CHAPTER 3 SEWERAGE,

SANITATION,
PLUMBING AND
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

TRAP TYPES
2.
1. TYPES OF PLUMBING SYSTEMS used riainiy
component,
are plumbing
Traps
Plumbing system is of four main types from drain/sewer, intr
of foul gases
stop flow water
by maintairing a
has a interior spaces,
A SINGLE STACK SYSTEM: This system the
without are
discussed below
Single pipe for soil waste and sullage Trap types
t uses only one trap in which the ir1let and
any separate ventilation pipe. P - TRAP; It is a
pipe, which carries night
soil as well as sullage perpendicular to each other, It ir
outlet are
to 2 m closet
and the same pipe is extended up in wall-mounted water
vent generally used
above roof level with a cow, to act as
in which the line ofinlet
O- TRAP: It is trap
pipe, for removal of foul gases. a
B.
make an angle of 45 degrees
and line of outlet
B. PARTIALLY VENTILATED SINGLE STACK
with each other.
SYSTEM: This is an improved form of single
stack system, where all the traps of water C. S-TRAP: It is a trap
in which the line ofinlet
closets are ventilated, by a separate vent pipe, to each other. It
and line of outlet are parallel
pipe. This is similar to one- in vwater-closets mounted on
called relief vent is generally used
pipe system. The only difference being; in this the floor.
closet traps are ventilated.
system, only water
D. INTERCEPTING TRAP: This type of trap has an
C. ONE PIPE SYSTEM: Instead of using two
additional arm, called 'rodding arm'. This arm
separate pipes for soil and sullage, only one
is fit with a plug, which is opened for
vertical main pipe is provided, which collects inspection or cleaning work. It stops foul gases
both night soil and sullage water. A separate
from public sewer from entering into the main
vent pipe is also provided. This system has two
house drain.
vertical pipes.

D. TWO PIPE SYSTEM: This is the best and most

improved system of plumbing, but is relatively

costly. This system has two sets of vertical

pipes; one for excreta (night soil) as 'soil pipe'
and another for sullage as 'waste pipe'. Both
soil pipe as well as waste pipe are separately
P-TRAP Q-TRAP
ventilated, by providing, separate vent pipe or RODDING ARM
CLosING PWG
anti-siphonage pipe. This system has four
vertical pipes. This system is to be used, to be
able to use sullage water for not-potable
purposeslike landscaping or flushing. Anti-
WATER EAL

siphonage pipe prevents break of water trap,

by providing atmospheric pressure at trap.
S-TRAP INTERCEPTING TRAP

374
SECTION 8: SERVICES, INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION
 TRAP/ AHNI TRAP: This trap is a small Anerobic d1gestion
FLOOR
the floor. CH20 3C03CH,
which can be concealed within
trap used in bath/ shower area, or
zenerally 4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
It is
surtace, with floor drain.
other floor Waste
any
AS per Manual on Municipal Solid

GREASE
TRAP: This trap is used to intercept Management, 2016' by CPHEEO, Ministry of

or grease from waste water. It is of waste

laating oils Housing and Urban Affairs, quantum and 0.4
used in kitchens. varies between 0.2
generally generation
to
centers and goes up
kg/capita/day in the urban
This trap is used below drains of cities, of India.
ROTTLE TRAP: 0.5 kg/capita/ day in metropolitan
G. to have odor-free and hygienic
water-basins (SWM) is
Solid Waste Management
surroundings.
Effective -
Reuse
(Reduce
achieved by the principle of 3R's
SWM;
This trap is provided at the point steps in
HGULLY TRAP: -

Recycle). Below are the important

pipe joins main drain of
waste water R e d u c t i o n is
where Source and
Source
as a basin in the A. Segregation at has to
It is designed Solid w a s t e
the house. in SWM.
the primary step of
the point
ground. into groups, at
be categorized Guidelines,
URDPFI
TREATMENT As per
WASTE WATER itself.
SEWAGE & generation
is to be waste
3. bio-degradable

sewers is carried to Vol 1, 2014, waste is to be

collected from public bins, recyclable
Sewage stored in green
where, initially the wastes are

treatment plants (STP); white bins,

and other
sewage stored in
water.
from waste colored bins.
is separated stored in black
sewage sludge
treated for Collection and
is
the waste water second step in SWM,
A. In first step, compounds B. The collection

impurities, (organic aims at regular

carbonaceous Transportation'
human collection through
food or
present in collection or

like sugars and fats) break (door-step

avoid disposal
on
streets.

