SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS extends from the house drain at a point 0.

60
meters from the outside face of the foundation wall
GENERAL RULES IN DESIGNING THE of a building to the junction with the street sewer or
SANITARY SYSTEM: to any point of discharge and conveying the
drainage of one building site.
• The pipes should take the shortest possible
route to the house sewer or the terminating
point of the Sanitary system.
CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY
• Control components such as clean-outs,
traps, and vents, should be located DRAINAGE LINES
strategically so as to ensure efficient
circulation.
HORIZONTAL TO HORIZONTAL CHANGE IN
DIRECTION
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM:
use 45°wye branches, combination wye 1/8
• Waste Collection System bend branches, or other approved fittings of
• Ventilation System equivalent sweep.
WASTE PIPE VERTICAL TO HORIZONTAL CHANGE IN
DIRECTION
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste
free of fecal matter. 45°wyebranches or other approved fittings
of equivalent sweep.
VENT PIPE
HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL CHANGE IN
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a
DIRECTION
plumbing system and for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals. use 45°or 60°wye branches, combination
wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary
TRAP
tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of
a fitting or device designed and constructed equivalent sweeps.
to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal
No fitting having more than one inlet at the
which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane
same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross).
gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage
or wastewater through it. Double sanitary tees may be used when the
barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes
STACK
larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102-, 114-, 127-
or vent piping extending through one or more , & 152-mm dia.)
stories and extended thru the roof.
BRANCH
MINIMUM SLOPE OF SANITARY
any part of the piping system other than a DRAINAGE LINES
main, riser or stack.
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal
HOUSE/BUILDING DRAIN
drainage pipe 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
Exception: Where it is impracticable due to
plumbing system which receives the discharges
depth of street sewer, adverse structural features
from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside
and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm dia or
of a building and conveys it to the house sewer
larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or
outside of the building.
10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the
HOUSE/BUILDING SEWER Administrative Authority.
TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
COMMON P-TRAP
Used for lavatories, kitchen
sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly
used for the P-trap:
nickel, chrome plated
brass, Galvanized malleable
copper, & PVC.
DEEP SEAL P-TRAP
Water seal is about
twice the size of the common
P-trap.
Used for extreme
conditions because resealing
quality is greater.
STAND TRAP
Used for fixtures such as
slop sinks that are usually built low
in the ground, leaving very little
space for a foundation & a trap
Serves as a water seal &
structural support for the fixture.
RUNNING TRAP
Used within the line of
the house drain.
DRUM TRAP
Has a large diameter
(around 0.16 m).
Used for fixtures that
discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains).
REQUIREMENTS:
TRAPS REQUIRED
• Each plumbing fixture, except those with
integral traps, shall be separately trapped with
an approved type of water seal trap.
• Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm
(portion of a fixture drain between a trap and
the vent).
• One trap, centrally located, may serve three
single compartments inks or laundry tubs or
lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets are not
more than 0.75 m apart.
SIZE OF TRAPS:
• The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm
to which it is connected.
• Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water
of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102
mm (except where a deeper seal is found
necessary by the Administrative Authority for
special conditions.
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
• The vertical distance between a fixture outlet
tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60
m in length.
• Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
TRAP ARM DISTANCE TO VENT
DIAMETER
32 mm 0.76 m
38 mm 1.07 m
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
Note: In no case shall the trap distance be less than 2
times the diameter of the trap arm.
• The developed length of the trap arm
(measured from the top of closet ring to inner
edge of vent) of a water closet or similar fixture
shall not exceed 1.8 m.
• For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is
required for a change of direction of greater
than 22 ½ °.
CLEAN-OUTS REQUIRED: MAIN VENT
• at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer • the principal artery of
or waste line. the venting system to
• at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 which vent branches are
feet) in total developed length. connected.
• at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length • a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent
or a fraction thereof. Line’
• additional clean-out shall be provided on a • serves as support to the
horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle Main Soil &Waste Vent.
exceeding 135°.
• inside the building near the connection
between the building drain and the building
sewer or installed outside the building at the
lower end of the building drain and extended to
grade.
CLEAN-OUTS NOT REQUIRED:
• on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length INDIVIDUAL VENT OR BACK VENT
unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.
• on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a
slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or
at an angle of 1/5 bend).
VENTILATION
Portion of the drainage pipe installation
intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure
inside the system.

VENT PIPE
a pipe or opening used for ensuring the a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving connects with the vent system above the fixture served
the negative pressure exerted on trap seals. or terminates in the open air.

MAIN TYPES: UNIT, COMMON, OR DUAL VENT

MAIN SOIL & WASTE VENT
• the ‘backbone’ of the
entire sanitary system.
• Connected to the Main
Soil & Waste Stack.
• The portion where
waste does not travel
through.
• Continues to the roof;
the portion penetrating the
roof is called the Vent Stack
Through Roof (VSTR).
an arrangement of venting so installed that one
vent pipe serve two (2) traps.
RELIEF VENT • a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
a vertical vent line • Serves a battery of fixtures
that provides additional
circulation of air between LOOPED VENT
the drainage and vent • a
systems or to act as an vertical vent
auxiliary vent on a specially connection on a
designed system such as a horizontal soil
“yoke vent” connection or waste pipe
between the soil and vent branch at a
stacks. point
downstream of
YOKE OR BY-PASS VENT the last fixture
a pipe connecting connection and
turning to a
upward from a soil or horizontal line
waste stack below the above the
floor and below highest
overflow level
horizontal connection
of the highest fixture connected there.
to an adjacent vent • Used in spaces without partitions.
stack at a point above
the floor and higher WET VENT
than the highest spill
level of fixtures for
preventing pressure
changes in the stacks.

