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how to handle it
Luke Addington, Carl Fitz, Kevin Lunsford, and Lili Lyddon Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc.
Dr. Ing. Mariana Siwek Verfahrenstechnik und Automatisierung GmbH
S
our water strippers are common in gas often sitting towards the bottom of the produc-
processing facilities, sulphur recovery units, tion zone. While production may be relatively
wellhead facilities, and refinery applications. dry at the beginning of a field’s life, water-to-hy-
Understanding the variables allows engineers to drocarbon ratios will increase over the life of a
better optimise the initial design and operation. well as hydrocarbons are depleted and water
This paper reviews options for sour water strip- begins migrating upwards to areas of produc-
per configuration and presents a method to tion. The United States averages around ten
optimise stripper operation by finding the most barrels of associated water per barrel of oil
efficient operating parameters. Options investi- produced1.
gated include: single or double column for There are a variety of impurities found in this
increased product purity; addition of acid or associated water, such as oil and grease,
caustic for improved performance; refluxed or suspended solids, BTEX/VOCs, as well as
non-refluxed columns to mitigate water in the sulphur and ammonia. Table 1 lists the concen-
overhead gases; condenser or pumparound and tration of typical contaminants in associated
their effects on overhead composition; reboiler, water from sources in the Gulf of Mexico2 and in
direct steam injection, or a combination of these Pennsylvania3. Notice that the largest concentra-
and the effect they have on corrosion concerns. tion of contaminants is the suspended solids
In addition, optimisation of the steam rate is while the smallest is typically sulphur species
investigated. Overall stage efficiency for trayed and ammonia, those components typically
strippers, HETP for packed strippers and indi- removed in a sour water stripper.
vidual component efficiencies are discussed As a waste stream, associated water is disposed
based on available sour water stripper operating of in a variety of ways, depending on the produc-
data. tion site’s geographical location, geological
concerns, the types of contaminants in the water,
Sources of sour water and whether production is onshore or offshore.
Gas processing The overwhelming majority of associated water
Water is the single largest waste stream in oil is reinjected into either the production reservoir
and gas production worldwide. Wastewater for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or into
streams come from a variety of sources, the larg-
est of which is associated or production water. Typical associated water contaminant concentrations
Other sources of wastewater include water used
during startup and industrial hygiene, purge Gulf of Mexico Venango County,
(mg/L) 2 Pennsylvania (mg/L)3
water from amine sweetening units (ASU), and
Oil and Grease 26.6 2.74-78
wash water used in the tail gas treating section Suspended Solids 141 20-614
(TGTU) of the sulphur recovery unit (SRU). Of BTEX/VOCs 20 1-1,000
these sources, associated water is the largest in Sulphur 42 1-584
Ammonia 12.2 2.22-17
total volume; however, the latter two are the
largest sources of sour water.
Water always exists in oil and gas reservoirs, Table 1
Table 3
Refining Table 4
There are more sources of sour water from refin-
ing than there are in gas processing applications. For refining locations, the treated water can be
These sources include distillation, wash systems, disposed of directly to the sewer provided that
water from knockouts and amine systems. The the impurities are below acceptable values, often
largest source of sour water, as indicated in Table 30 ppm NH3 and less than 1 ppm H2S10. While
3, is from the steam stripping of the crude in the municipal or other sewage systems may be used
atmospheric and vacuum tower processing units. when available, many refineries contain on-site
Fluidised catalytic crackers (FCC), hydrodesul- wastewater treatment facilities, including
phurisation units (HDS) and hydrocrackers also biotreatment ponds, where water is processed
generate a substantial amount of sour water. The and discharged. Stripped water containing a
byproduct water contains H2S, NH3, phenols and large amount of phenol is often reused rather
possibly HCN8. Note that, while the Claus process than disposed of. It is utilised in the crude
is one of the largest producers of sour water in desalter, as contacting with the crude oil allows
gas processing, it accounts for less than 2% of for the removal of phenolic components back
that generated in a refinery. into the refining system.