step,
micro-organisms
bins) to
this important to
In community
feces. of oxygen is also
in the presence
Regular
transportation
street
down impurities This process bins and
decomposition). overflow of garbage
aerobic avoid
(called where the
in two types; (i)
be performed in litter.
can fixed film (like starts
on a Treatment,
grow Solid Waste
micro-organisms
where the micro- C. The third step, waste. The
or (ii) of recyclable
Trickling Fiiters') in waste
water
with recovery
to
suspended either subjected
are waste, is
organism
systems). remaining treatment
thermal
growth treatment or
(called suspended biological
treated for of waste). Few
water is on the properties
waste (depending preparation
second step, based
composting,
B. In the (ammonia) treatments are;
and nitrogen into such non-recyclable
phosphorous c o n t a m i n a n t s

derived fuel (from

Release of such of of refuse bio-methanation

impurities. (depletion
and cardboard),
'Eutrophication'
plastic and
leads to to produce bio-gas
excessive
water to
water body due (anerobic digestion in
levels in a decomposition
Oxygen Pyrolysis (thermal
and plants.) manure), to
growth of algae
temperature
anerobicC environments at high
inert (burning
treated by Incineration
is and
C. Sewage sludge m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s
produce bio-char) as fuel).
environments
process, of closed
digestion'. In this
in the
absence
the waste in
matter
organic c a r b o n - d i o x i d e

at preventing
breakdown aims
of
to
release
D. Last step of disposal surface water
Oxygen; leading as biogas.
can be used contamination of ground water,
which release of lined with high-
and methane, the Landfills are
to limit and air quality.
process is required leachate
outflow.
nis sanitary
landfillS.
density polymers
to prevent
landfill gases in

TRANSPORTATION
375 &
INFRASTRUCTURE
r C T I O N
8 SERVICES,
 CHANDAR

PAPERS-
BY R.H.
SOLVED
GATE ARCHITECTURE

of plumbing:
system
single-stack
In a re
are ventilated
7.
and traps
-ONE MARK QUESTIONS a. All the
appliances
are connected
with
branches
WC
b. Only
1. A sanitary landfill is provided with High anti-siphonage pipes
the omitted
Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) Ilining along
are
pipes
Anti-siphonage

to C. above the branch

ground surface. This is provided primarily
vented
stack is
d. Only the floor level
prevent: connection
at each

a. Bleaching [GATE 2014

b. Leaching
of removing micr
Icro-
process
C. Rodents Physiochemical
8. turbidity from sullago
colour and
d. Plant growth organisms,
as:
GATE 2019] and sewage
is known
Putrefaction
NOT a.
2. Which of the following processes is
b. Clarification
adopted in solid waste management?
C. Liquefaction
a. Incineration
d. Infiltration
b. Pyrolysis (GATE 2013]
C. Flocculation

d. Sanitary landfill for laying the main sewer

9. The best location
GATE 2017 line on a flat land
is:

the type of a. Under the road

3. in a multi storied building,
the b. Under the sidewalk
plumbing system suitable for reusing
C. Under the central verge
sullage for non potable use is
-

along sidewalk
a. Single stack system d. Under the open space

b. Partially ventilated single stack system

[GATE 2012]
C. One pipe system
10. The principle of Solid Waste Management:
d. Two pipe system a. Reproduce, Reuse, Recycle
GATE 2017] b. Recycle, Replenish, Reuse

4. Segregation at source' is a concept associated C. Reduce, Reuse, Reproduce

with d. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
a. Solid waste management GATE 2008]
b. Disaster management
11. The ideal cross-section of a combined
C. Traffic management
sewerage system for significant variation in
d. Water management
flow is:
GATE 2016]
a. Circular
Invert level of a pipe at a given cross section b. Egg-shaped
5.
refers to the: C. Semi-eliptical
a. Highest point of the internal surface d. Horse-shoe shaped
b. Lowest point of the internal surface [GATE 2008)
C. Highest point of the external surface
d. Lowest point of the external surface 12. A sewage treatment unit that works on the