CIRCUIT VENT

• that portion of a vent pipe through which

wastewater also flows through.

LOCAL VENT
a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a
plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.

• a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent
stack.
DRY VENT
a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne
wastes.
STACK VENT
the extension of a soil or waste stack above the
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
VENT STACK BACK PRESSURE
the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for
providing circulation of air to and from any part of the
soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end
above the roof has traditionally been referred to as
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).

REQUIREMENTS:
VENTS REQUIRED
• Each trap shall be protected against siphonage
and back-pressure through venting.

VENTS NOT REQUIRED

• on a primary settling tank interceptor which
discharges through a horizontal indirect waste
pipe into a secondary interceptor. The
secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped
and vented.
• Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. EVAPORATION
Such sink shall discharge by means of an • caused by extreme temperatures, idleness.
approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or WIND EFFECTS
other approved type receptor. • strong winds blow the trap seal.
RETARDATION OF FLOW
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:
• Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure
TRAP SEAL LOSS and/or gravity
• Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside DETERIORATION OF THE MATERIALS
the system due to inadequate ventilation of
• Due to the formation of acids.
traps.
• Attributed to the following conditions:
SIPHONAGE
• direct and momentum

INDIRECT WASTE PIPE

• is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor
or receptacle directly connected to the drainage
system.
•
DISPOSAL PHASE
• the final stage of the plumbing process, where
used water and water-carried wastes are
brought to various disposal outlets.
DEFINITION: COMPARTMENTS
SEPTIC TANKS have a minimum of 2 compartments:
• A watertight covered receptacle designed and FIRST COMPARTMENT: not less than 2/3
constructed to receive the discharge of sewage capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2
from a building sewer, separate solids from the cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and
liquid, digest organic matter and store digested 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more
solids through a period of detention and allow than 1.8 m.
the clarified liquids to discharge for final
SECONDARY COMPARTMENT:
disposal.
maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank;
SLUDGE minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity.
• solid organic matter that are denser than water
• In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the
and settle at the bottom of the septic tank.
secondary compartment should be not less than
SCUM 1.5 m in length.
• lighter organic material that rises to the surface • maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the
of the water. digestion chamber to collect the sludge and
EFFLUENT make it easily accessible from the manhole.
• liquid content of sewage.
MANHOLES
BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK TO with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min
dimension; one over inlet, another over outlet.
ENCOURAGE DECOMPOSITION: Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length,
• AEROBIC BACTERIA an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.
- relies on oxygen to survive.
• ANAEROBIC BACTERIA SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR
- can survive in places without oxygen. VERTICAL LEGS:
• INLET AND OUTLET PIPES
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS - diameter size not less than the sewer pipe.
L= 1500mm • VERTICAL LEGS OF INLET AND
W=900mm OUTLET PIPES
D=1200mm - diameter size not less than the sewer pipe
nor less than 104.6 mm.

LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET &

OUTLET:
• Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8
mm below the water surface.
• Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not
less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the
outlet pipe.

AIR SPACE:
• Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid
depth.
• Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm
above the back vent openings.
 PARTITION (between compartments): STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
• An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank
inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in 3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF
diameter, shall be installed in the inlet
compartment side of the baffle with the bottom
COLLECTING STORM WATER:
of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the
liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.
1. THE INDEPENDENT SYSTEM
STRUCTURE:
• Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of
not less than 14.4 kPa

CAPACITY:
• The capacity of septic tanks is determined by
the number of bedrooms or apartment units in
dwelling occupancies; by the estimated
waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of
fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever
is greater.
• The capacity of any one septic tank and its
drainage system shall also be limited by the soil
structure classification in its drainage field. - a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
- Brings collected water directly to the water
reservoirs.
LOCATION:
• Should not be located underneath the house.
• At least 15 meters from the water distribution 2. THE COMBINED SYSTEM
system.

CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS

COMBINATION PUBLIC SEWERS

- Oldest variety.
- Carries both storm & sanitary wastes.

STORM SEWERS

SANITARY SEWERS
- Carries regular sanitary wastes only.
- Terminates in a modern sewage disposal
plant for treatment.
- Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries).
- Combines storm water with sanitary wastes
 3. THE NATURAL SYSTEM ROOFING ELEMENTS TOCOLLECT
- Without using any roof gutters or
downspouts
RAINWATER:
- Also, when rainwater is collected in
cisterns.
• THE GUTTER
- Usually located along
the entire perimeter of
the roof.
• THE DOWNSPOUT
- Located every 8 to 10
meters& at every corner
of the roof (but, to avoid
STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS clogging of pipes, it is best
to locate them every 4 to
6 m).

THE STRAINER OR ROOF DRAIN

- Drain designed to
receive water collecting on the
surface of a roof and to
discharge it into a downspout.
Designed to prevent clogging.

THE SHOE
- At the bottom of the
roof leader to direct
rainwater towards the
nearest catch basin.
THE CATCH BASIN

- Downspouts should terminate in a catch

basin (can serve more than one downspout)
- Delivers water to the sewers in the street
via gravity

AREA-DRAIN-CATCH-BASIN:
- also collects surface water.

THE STORM LINE

- Connects to each catch basin