Building Utilities - Waste Water Treatment

SANITATION, PLUMBING
DESIGN & INSTALLATION

B. Wastewater treatment and
disposal for building and premises
1
Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
SANITATION, PLUMBING DESIGN &
INSTALLATION
B. WASTEWATER TREATMENT and

DISPOSAL for BUILDING and PREMISES
Method of sewage treatment and disposal, design

and construction of septic tank, privy,
cesspool, seepage
2
INSTALLATION
WASTE WATER TREATMENT and DISPOSAL for BUILDING and PREMISES
PUBLIC SEWERS – common sewer directly controlled by

public authority
3
INSTALLATION
Classification of Public Sewers

• Combination Public Sewer
• Separate Public Sewer
4
INSTALLATION

• Combination Public Sewer
5
INSTALLATION

• Separate Public Sewer
6
INSTALLATION
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers

• Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
• Tributary or Contributing Sewer
7
INSTALLATION
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers

• Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
• Tributary or Contributing Sewer
8
INSTALLATION
Storm Sewers
Manholes
9
INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - a comprehensive term
(construction, collection, transportation, pumping treatment
and final disposition of sewage)
SEWAGE - the liquid wastes conducted away buildings, and
with such ground surface, and storm water as may be
present/any wastewater containing animal or vegetable
matter in suspension and solution and may include liquids
containing chemicals in solution
SEWER - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids
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INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
MAIN SEWER - (Public Sewer)
PUBLIC SEWER - a common sewer controlled by public
authority
DOMESTIC SEWAGE (SANITARY SEWAGE) - liquid/water-

borne wastes free from industrial wastes
SANITARY SEWAGE - human excrement/liquid household
waste (DOMESTIC SEWAGE)
SANITARY SEWER - with or without industrial wastes/
without and admixture of storm water or ground water
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INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
DRAIN - a sewer, pipe or conduit (conveying ground water,
surface water, storm water, wastewater or sewage
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - the drainage pipe of a plumbing
system take the waste water from the plumbing fixtures and
deliver it to the sewer
INDUSTRIAL WASTE - free from fecal matter
LIQUID WASTE - does not receive fecal matter
WASTE - (LIQUID WASTE/INDUSTRIAL WASTE)
WATER TREATMENT - conditions/treats water supply to
improve water quality, remove suspended solids by filtration
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INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
PRIMARY BRANCH - a primary branch of a building drain is the
single sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction
with main building drain or with another branch
SECONDARY BRANCH - any branch in a building drain other
than that of the primary branch
LATERAL - secondary pipeline
MANHOLE - an opening of sufficient size for a man to gain
access thereto
13
INSTALLATION
The household drain may flow straight into a public sewer. If a

blockage occurs anywhere in this private drain, you have sole
responsibility for cleaning any blockages or carrying out any
repairs. Most properties have some length of private drain.
14
INSTALLATION
Drains from two properties may join together and form a private
sewer, and then run some distance before connecting with the
public sewer. If a blockage or defect occurs at point X in the
private sewer system the owners of the two properties would be
responsible for rectifying the problem.
15
INSTALLATION
This shows how all the drains from a block of houses may link up before
running into a public sewer. In some cases, the drains from an entire estate
may join a private sewer system before linking up with the public system, and
this could be some considerable distance.
Present legislation dictates that the owners or occupiers of homes above the
point of the blockage or defect - whichever properties effluent flows through
that point - are responsible. Therefore a blockage at point Y would only involve
properties four, five and six. A blockage at point Z would involve all six
properties.
16
INSTALLATION
Manholes shall be installed at the
end of each line; at all changes in
grade, size, or alignment; at all
intersections; and at distances not
greater than 120 meters for sewers
380 mm in diameter or less and 150
meters for sewers 460 to 760 mm in
diameter. Greater spacing may be
permitted in larger sewers.
(e) The minimum diameter of
manholes shall be 900 mm; larger
diameters are preferable for large
diameter sewers. A minimum access
diameter of 560 mm shall be
provided.
17
INSTALLATION
Wastewater Treatment
Waste Water is defined as water which carries wastes from
homes, industries, businesses or any other sources; a mixture
of water and dissolved or suspended solids. Treatment is
necessary because in the reduction of physical, physiological,
radioactive, biological and chemical pollutants.
18
INSTALLATION
Types of Wastewater Treatment Plants

