01/09/2023

DEFINITION:

The work or business of installing in buildings the

pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus for bringing
in the water supply and removing liquid and
waterborne wastes

PLUMBING SYSTEM
Lecture 01 - WATER SUPPLY
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez

1 2

PARTS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SYSTEM:

The essential component is the FIXTURES: without

SUPPLY - the piping that brings the water to its
points of use
FIXTURES - point-of-use receptacles that
receive the supply water and discharge the
waterborne wastes
them there is no need for the others.
The chief criteria for designing a plumbing
system are its number of fixtures, number of
fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water
pressure at the highest fixture.

WASTE - the piping and venting that convey

the wastes and any associated gases from
its points of use to outside the building

3 4

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING’S PLUMBING SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY:

SYSTEM:

SURFACE SOURCES:
Providing water and drainage for sanitation
and potable water needs Lakes, Streams, Rivers
Reservoirs, Run-off from roofs & paved areas
Disposal of precipitation falling on the building.
This system is referred to as the stormwater
system

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SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY: GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

UNDERGROUND SOURCES:
Alkalinity
Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Artesian Wells,
Artesian Springs, Land Springs Caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or
hydroxide components. Testing for
these components of water’s alkalinity is a
key to determining which treatments to use

7 8

GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE GENERAL TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER:

Hardness pH

Hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps A measure of the water’s hydrogen ion
and detergents, and it deposits scale on the concentration, as well as its relative acidity
inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, or alkalinity.
thus wasting heating fuel and making utensils
unusable. Hardness, which is caused by
calcium and magnesium salts, can be
classified as temporary (carbonate) or
permanent (noncarbonate)

9 10

below 7 indicate increasing acidity

and corrosiveness

The pH value is the starting point water in its natural state can have
for determining treatments for a pH as low as 5.5, with 0 being the
corrosion control, chemical ultimate acidity
dosages, and disinfection.

higher than 7 indicate increasing

alkalinity, with 14 representing the
ultimate alkalinity

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WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION:

Rainwater - carbon dioxide, sulphur, and nitro

oxides (from air)

Surface & Substrata Water Sources – inorganic

materials such as calcium, magnesium,
and sodium. These are responsible for water
hardness

Organic matter from decaying vegetation,

animals, & untreated waste can provide
bacteria contamination causing typhoid,
cholera, & dysentery

13 14

Water Treatment Facilities of Water Companies WATER CONTAMINATION:

Storage Tank Storage Tank

1 1

Pump Pump
House 2 House 2
Impounding Impounding
Reservoir Reservoir

Chlorinating Chlorinating
House House
500,000 50,000 500
To Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Zero
Street Main per liter per liter per liter Bacteria
per liter

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WATER CONTAMINATION:

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

What is the use of chlorine?

a. Water Disinfectant

b. Water Purifier

c.

d.

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WATER CONTAMINATION: WATER CONTAMINATION:

Chlorination is the process used to destroy any Sterilisation by injection

bacterial microbes before general
distribution to water mains adding 0.1-0.3 ppm
of chlorine after the
filtration process to
destroy organic
matter

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WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Gravitational Distribution Gravitational Distribution – the water from

upland gathering grounds is impounded in a
Pumped Distribution reservoir. There are no pumping costs with
this system

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WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Pumped Distribution – water extracted from a Ring Main Distribution – a preferred distribution
river is pumped into a settlement tank, as sections can be isolated with minimal
subsequently filtered & chlorinated. disruption & more opportunity for water to
maintain a flow

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WATER DISTRIBUTION:
WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Stop Valve (globe type)

Valves used in controlling or isolating
distribution section:
Used to control the flow
of water at high
Stop Valve (globe type)
pressure.
Gate or Sluice Valve
To close the flow of
water the crutch head
Drain Valve
handle is rotated
slowly in a clockwise
direction gradually
reducing the flow

25 26

WATER DISTRIBUTION: WATER DISTRIBUTION:

Gate or Sluice Valve Drain Valve

Used to control the Installed at the

flow of water on low lowest point in
pressure pipe systems,
installations. The boilers, and
wheel head is storage vessels
rotated clockwise to
control the flow of
water

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CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

SERVICE PIPE

SUPPLY PIPE

DISTRIBUTING PIPE M

SERVICE
PIPE

30 31

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CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

Service Pipe

connection that is made to the main and is

run to a stop valve near to the site
boundary of the building; maintenance is
M the responsibility of the water company.
SERVICE
PIPE Pressure is usually between
50-70psi
PNEUMATIC
DISTRIBUTING
TANK PIPE

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CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

SERVICE PIPE SUPPLY PIPE

The pipe that run from stop valve to, and into,
the building. Maintenance is the
responsibility of the building owner

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CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN:

DISTRIBUTING PIPE STATIC PRESSURE

any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe)

that conveys water from a storage cistern or The pressure exerted at the bottom of a
from hot water apparatus stationary “head” of water is related directly
to its height.

