

Fire Protection Objectives:

Maintain conditions conducive to:

- Life Safety
- Property Protectio
Protection
n
- Minimized Business Interruption

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Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Elements of Fire Protection: Fire Protection Requirements:

- Early Detection & Alarm System

- Means of Egress provide an automatic spray dedicated to the
- Compartmentati
Compartmentation on area of fire outbreak
- Smoke Control
- Emergency Power have temperature sensitive elements that
- Fire Suppression System respond immediately
immediately to heat, discharging the
contents of the water main

use less water to control a fire than the firefighting

service

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Types of Fire Protection Systems:

Types of Detectors:

Conventional spot-type ionization and

Detection systems
photoelectric
photoelec tric smoke detectors
Fireproofing for buildings
Duct-type smoke detectors
Fire walls, fire barriers, fire doors, and other
Line-type photoelectric smoke detectors
fire resistant constructio
construction n
High sensitivity spot-type smoke detectors
Smoke control systems
High sensitivity
sensitivity air sampling smoke detectors
Sprinkler systems
Fixed temperature heat detectors
Special extinguishing systems, including
Rate-of-rise heat detectors
those using wet or dry chemical
chemicals,s,
Rate-of-rise compensated heat d etectors
foam, or "clean" agents
Flame detectors

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Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Allowable Sprinkler Pipework: Wet-pipe System:

Domestic pipework - solvent cement bonded,

post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)

Industrial and commercial pipework - threaded

galvanised mild steel

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Dry-pipe or Two-end Side with Centre Feed Pipe:

Wet-and-Dry
System:

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Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Two-end Centre with Central Feed Pipe: Three-end Side with End Feed Pipe:

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Two-end Centre with End Feed Pipe:

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Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Sprinkler Head Spacing:

12.00 m² - area covered by one head (max)

4.00 m - distance between heads (max)

2.00 m - distance from wall to ceiling

mounted head (max)

2.00 m - distance between heads in the

same room (min)

Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Quartzoid Bulb Quartzoid bulb - a glass tube is used to retain a

Fusible Strut water valve on its seating
Duraspeed Solder Types

Orange - 57ºC
Red - 68ºC
Yellow - 79ºC
Green - 93ºC
Blue - 141ºC
Mauve - 182ºC
Black - 204 or 260ºC

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Fire Protection System: Fire Protection System:

Duraspeed solder type - contains a heat

Fusible strut - has two metal struts soldered
collector which has a
together to retain a water valve in
soldered cap attached
place

Signal System: Signal System:

Types: Provided to send and receive electronically

coded information
Fire Alarms

Telephone Systems

Security Systems

Central Monitoring & Control Systems

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Signal System: Signal System:

Consists of: Symbols for Signal Systems

- A signal source
- A means of conveying the signal
- Indicating equipment at the destination

Signal System: Signal System:

Signal requires a “sensor” Alarm Initiating Device

- for Fire and Smoke detection

The Means of Conveying a Signal requires: - could be automatic or manually operated
- low-voltage wiring - Automatic Operation includes:
- air waves Fire Detector
Smoke Detector
- Manual Operation include:
The Signal Indicators must provide either: Pull Station
- Audio Indicators are:
- audible sounds Bell
- visual info Horns
- printed data

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Signal System: Signal System:

Telephone Systems Local Area Network (LAN) Systems

Signal System: Signal System:

Wireless Area Network (WAN) Systems Security Systems

- to extend the surveillance activities of a

limited security force in order to remove
or reduce the incidence of crime
- Detecting devices are:
CCTV
Motion Detectors
Intrusion Detectors
Scream Alarms

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Signal System:

Central Monitoring
Monitoring & Control Systems

- controls and operates all service systems

in a building specifically
specifically those that
utilizes energy
HVAC
Lighting
Shading Devises
Electrical
Electrical Loadings

73