Depending on the nature of the Waste Water to be treated,
Waste Water can be classified as:
1. Sewage Treatment Plants
2. Sludge Treatment Plant
3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment
4. Agricultural Waste Water Treatment Plant
5. Radioactive Waste Water Treatment Plant
6. Recycling Waste Water Treatment Plant
19
INSTALLATION
20
INSTALLATION
21
INSTALLATION
Activated Sludge Process:
Removing carbonaceous pollution
Arrangement
• Aeration tank: air (or oxygen) is injected in the
mixed liquor
• Settling tank ("final clarifier" or "secondary
settling tank"): allow the biological flocs (the
sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the
biological sludge from the clear treated water
• Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate
involves additional steps; mixed liquor is left in
anoxic condition (no residual dissolved oxygen) 22
INSTALLATION
Activated Sludge Process:
1. Coarse Screen House
2. Grit Chamber
3. Fine Screen House
4. Mixing Tank or Activated Sludge Tank
5. Aerating Tanks
6. Clarifier Tanks
7. Chemical House
8. Filter House
9. Drier House
10. Warehouse
23
INSTALLATION
Preliminary treatment: first step in the treatment process; to remove materials that
are untreatable and separated by physical means. Screenings and grit removal
separate the sand and other inorganic material harmful to the pumps and other
equipment
24
INSTALLATION
Primary Treatment: simplest form of wastewater treatment ; involves filtration and
settling ; 45-50% of pollutants can be removed utilizing primary techniques.
Sedimentation: process where solids and liquids are separated by gravitational
forces. The thickened solids or sludge settle to the bottom of the clarifier
25
INSTALLATION
Secondary Treatment mainly involves biological process (removes 85-90% of
remaining pollutants); common types of secondary treatment are Trickling Filters
and Activated Sludge - create conditions favorable to the growth and reproduction
of helpful microorganisms which consume most of the waste material. The
microorganisms then settle out of the treated water in the secondary settling tank
or clarifier.
26
INSTALLATION
Disinfection: final process/step (discharge or release of treated water);
ensures that any disease causing or pathogenic microorganisms are killed
and that the water released into the waterway is safe to the environment
and humans
27
INSTALLATION
Advanced or Tertiary Treatment : processes that remove any small amounts of
undesirable materials remaining in the treated water. (include filtration, distillation or
flocculation to remove suspended particles, organic material and specific chemicals
(nitrates, phosphates, heavy metals); The level of treatment required prior to
discharge to the receiving stream depends on the quality of the body of water and the
types of reuse designated for the treated water.
28
INSTALLATION
29
INSTALLATION
1. Comminutor or Sewage Cutter 2. Primary Clarifier 3. Aeration Tanks
4.Secondary Clarifier 5. Digester Tank 6. Sludge Drying House and Bed
30
INSTALLATION
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL

1. Cesspool
2. Privy
3. Septic Tank
31
INSTALLATION
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating toilet, a recirculating toilet, a
self-contained portable toilet and all forms of privy
Class 2- grey water system
Class 3- a cesspool
Class 4- a leaching bed system including sewage systems utilizing
treatment units
Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the retention
hauled sewage at the site where it is produced prior to its collection by
hauled sewage system
32
INSTALLATION
Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating

toilet, a recirculating toilet, a self-
contained portable toilet and all forms
of privy
33
INSTALLATION

Class 2- grey water system
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INSTALLATION

Class 3- a cesspool
35
INSTALLATION

Class 4- a leaching bed
system including sewage
systems utilizing
treatment units
36
INSTALLATION

Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the retention
hauled sewage at the site where it is produced prior to its collection by
hauled sewage system
37
INSTALLATION
Clear Distances
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
Type of System Well with a Other well, or a Lake, river,
water-tight spring used as a pond, stream,
casing to a potable water reservoir, or a
depth of at least supply spring not used
6 metres as a potable
water supply
Class 1
Pit Privy 15 metres 30 metres 15 metres
Privy Vault) 10 metres 15 metres 10 metres
Pail Privy )
Class 2 10 metres 15 metres 15 metres