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STATIC PRESSURE
STATIC PRESSURE

Which has the One cubic foot of water

greater pressure? weighs 62.4 lb. Consider
a “cube” of water 1 ft
A or B square and 1 ft high. Its
weight (62.4 lb) rests on
a bottom area of 1 ft²
(144 in²).

The static pressure at the

bottom is 62.4/144 =
0.433 psi (3 kPa).

38 39

STATIC PRESSURE

For 144feet and 1 inch² diameter

pipe.

The static pressure at the bottom

is 62.4/1 = 62.4 psi

40 41

Cold Water
CONNECTIONS TO THE WATER MAIN: Supply System

DISTRIBUTING PIPE

any pipe (other than an overflow or flush pipe)

that conveys water from a storage cistern or
from hot water apparatus

TYPES OF SYSTEMS USED:

Cold Water Supply System

Hot Water Supply System

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Hot Water
Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

INDIRECT SYSTEM – from a cold storage cistern

DIRECT SYSTEM – from the mains water pressure

44 45

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

INDIRECT SYSTEM for Multi- Which is an illegal thing to do……….

storey Buildings
Suction Tank or Break Tank
is used to provide an
additional buffer between
the street mains and the
pumps that replenish the
depleted water in the
storage tanks
a. Booster pump directly getting water
directly from water main then distributed
to the Townhouse units
b. Tap directly from water main then
directly to the fixture units
c. Provide a cistern then provide water to
the townhouse units

47 48

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Cold Water Supply System

INDIRECT SYSTEM: Advantages INDIRECT SYSTEM: Disadvantages

• The reserve of water in the cistern that may be
called on against interruption of supply to
provide regular flow
• The air gap between the supply pipe and the
water level in the cistern acts as an effective
barrier to backflow into the mains supply,
which can cause contamination
• The considerable weight of a filled cistern has
to be supported at high level
• The inconvenience of access to the cistern for
inspection and maintenance
• The possibility of the cistern overflowing
• Animals and insects may enter the cistern and
contaminate the water held in the open cistern

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System

GENERAL CATEGORIES: GENERAL CATEGORIES:

Storage (Tank-type) Storage (Tank-type)

Gas Water Heater
Electric Water Heater consists of an insulated
Solar Water Heater water-storage tank and a
heating means, which
Instantaneous (Tankless) heats the fixed quantity
In-line Type of water in the tank &
Point-of-Use Type stores it until it is needed
Multi-point
Single-point

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Gas Water Heater Electric Water Heater

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Supply System

GENERAL CATEGORIES: GENERAL CATEGORIES:

Instantaneous (Tankless) Instantaneous

In-line Type Point-of-use or local type

instantly heat water as it self-contained units that

passes through on the are located close to the
way to the hot water fixture or fixtures requiring
fixture hot waters

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Water Meter Water Meter

Valves
Water System Valves Installed in buildings where
Tank Valves water use is measured
Pumps

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

BOARD EXAM QUESTION:
Water Meter What is used to shut off flow of water during
Valves maintenance?
Water System Valves
Tank Valves a. Angle Valve
Pumps
b. Gate Valve

c. Check Valve

62 63

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Water System Valves

Gate Valve

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Gate Valve Gate Valve

• operates by raising or • sometimes referred to as

lowering a metal gate
into, or out of, the line
of the pipework as the
spindle is screwed
down or up
a fullway gate valve as
when it is fully open it
does not restrict flow
along the pipeline,
unlike the globe valve

• gate valve is used

where there is low
pressure flow in the
pipeline, such as that
from cistern feed
systems

66 67

Valves Globe Valve

Water System Valves • control or shut flow

through a disc that is
Globe Valve lowered slowly by
turning a screwdown
spindle to a seating
(they are also
described as screw
down valves)

• commonly used in high

pressure and hot water
pipework

68 69

Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Check Valve Angle Valve

An automatic valve A valve for controlling

which permits liquid the flow of a liquid or
to flow in only one air; the fluid leaves at
direction right angles to the
direction in which it
enters the valve

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Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Ball Valve Drain-and-Waste Valve