[GATE 2015] principal of anaerobic decomposition o

organic matter is caled:
6. In a 50-meter section of a waste water pipe, if a. Trickling filter
the gradient is 1 in 80, then the fall in b. Oxidation pond
millimeter is C. Septic tank
[GATE 2015] d. Activated sludge plant
(GATE 2006
 GAU
a elleo
majo(Onmponents
I house drain T9, Tw0 uy
dgetion ol"W
s1OvIted
13. Orea5e ta p
sa5e Throug1anaerolbic
(onnected to
Kitchen CO and
Bathroonm
b CO and CH
Water tloset
C.CH and CO
d Urinal d. H a n d CO GAII9971
/GATE 2004)
not be
s e d to hould
velocity offlow
waler closet is
seal in
Water 20. In sewers,
14. from entering the capacity
foul gases More than sell cleaning
a. prevent w a t e r at
lusing
external sewer pipe of
house through b. Less than velocity
from leaking through
the
dry water tlowvelotity
prevent
water Less than
b. C self-cleanig velocity
d. Less than (A7 1990/
pipe
water closet moist throughout
the
C.keep
above
None of the for
d. filter is used
GATE 2001 21. Trickling
wate
Treatment of drinking
a.
of water
cities the quantity Treatment of waste
Indian metropolitarn b
15. For head per day is
of water
accumulation per Oxidation
C.
solid waste
plant
d. Air conditioning GATE 1994/
approxinmately
a. 0.5 k
line ol a
house is used
b. 1.5 kB in s e w e r
22. The vent pipe
C. 2.5 kg the seal in trap
a To protect
bathroom
d. 3.5 kg ventilate the
GATE 2000 b. To tank
the o v e r h e a d
C To ventilate
horizontal
branch in building None of the
above
16. The gradient
a
sleeper
than:
d. GATE 1993/|
should not be
drainage system
a. 1 in 60 tank
23. In a septic
b. 1 in 30 Aerobic reaction takes place
a.
1 in 20 Anerobic reaction
takes place
C. b.
takes place
d 1 in 10 GATE 1998) C. Chenical reaction
takes place
d. Atomic reaction
water quality of GATE 19931
phenomena of degrading is
17. The decomposition
bodies in following.
water odd one out of the
24. Find the
natural
called a. Extended aeration process
a. Purification
Activated sludge process
b.
b. Eutrophication C. Oxidation pond
C. Fermentation
d. Oxidation ditch
d. Hydration GATE 1998] GATE 1992)|
metal one out from the following
with heavy 25. Find the odd
18. Control of phenols
contamination is possible through:
a T-trap
a. lon-exchange treatment b. Q-trap
water hyacinth C. S-trap
b Stabilization pound with
C. Trickling filtration d. P-trap
d. Activated sludge process
GATE 1991]
GATE 1997]
 GATE ARCHI

the top 750mm

width at
edge
Water
width al
the
bottom
=150mm
TWO MARK QUESTIONS Water edge 600mm
Water depth
25 storey building is using a flush of roughness =0.05
1. Top tloor of a
Manning's
coefficient

1 in 250
ixture pressure
valve system with a minimum the drain
Slope along GATE 2019
of 1.0kg/cm It the static pressureincreases
friction loss
b0.3 kg/cm per meter length and with their
of the water the systems
in Group
is zero, then height of bottom 5.
Associate

rounded applicationsin Group-l

tank from the top, fixture (in meter, Group 2
Group 1
off to two decimalplaces) is 1. Renewable energy
GATE 2020) P. Nisargruna
generation

the items in Column and their 2. Ground water

2. Match Q. Vortex-DEWAT

in Column recharge
respective location in building/site
3. Solid waste
I1, and select the appropriate option. R. Swale
management

Group 1 Group 2 4. Desalination

S. BIPV
P. Nahani Trap 1. Between waste water 5. Waste water
pipe and main house
treatments

drain
2. Between septic tank
Q. Gully Trap S-3
and soak pit a. P-4, Q-1, R-5,
S-4
R. Bottle Trap 3. Junction of house b. P-1, Q-2, R-5,
drain and sewer P-3,Q-5, R-2, S-1
C.

S. Intercepting 4. Bathroom and kitchen d. P-5, Q-4, R-2, S-1

[GATE 2016]
Trap floor
5. Below wash basin
between two
6. The difference in invert levels
is one
a. P-4, Q-5, R-2, S-3 pitsseparated by a distance of 30 meter
b. P-5, Q-1, R-3, S-2 meter. An intermediate is required to be
pit
C. P-4, Q-1, R-5, S-3 constructed at a distance of 18 meter from the

pit at higher level. Maintaining the

same
d. P-3, Q-4, R-5, S-2
[GATE 2019] slope, the difference in invert levels of the
new pit and the pit at lower level in mm will
3. A colony of 50 people is served by a septic
be
tank. The rate of water supply is 90lpcd in the
(GATE 2016)
colony and 40% of it is going to the septic tank.