Leaching Pit
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INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
CESSPOOL - a pit for the reception or detention of
sewage/non-watertight lined excavation; permitting liquid
to seep through the bottom and sides of the cesspool
LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight
PRIVY - outhouse or structure used for the deposition of
excrement
PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement
collects
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INSTALLATION
NPCP Chapter 2
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field and seepage pit
PRIVATE SEWER - privately owned/not directly controlled by
the public authority
SEEPAGE PIT - loosely lined excavation in the ground, receives
discharge of septic tank; seep through pit bottom and sides
SEPTIC TANK - water-tight receptacle; separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter, allow effluent to discharge to a
storm drain, directly to ground outside the tank through open
joint or perforated piping
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INSTALLATION
Disposal Field Trench
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INSTALLATION
Cesspool
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INSTALLATION
Privy
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INSTALLATION
Septic Tank
44
INSTALLATION
STP
45
INSTALLATION
Sump Pump
46
INSTALLATION
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

• now being used for large developments in lieu of septic
tanks or municipal sewages
• perform the same general function of septic tanks in
decomposing sewage
• However, STPs make use of mechanical equipment and
usually consist of 1 large basin.
47
INSTALLATION
Some typical features of an STP:

An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic
control system, etc.
48
INSTALLATION

• Wastewater from the building enters the
Screen box (1). Here coarse air bubbles are
used to physically break down solid matter
in the sewage and form a mixed liquor with
the water prior to treatment.
• The mixed sewage liquor flows into the

Aeration Chamber for treatment (2). A
bacterial culture is present in the Aeration
Chamber which digests the pollutants in the
wastewater. The bacterial culture must
have a constant oxygen supply and this is
provided by a fine bubble diffuser at the
base of the tank.
• The mixed sewage liquor then flows into the

Clarification Chamber(3) where it is able to
separate into clear, treated effluent and
sludge. The clear effluent is able to flow
past the scum baffle and out of the tank.
49
INSTALLATION
• The blower is on a plug-in

timer and runs 30 minutes
on and 15 minutes off,
saving a lot of electricity
for the treatment process.
It also allows the blower to
cool down.
50
INSTALLATION

The Sludge Management System (SMS)
• In the Clarification Chamber sewage
sludge accumulates at the bottom (settled
sludge) and top (floating sludge) of the
tank (1).
• Air from the blower is spurred from the air
regulator valves (2) to two sludge return
pipes.
• This creates a vacuüm that sucks the
sewage sludge from the bottom of the
Clarification Chamber back to the Aeration
Chamber constantly (3).
• The valve that removes the floating sludge
must be opened once a month for this
sludge to be returned. With all other ASP
sewage treatment plants, this sludge has 51
to be removed manually. Reference: Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
INSTALLATION
Some STPs consist of several chambers:

Primary, Aeration, Settling, and Disinfection
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INSTALLATION
Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage

Treatment
a. The Activated Sludge Process
• Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
• First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
• Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
• Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
• Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
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INSTALLATION
Raw sewage inlet

1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house
4. Incinerator
3. Fine screen house
5. Activated sludge tank
6. Aerating
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
basin
10. Liquid
11. Chemical
9. Drier house extractor
house
house
13. Vacuum
12.Warehouse power
house
54
INSTALLATION
b. The Trickling Filter Process

• a.k.a ‘Percolating or
Sprinkling Filter System’
• Requires less mechanical
elements and less stages
• Produces water with 95%
purity
• Requires a large ground
area for its building
55
INSTALLATION
c. Combination
Activated Sludge
and Trickling Filter
System
• makes use of
several chambers
plus a trickling
filter tank
56

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SANITATION, PLUMBING

DESIGN & INSTALLATION

B. WASTEWATER TREATMENT and

Method of sewage treatment and disposal, design

PUBLIC SEWERS – common sewer directly controlled by

Classification of Public Sewers

Classification of Public Sewers

Classification of Public Sewers

Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers

Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers

DOMESTIC SEWAGE (SANITARY SEWAGE) - liquid/water-

The household drain may flow straight into a public sewer. If a

Types of Wastewater Treatment Plants

PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Class 2 10 metres 15 metres 15 metres

Disposal Field Trench

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Some typical features of an STP:

Some typical features of an STP:

• The mixed sewage liquor flows into the

• The mixed sewage liquor then flows into the

Some typical features of an STP:

• The blower is on a plug-in

Some typical features of an STP:

Some STPs consist of several chambers:

Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage

Raw sewage inlet

3. Fine screen house

5. Activated sludge tank

b. The Trickling Filter Process

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