A valve for regulating a valve used to drain

the flow of fluids by a water or other liquid
movable ball which from a pipework
fits in a spherical seat installation

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Valves Valves

Water System Valves Water System Valves

Fixture Shutoff Valve Bib Tap

a simple water tap

for filling or
emptying vessels
etc. whose nozzle is
bent downwards

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Valves
DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories
Water System Valves
Water Meter
Bib Tap Valves
Water System Valves
Tank Valves
Pumps

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Valves Valves

Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves)

Automatic flow control Types:

devices fitted to cisterns to Diaphragm
maintain an appropriate Portsmouth
volume of water Croydon

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Tank Valves (Float valves) Tank Valves (Float valves)

Diaphragm type Portsmouth type

The least noisy as there is less friction between Have a piston moving horizontally
moving parts

80 81

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Tank Valves (Float valves) Water Meter

Valves
Croydon type Water System Valves
Tank Valves
Have a piston moving Pumps
vertically

Likely to be found in
very old installations

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

Pumps
PUMPS
a mechanical device for providing the force
to move mass materials in liquid, granular or Centrifugal
gaseous form, or to compress gases

Types:
Centrifugal Jet [Ejector]
• Best for moving large volumes of water at low-
Rotary Sump
to-medium pressures
Reciprocating Booster
Submersible Jockey • good for steady flows, low-to-high discharge
Positive Displacement Turbine pressures, and dirty, abrasive, or partly solid
Helical Rotor liquids.
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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories

PUMPS
PUMPS: Centrifugal
Positive
Displacement

• A type of pump that displace a set volume of

water with each turn of the pump
• Use as construction pump

• Types: Rotary & Reciprocating

86 87

PUMPS PUMPS

Rotary Reciprocating

• Best for moving viscous • Good for high

or high-pressure liquids; discharge pressures
and small capacities,
• good for steady flows, clean and clear
medium discharge liquids, and pulsing
pressures, and small-to- flows
medium capacities
• Not good where
• Not good for abrasive pulsing flows are
liquids undesirable.

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PUMPS PUMPS

Submersible Submersible

• consists of one or more

pump stages driven by
a closely coupled
motor designed for
submerged operation

• useful in dewatering
tunnels, foundation pits,
trenches, and similar
locations
• useful in dewatering tunnels, foundation pits,
trenches, and similar locations

90 91

PUMPS PUMPS

Helical Rotor Jet [Ejector]

• consists of a spiral rotor that rotates in a sleeve.

As the spiral rotor turns, it traps water between
the rotor and the sleeve, forcing it to the outlet
end of the sleeve

• Jet pumps are actually a combination of

centrifugal and ejector pumps

• are economical for low volume facilities,

and are commonly used in wells

92 93

PUMPS PUMPS

Jet [Ejector] Sump

• a pump (as in a
basement) to
remove
accumulations of
liquid (such as
rainwater) from a
sump pit

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PUMPS PUMPS

Sump Booster

• A pump which is used where pressure is

low and needs to be increased.

96 97

PUMPS PUMPS

Booster Jockey

• Jockey pumps are small, motor driven pumps

used in conjunction with main fire pumps to
compensate for minor leaks in the fire protection
system and automatically maintain stand-by
pressure.

98 99

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

PUMPS

Turbine PIPING

• Turbine pumps consist of Consists of pipe or tubing and fittings

one or more centrifugal
pump stages driven by a
vertical shaft, connecting Types:
the pumping assembly to
a motor mounted at the Copper Piping
surface
Plastic Piping
• Used as a “Fire Pump”
Steel Piping

100 101

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Accessories DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Piping Copper Piping

Has strong resistance to corrosion

Called as “copper tubing” because of its thin

wall

102 103

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Copper Piping Copper Piping

Fittings are soldered to the tubing and called Solder Types:

as “sweat joints”
29% tin + 71% lead @ 210ºC
(traditional application, prohibited)

63% tin + 37% lead @ 185ºC

(for electrical application)

99% tin + 1% copper @ 235ºC

(lead-free for water system)

104 105

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Plastic Piping
Reducer Threaded Adapters
the pipes & fittings are produced from synthetic
90º Elbow Caps resins derived from fossil fuels, such as coal &
petroleum
Reducing Elbow
like copper, plastic piping does not present
45º Elbow corrosion problems
T-fittings Copper Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

107 108

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
lightweight
a rigid white pipe that is strong & economical
cheaper than copper
it resists most acids & alkalis but not chlorinated
Types:
hydrocarbons & certain solvents
PVC LDPE
cPVC PB
Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4,
uPVC PE
and 6 inches
PPR ABS
HDPE