The retention period of the tank is 24 hours. 7. At a site, based on percolation test, the
The length of the septic tank is meter allowable rate of treated sewage application
(rounded places). Assume;
off to two decimal was determined as 65 L/m2/day. The effective
Storage capacity/person=0.085m' (3 years) depth (m) of a soak pit with a diameter of 2.5
Space for digestion = 0.0425m/person
m for the disposal of 1020 L/day of septic tank
Depth of tank = 1.4m
effluent is
Length: Width 2:1
GATE 2014
[GATE 2019
8. A refuse collection system consisting of two
4. For a symmetrical trapezoidal open drain in a
chutes is to be provided in a 20 storied
landscape with grass and loose rock, surface,
residential building with 2 flats/floor (average
the velocity of flow of water is m/sec,
family size = 5) and with each chute servin8
(round off to two decimal places), given the
one flat on each floor. Average quantity or
following data.
refuse and its density are 880 g/person/day
 ARC HITECTURE SOL'
PAPERS BY CHANDAR
240 kg/m respectively. If the
and
intervalis two days, then the minimum
cleaning
size of 2 Bib cock
the refuse container (litre) at the bottom
each chute is
of 3 Pillar cock
4 Stop cock
GATE 2014]
a. P-1,a-4, R-2,S-3
the standard safety colour
Match
codes of b. P-2, Q-3, R - 1,S
with their corresponding -4
Group
usage in C.
P-3, Q-1, R-2,S-4
Group d. P-2, Q- 4, R -3, S-1
Group 1 Group 2 GATE 2011]
P. Blue
1. Biodegradable waste
2. Fire protection 12. The correct sequence of activities in sold
Q. Green
equipment Waste Management is:
R. Red 3. Recyclable waste a. CollectionTransportation7
S.Yellow 4. Stumbling against Treatment Segregation
hazards . SegregationCollection
5. Radiation standards Transportation Treatment
C. CollectionSegregation Treatment
a. P-3, Q-1, R 2 , S -4 Transportation
b. P-3, Q-4, R-5, S -1 d. Treatment Collection
C.P-1,Q-3, R-2, S -5 Transportation Segregation
[GATE 2009]
d. P-1, Q-5, R-2, S 4
-
[GATE 2012] 13. Match the systems of plumbing for building
drainage in Group 1 with their description in
in Group
0. Match the locations I with the
Group 2.
corresponding traps in Group I
Group 2
Group 1
Group 1 Group 2 P. One-pipe 1. Minimum two pipes,
P. Inspection chamber 1.P-trap system
one for soil and the other
Q.Wash basin 2.Gully trap forsullage
2. Singie pipe for soil and
R. Bathing space 3.S-trap Q. Two-pipe
S.European water 4. Bottle trap system sullage, and serving as
closet vent for all traps
5. Floor trap R. Single stack 3. Minimum two pipes,
one for soil and sullage
system
a. P-2, Q-1, R- 4, S-2 and the other for vent
4. Single pipe for soil and
b. P-4, Q-5, R-2, S-3
sullage, and serving as
.P-2,Q-4, R-5, S3 vent for soil traps only
d. P-2, Q-3, R -4, S-1
(GATE 2012)
a. P-4, Q-3, R-2
fixtures
b. P-3,Q-2, R-1
the
Vdtch the figures in Group 1 with
C. P-2, Q-3, R-4
in Group 2.
d. P-3, Q-1, R-2
Greup GATE 2007]
rainwater harvesting system
14. A typical
essentially comprises of:
R
P. Roof catchment
Group 2 Q. Down pipes
R. Rain gauge
1. Sink cock
 CHANDAK
BY R.H.
ARCHITECTURE SOLVED PAPERS
GATE

3. Prevernts the water seal

R Vent pipe of traps througn attess to
S. Filter chamber
atmospheric air
a P, R
4 Carries liquid waste
b. P, R, s S Anti including human esceta
c.Q, R,s Siphonagepipe
d. P, O, S
R-2, S- 3
GATE 2007 P-1,0-4,

P -2, S - 3
P-4, 0 - 1 ,
of
15. The following data is related to the design
a
C P - 2 ,O-3,
S-
R-4, 1

septic tank for a housing complex: R--3, S -2

150 d P-4, 0-1, GATE 2006)
Population of housing compley
=

/day 130 liters

Water supply/ person
1 with their
Waste water flow = 80 % of water supply of traps in Group
18. Match the type
2.
Detention period = 1 day configuration in Group
Group 2
Sludge production = 0.045 cu.m/ person Group 1
1. Outlet is at 60 deg to
year P.P-trap
1/3rd of the inlet
Storage capacity for sludge
=

2. Outlet is parallel to the

septic tank capacity O. O-trap
inlet
(A) Total capacity of septic tank in cubic
3. Outlet is at 45 deg to
meters is: R.S trap the inlet
a. 317.70 4. Outlet is at 90 deg to
b. 23.40
the inlet
C. 20.80
d. 15.60
a. P-3, Q-1, R-2
(B) De-sludging interval (to the nearest year) b. P-2, Q-1, R-4
P-1, Q-3, R-4
is C.

d. P-4, Q-3, R-2

a. 1
b. 2 [GATE 2005
C. 3
19. Identify the most appropriate sequence of
d. 4
process used for treatment of
waste water.
[GATE 2007]
a. Skimmingtank - Racks & screen

16. Low COD to BOD ratio of an organic pollutant Precipitation tank Sedimentation tank
represents: Biological growth Disinfection
a. Low biodegradability of the pollutant b. Biologicai growth Racks &screen
b. Presence of free oxygen for aerobic Skimming tank Sedimentation tank
decomposition Precipitation tank Disinfection
C. High biodegradability of the pollutant C.
Racks&screen Skimming tank
d. High arsenic in the pollutant
Sedimentation tank Precipitation tank
[GATE 2006] Biological growth Disinfection
17. Match the types of pipes in Group 1 with their d.
BiologicalgrowthSkimming tank
functions in Group 2 Precipitation tank Racks &screen
Group 2 Sedimentation tank Disinfection
Group 1 GATE 2005
P. Soil pipe 1. Carriesliquid that does
not include human excreta 20. A plot of land under development is located in
a.Waste pipe 2. Provides flow of air to or
from drainage system and a rocky area without any public sewerage
also escape foul gases
of system. ldentify the most appropriate

380
 GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVED
PAPERS- BY R.H. CHANDAR

n for
(obinatiOn sewage disposal for the
R. Pipe-shoe
poposed1 d e v e l o p n e n t

S. Reducing pipe
P Septic tank
Group 2
Q Soak p i t

R. Anaerobic filter

s Oxidation d i t c h

P.a
S,R
PR

[GATE 2005]
the correct combination of
1, S 7
Q - 4, R
-

P-5,
1 . ndicate

a.
against the labels shown below in
ensions
dime

of the W. C.
b. P-4, Q -2, R -7, S -5
1
P-8, Q - 6. R-5, 5
-

the diagram C.

d. P-3, Q - 1. R-2, S-
GATE 2003]

attributes that apply to sanitary

24. Identify the
landfill:
-4.50 m
O.90 m
P. waste is deposited in
thick layers
waste land are

C d a. low lying marshy

b 75 cm
transformed into useful
areas

30 cm 55 cm and rodents
70 cm R. attract flies, insects,
34 cm 55 cm hazardds
24 cm and pollution
50 cm S. c a u s e s health

90 cm 100 cm 130 cm in wet weather

R 130 cm T. chances of fire hazard
24 cm 30 cm
15 cm are required
15cm 95 cm U. skilled personnel
78 cm are required
90 cm 65cm 30 cm
V. semi-skilled personnel
U 60 cm 28 cm 39 cm
GATE 2004]
a. R, S, T, U

correct sequence
of waste
b. P, a T, V
.Choose the
C. P, Q, , T
management:
d. Q, R, S, T
P. treatment GATE 2003]
Q. disposal tank
total volume of liquid
in a septic
R. source reduction 25. Find the
S. recycling with the following criteria
Number of users = 20
à. P,R, QS i intervals 365 days
b. QS, R, P ii Cleaning for sludge
C.S, P, R, Q ii)The capacity required
= 0.033 m° per capita at 25°c
d. R,S, P, a digestion
GATE 2003 0.0002
Volume of digested sludge
=

iv
1 with
the m' per capita per day
3. Match shown in Group
gs
Sketches shown in Group 2. 4080 liters
a.
Group 1 b. 2580 liters

Single socketed pipe

Double equal junction
381 ES INERASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORTATION
 CHANDAR
PAPERS- BY R.H.
GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVED

C. 5250 liters ANSWER KEY

d. 3289 liters
GATE 2003] One Mark Question

Question No. Answer

26. For an open drain if the ratio of the area to the
wetted perimeter is tripled, then the velocity
of water in the drain increases by:
a. Two times
b. Three times
Four times B
d Five times 625
[GATE 2002)
27. The oxygen demand in the initial stage of the Marks to All
biological decomposition of sewage is due to 9 A

the presence of: 10 D

a. Nitrogenous matter 11 B
b. Phosphate matter
12
C. Carbonaceous matter A
13
d. Calcareous matter
14 A
[GATE 2002]
15 A
28. With the following given data, the velocity of 16 A
undisturbed water flow in a rectangular open 17
drainage channel is equal to A
18
(Given data: coefficient of roughness 0.11; C
19
liquid width 1 meter; depth of liquid 60
cm.; and slope = 1 in 200)
20 D
21 B
a. 0.43 meters per second
22 A
b. 0.38 meters per second
0.31 meters per second 23 B
C.

d. 0.27 meters per second 24 C

(GATE 2001] 25 A

382
 URE SOLVED
VED PAPERS-F
BY R.H. CHANDA
Two Marks Question
Question No.
Answer
3.30 to 3.40 EXPLANATIONS
C
3.40 to 3.45 -ONE MARK QUESTIONS
0.40 to 0.50 High Density Polyethylene
C
(HDPE) is common
geo-membrane material used for lining
400 Sdnitary landfill to prevent Leachate floW.
1.98 to 2.02
ncineration is atreatment proE
waste
730 to 740 which involves the combustion of organic
A Substances contained in waste. PyrolysiIS IS a
10 Marks to all thermo chemical decomposition of organic
material at high temperatures, in the absence
11 Marks to all
of oxygen. Flocculation, in the field of
B
chemistry, is a process wherein coiloids come
13 D out of suspension in the form of floc;
14 D generally, by addition of flocculating agents.
15a A Hocculation is used in water treatment or

wastewater treatment. Sanitary landfills are

15b A
Sites where waste is isolated from the
16
environment until it is safe.
17
18 D 3. Refer to Point 1 in Chapter Notes
19 C 4. Waste sorting is the process by which
waste is

20 B separated into different types. Waste

21 C segregation involves dividing waste mainly

22 D into dry and wet waste.

23 interior level of a pipe,

5. Invert level is the base
C In other words, invert
level
trench or a tunnel.
Insufficient Data in the interior of
of a pipe is the lowest point
level is 'obvert
pipe. The opposite of invert
26
the highest interior level.
C level. Obvert level is
27 D fall in
28 is 1 in 80. i.e., 1-meter
6. Given, gradient
80-meter section
50/80 = 0.625
50-meter section
=

=> Fall in
meter = 625 mm.