109 110

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F

Maximum temperature for nonpressure use =

180˚F

Used for cold water supply, drain, waste, vent,

and some process piping

111 112

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping : cPVC [Chlorinated PolyVinyl

Plastic Piping Chloride]
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)

a cream-colored rigid pipe that is very strong

and has a chemical resistance similar to PVC

Common diameters are 1/2 and 3/4 inches

Maximum Pressure = 100 psi at 180˚F

Used for hot and cold water supply as well as

Heat-fusion Machine
process piping

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping : uPVC [Unplasticized PolyVinyl

Chloride] Plastic Piping
PB (polybutane)

a flexible tubing that can also be snaked

through walls and around corners

Connections are usually compression type; it

cannot be solvent-welded

Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches

Heat-fusion Machine
Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 180˚F

115 116

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping Plastic Piping

PE (polyethylene) PE (polyethylene)

a flexible tubing that can be snaked through
walls and around corners
can bend without breaking when buried in
settling soil, and is highly resistant to unusual soil
conditions
Typical diameters are 3/4, 1, 11/2, and 2 inches
Maximum Pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F
Maximum Temperature for nonpressure use =
180˚F
Used for low-pressure cold water underground
services

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121 122

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Plastic Piping : PPR [Polypropylene Random

Plastic Piping Copolymer Pipe]
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene)

a rigid black pipe that is fairly strong and

economical

Typical diameters are 11/4, 11/2, 2, 21/2, 3, 4,

and 6 inches

Maximum pressure = 40 psi at 100˚F

Heat-fusion Machine
most common plastic piping for drains & vents

123 124

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Union Drop-ear Elbows
Steel Piping
Reducer Threaded Adapters
available in
90º Elbow Caps galvanized or black
types in standard
Reducing Elbow (the most common),
extra heavy, &
45º Elbow double extra heavy
weights
T-fittings Plastic Fittings

Reducing T-fittings

125 126

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping Steel Piping

Galvanized pipe resists rust better, but black is Connections are threaded
the finest piping if it is to be exposed to fire or
high temperatures

Common diameters are 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1,

11/4, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12
inches

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping: Advantages Steel Piping: Disadvantages

Best for high temperatures, pressures, and Expensive

velocities
Heavy
Lowest coefficient of expansion
Brittle in very cold temperatures
The strongest piping; thus its lengths require the
least support

129 130

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials

Steel Piping: Fittings Steel Piping: Fittings

Coupling

Plug Nipple Cap

Reducer

Tee Union/Bushing

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Piping Materials DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Hot Water Piping Requirement

Steel Piping: Fittings Thermal Expansion:

Elbow 45º Elbow Deformation of pipe

shapes subjected to
thermal expansion

133 134

3/8” Ø
9.5 mm

¾” Ø ½” Ø 3/8” Ø ½” Ø 3/8” Ø
19mm 13mm 9.5 mm 13mm 9.5 mm

135 136

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture

Cold Water Cold Water

Supply Supply

Hot Water Hot Water

Supply Supply

Sanitary Sanitary
KITCHEN
Piping Piping
SINK LAVATORY

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture

Cold Water
Supply

Hot Water Hot Water

Supply SINGLE Supply
POINT
Sanitary WATER
Piping Cold Water
SHOWER HEATER
Supply
139 140

DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture

Cold Water
Supply
Cold Water
Supply
Hot Water
Supply

Sanitary Sanitary
WATER
Piping Piping
CLOSET BATHTUB

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DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture DISTRIBUTING PIPE: Supply Piping for Fixture

Cold Water
Supply
Cold Water
Supply Hot Water
Supply
Hot Water
Supply

Sanitary Sanitary
WASHING
Piping Piping
BIDET MACHINE
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BOARD EXAM QUESTION:

Centralized Filtration Systems:
What do you call liquid waste (without urine,
feces, or industrial waste) discharges into the
sewer?

a. Gray Water

b. Storm Water

c. Black Water

d. Ground Water

145 146

Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings: Common “Grades” of Water in Buildings:

Potable water (usually treated, suitable for Dark graywater (from washing machines with dirty
drinking) diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers;
usually prohibited for reuse)
Rainwater
Clearwater (backwash water from reverse
Graywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals) osmosis water treatment; condensation from a
cooling coil)
Blackwater (water containing toilet or urinal
waste)

147 148

Plumbing Symbols:

149 150

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QUIZ: QUIZ:

151 152

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