Notes.
1 in Chapter
7. Refer to Point

of decay or rotting of organic

8. The process Clarification is
Putrefaction'.
matter is
called
continuous
removal of solids (being
process of in settling tanks
sedimentation),
deposited by means. These settling
mechanical
with built-in mechanical means are
special
tanks with substantial
Liquefaction is
'Clarifiers'.
called stiffness of soil (which is
and
loss of strength

TRANSPORTATION
&
383 INFRASTRUCTURE

SERVICES,
T I O N
S:
 SOL PAPD

of domestic drains
generally partially saturated) mainly during 16. Horizontal branches are
gradient of1 in 40 to 1 in 60
at a
earthquakes. Infiltration is the process by generally laid
More steeper gradients result in increased
which water present on ground's surface
velocity. At high velocities, smooth
enters the soil. flow
interior surface of drains may likely get
9. Main sewer line is laid below the road to keep scoured due to abrasion caused by suspended
these lines as farther as possible from other make drain
particles. Also, steep gradients
service lines, like water supply lines and avoid which results in
pipes reach much deeper,
possible contamination. to publiC sewers.
difficulty with connection
10. The 3R's of Solid Waste Management refers to B in Chapter Notes
17. Refer to Point 3
-

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle'. It aims at

be purified and
18. List of metals which
can
reducing the waste generation as a first step
towards better solid waste management. recovered on an industrial scale, by means of

on exchange treatment are; uranium,

11. Egg-shaped sewer cross-section is suitable for thorium, rare earth elements (REEs), precious
combined sewers with significant variationin metals (like gold, silver, platinum), chromium,
flow. This is because, lower portion of such
copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and tungsten.
sewer can be used effectively for low
discharge flows and upper wide section is 19. Refer to Point 3-C in Chapter Notes.

used for high discharge flows. Moreover, this

20. Refer to explanation of Q. no. 11 in one-mark
cross-sectional shape effectively provides self-
questions of this chapter. Velocity of flow in
cleaning flow, at various discharge rates. (Self
sewers should not be less than self-cleaning
Cleansing velocity is the minimum velocity
velocity; to avoid excessive sedimentation.
required to ensure non-settlement of
suspended matter in sewers) 21. Refer to Point 3-A in Chapter Notes.

12. Septic tank is an underground chamber for 22. Refer to Point 1 - D in Chapter Notes.

basic treatment of domestic waste. Waste

23. Refer to explanation of Q. no. 12 in one-mark
settles in this chamber as the liquid waste is
separated from an outlet provided at upper questions of this Chapter
level. The main function of septic tank is 24. All the four options mentioned are waste
anerobic digestion of organic waste, i.e, water treatment processes where aerobic
breaking down of organic waste in the
decomposition (In the presence of air/oxygen)
absence of oxygen. (Refer to Point 3 C in takes place. Oxidation pond is a large, shallow
Chapter Notes). pond for waste-water treatment, where algae
13. Referto Point 2 -F in Chapter Notes. produces oxygen by utilizing sun-light. This
Oxygen is then used by bacteria for aerobic
REMOVABLE COVER
decomposition. In other processes, oxygeno
INTLET OUTLET fresh-air is pumped in continuously.
25. Refer to Point 2 in
Chapter Notes.

GREASE TRAP

14. Refer to Point 2 in Chapter Notes.

15. Refer to Point 4 in Chapter Notes.

 GATE ARCHITECTURE SOLVE
VED PAPERS BY R.H.
CHAN
ANDAR

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

ydraulic radius, R = Wet area/Wet perimete
n, minimum tixture pressure required is
Given,
=

0.36/1.6869 0.2134 m

1.Ohg/cm Slope, S 1/250 0.004

given, static pressure increasesb 0.3
- R S'72
Velocity, V
Also

kg/cm per meter length and iction loss

=

is
1
Tero.

Minimum uild-up of static pressure takes

Velocity, V= 0.05 0.2134 l3 0.004 /2
So, velocity of flow, V =0.4517 m/sec
from bottom of the water tank to the
place

topfixture; which shouldIbe at least 1.0kg/cm is used for solid

.NISARGRUNABiogas plant
So, height (in meters) from bottomeof tank to waste management, to process biodegradable
3.33 meters waste such as kitchen waste, paper, grass, etc
fixture 1/0.3
=
=

(op
and produce methane gas and high-quality
to Point 2
in Chapter Notes. manure. DEWATS Stands for Decentralized
Refer
Waste Water Treatment System. Swale is a
antic tank is composed of three volumes
3
<0aces; Space for digestion, Space for storage marshy depression used as infiltration basins.
Ihey are designed to manage water runott
of digestate
and Space for water.
and increase rainwater infiltration. Building
Water in septic tank = 0.4 x (50 x 90 x 1) = 1.8
are used for
integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)
40% of total consumption)
CU.m (i.e., renewable energy generation by use of
Storage volume of septic tank = Storage photovoltaic materials to replace glass in parts
0.085
capacity per person x no. of persons of building envelope like; roof, skylights, and
=
x

50 4.25 Cu. m facades.

Digestion volume of septic

tank =
(Digestion
6. Invert level of a pit is the lowest internal point.
x no. of persons) = 0.0425x
space per person of given three pits will be as
The alignment
50 2.125 Cu. m follows;
1.8 +4.25 +2.125 8.175 cu. m
Totalvol. =
30
Volume/height 8.175/1.4
=

=
=
Area of plarne
5.8393 Sq. m (As, volume = area x height) 18
f width is a', length will be '2a' (As given,
length:width = 2:1)
1.7087
sqrt (2.9196)
=

2a 5.8392 => a =

=
2 1.7087
Length of septic tank = 2a = x

3.4174 m
V in
Equation; Velocity
AS per Manning's From similar triangles (due to angle-angle-
m/sec is calculated as; ratio of sides will be equal.
angle similarity);
So, 30/1 18/p
V=Rssh
n
0.05
=p 18/30 =0.6
Here, Manning's coefficient, n =

=> p+= 1=>q=1-0.6

=0.4
750 150
150 = 0.4 m = 400 mm
450 150 =>q
600
rate of sewage application
=

Given, allowable
hyp
600 7.
to be disposed
L/m/day and effiuent
=

65
Using Pythagoras Theorem;

1020 L/day.
450
A Effluent
hyp= v(150)+(600)
or
0.618 m
absorbing area required,
Total
Net Area
mm
rate 1020/65
produced/ Allowable
618.47
hyp
(a +b)
+0.45

Area 0.6 (0.45 +0.75) Wet

Perimeter
=(0.418x2) meter
15.6923 sq. m.
1.686
Wel =

Area = 0.36 Wet

Perimeter

sq. m.

D .
 CHANDAR
PAPERS- BY R.H.
GATEARCHITECTURE SOLVED

Sink cock has

Given, cylindrical soak pit with 2.5 m diameter rotatable
a
tall
(or radius is 1.25 meter) which IS
faucet,
generally
Absorbing area or Curved surface area ol used in kitchen sinks
soakpit = 2nrh 2 x 3.14 x 1.25 x h 7.85 x h
=
15.6923 (as per calculated absorbing area)
So, depth ofsoak-pit, h = 15.6923/7.85 1.999 4 in Chapter Notes.
12. Refer to point
meter
in Chapter Notes.
13. Refer to Point 1
8. Given, the refuse collection system consists of
two chutes, where each chute serves one flat, 14. Rain water harvesting
system Is Composed ae
roof catchment (surface area from which run-
with average family size of 5.
off water is collected for recharge), down
Persons served by each chute No. of flats x
average family size = 20 x 5 100 persons. pipes (pipe network to carry roof run-off
water to recharge pit) and filter chamber (ta
Quantity of refuse collected in each container
separate leaves and other waste). Rain gauge
Average refuse quantity per person per day
x cleaning interval in days x persons served = is an instrument used to measure rainfall

880gx 2 x 100 176 kg. (generally in mm). It is not an essential

Volume of each refuse container Weight of
refuse/ Density of refuse = 176/240 0.7333
15. Septic tank is composed of three volumes or
Cu. m. = 733.33 liters (as 1 cu. m. = 1000 liters)
9. Refer to Point 4 A in Chapter Notes. Fire
protection equipment is generally colour
coded red.
10. Refer to Point 2 in Chapter Notes for notes on
trap types. 'C' is a relevant correct option. But
the question was officially "Marks to Al'.
European Water Closets can have both P-trap
and S-trap depending on its mounting style.
11. 'D' is the most relevant option. 'Marks to All
was awarded as the diagrams were not clear
and distinguishable enough.
Bib cock is used in
bathroom or wash-
area. It is one of the
most common type of
tap
Gate cock is similar to
gate valve, used to
regulate flow in a pipe
network.
Pillar cock is generally
used in free-standing
points where thereis
enough clearance
behind the cock.
component of rain water harvesting system.
spaces; Space for digestion, Space for storage
of digestate and Space for water
Water in septic tank = 0.8 x (150 x 130 x 1) =
15.6 cu. m (i.e., 80% of total consumption)
Storage volume of septic tank Storage
capacity per person x no. of persons x no. of
years in de-sludging interval = 0.045 x 150
4.25B cu. m (Assuming 'B' years as desludging
interval)
Digestion volume of septic tank = 1/3d of
septic tank volume.
Say, septic tank volume =A
Total septic tank volume, A = 15.6 + 4.258+
(1/3d of A)
=>2/3 of A 15.6 +4.25B or
0.6667A = 15.6 +4.25B
Substituting options of first part of question in
'A; we get corresponding values for B as
follows;
Option A value B in years
31.70 1.302
b 23.40 0.0002
C
20.80 Negative
d 15.60 Negative
B in years cannot be negative. So, 31.70 cu. m
the
(option A) and 1 year (option A) are
correct answers.
 ORE SOLV
SOLVED PAPERS
BY R
CHANDAR
Ch aical Oxygen Demand is the
total
o r

COD

6
amount or Oxygen
gen required to Oxidize the dt
centralized STP). In this
Contents of
of aa
iven water does not
question, the ared
sample. It have public sewerage system (so
eSsenth quantifies al the
pollutants/ Cuent cannot be
drained off) and this ared
substances in In water sample that can
water
diso has
rocky surface (so soak-pit Is not
be
onidiz
emically. BOD or Biological
Oxygen Teasible). So, aerobic digestion can take place
d is a measure of organic pollutants in
'Oxidation ditch'. So, the answer will be P
food naste) in water sample. It is quantified and S' or 'R and S'. Correct answer is option B.

measur the oxygen consumed during . Height of a typical water closet (seat level) is

biological oxidation; i.e., oxygen consumed by 400 mm. Typical dimensions of a water closet

acteria
oria to break down the organic pollutants. are given below. (Dimensions may not exactly
this question, the sample has low COD to match with options. Closest option is selected)
nt

BOD ratio. his implies that the sample has 395

220 .
high BOD. This means hat the sample/
biodegradable. 190
pollutant is highly
390

670
Chapter Notes. (Point 1-D
17 Referto Point 1 in 790

in particular explains the terms 'soil pipe' 435

400

waste pipe and 'anti-Siphonage pipe').

to Point 2 in Chapter
Notes. 365 135
18. Refer

the sequential steps in waste water

19. Below are 22. Refer to Point 4 in Chapter Notes.
treatment;
socketed
used to separate Pipe types are to be named. Single
Racks and Screens are 23.
and
sand etc. which has one plain end
visible impurities like leaves, pipe is a pipe
floating another end socketed.
Reducer is a pipe which
to skim off
Skimming tank is used diameter.
and oils. reduces in internal
impurities like grease
Sedimentation tank is
used to allow the landfills are composed as well
24. Sanitary
particulates present
inn Most relevant option has
settling of heavy compacted layers.
been selected.
waste water.
remove ionic
used to liquid in septic
Precipitation tank is calculate the
volume of
of 25. To
involves addition user per day
and
impurities. This step water consumption
per
of tank,
reduce the solubility going to septic
tank are
chemicals to percentage
of water

them. understand the process of

impurities and precipitate bacteria to be given.
To
refer to
a step
where volume of septic tank,
Biological growth is too calculating two-mark
the waste. (Refer of Q. no 2 and 14 in
S Used to decompose explanation
of this chapter.
Point 3 in Chapter Notes) involves
questions
water drain is calculated
DISinfection of waste by of flow in
open
viruses
bacteria and 26. Velocity
using Manning's equation;
Killing of harmful chlorine,
ozone..

disinfectants like Velocity,V= R/ss

Use of
n
main steps; roughness
20. Sew treatment
involves
two
drain,
with
constant

digestion. given will be

anerobic For a S;Velocity V
coefficient'n' andslope
ãerobi and
digestion in septic
take place directly proportionalt o R / s
erobic digestion can
tank
effluent

Septio K isa constant)

tank and anaerobic filter.
in
ak-pit
or
be
= V =K.
R73
(where

Can either be induced ff

drained

or
be
ditch
Xidized in oxidation (where it is later
treated

into Sewerage SECTION8:SERVICES, INFRASTRUCTU

387
CTURE& TRANSPORTATION
 V
Constant, K
R/3
V V2
Ri32/3 R2
V'. Also, if hydraulic
ay, velocity in case-1 is
radius in case-
radius in case-1 is 'R', hydraulic
of area to
2 will be 3R'. (Given, the ratio
wetted perimeter is tripled, i.e., hydraulic
radius, R is tripled)
V V2
=
R3 (3R) 3
(3R) 3
=>V2 = (3R) .v= 2.08 V
R/3
So, velocity increases by 2 times.

27. Refer to Point 3- A in Chapter Notes.

28. Velocity of flow in open drain is calculated

using Manning's equation as;

Velocity, V =-n R°/3 S/2

Given, coefficient of roughness, n = 0.11

0.6 meter

1 meter

Hydraulic radius, R = wet area/wet perimeter

= (1x0.6)/ (1+0.6+0.6) = 0.6/2.2 = 0.2727 m

Slope, S =
1/200 = 0.005

=>V= 0.2727/s 0.005/2

0.11
=> Velocity, V = 0.27 m/s