Oral Communication: Reviewer
I. Nature and Elements of Communication
1. Definition of Communication – The process of exchanging messages between individuals
through verbal or nonverbal means.
2. Elements of Communication:
• Sender – The source of the message
• Message – The idea or information conveyed
• Receiver – The one who interprets the message
• Channel – The medium used (e.g., face-to-face, phone, online)
• Feedback – The response from the receiver
• Context – The situation where communication happens
• Noise – Any barrier to effective communication
II. Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication – Uses spoken words
• Examples: Face-to-face conversations, speeches, phone calls
2. Nonverbal Communication – Uses gestures, facial expressions, body language
• Examples: Eye contact, posture, tone of voice
3. Written Communication – Uses texts, emails, letters, reports
4. Visual Communication – Uses images, symbols, charts, or graphs
III. Speech Contexts
1. Intrapersonal Communication – Talking to oneself (self-reflection, internal dialogue)
2. Interpersonal Communication – One-on-one communication
• Dyad – Two-person conversation
• Small Group – Communication with 3-15 people
3. Public Communication – One speaker addresses a large audience
4. Mass Communication – Communication using media platforms (TV, radio, social media)
IV. Speech Styles (Joos’ Five Speech Styles)
1. Frozen – Formal, unchanging (e.g., national pledges, prayers)
2. Formal – Structured, professional (e.g., speeches, meetings)
3. Consultative – Semi-formal, two-way (e.g., teacher-student, doctor-patient)
4. Casual – Informal, everyday conversation (e.g., friends, family)
5. Intimate – Private, personal (e.g., close relationships, couples)
V. Speech Acts (Austin & Searle’s Theory)
1. Locutionary Act – The literal meaning of the words
2. Illocutionary Act – The speaker’s intention (e.g., ordering, requesting, promising)
3. Perlocutionary Act – The effect on the listener (e.g., making someone feel happy or sad)
VI. Communicative Strategies
1. Nomination – Introducing a topic
2. Restriction – Limiting the discussion to a specific subject
3. Turn-taking – Knowing when to speak or listen
4. Topic Control – Keeping the conversation focused
5. Topic Shifting – Moving from one topic to another smoothly
6. Repair – Correcting mistakes or misunderstandings
7. Termination – Ending the conversation properly
VII. Barriers to Communication
1. Physical Barriers – Noise, distance, environmental factors
2. Psychological Barriers – Stress, emotions, perception
3. Semantic Barriers – Misunderstanding meanings of words
4. Cultural Barriers – Differences in beliefs, traditions, and language
5. Physiological Barriers – Health-related issues (e.g., hearing impairment)
I. Principles of Effective Speech Delivery
1. Articulation – Clear and precise pronunciation of words.
2. Modulation – Control of voice tone, pitch, and volume.
3. Stage Presence – Confidence and engagement with the audience.
4. Facial Expressions and Gestures – Use of appropriate body language.
5. Eye Contact – Connecting with the audience through eye contact.
6. Pacing and Pauses – Speaking at an appropriate speed and using pauses for emphasis.
II. Types of Speech According to Purpose
1. Informative Speech – Provides knowledge or explains a topic.
• Example: Lectures, reports, presentations.
2. Persuasive Speech – Influences the audience’s opinions or actions.
• Example: Debates, campaign speeches.
3. Entertainment Speech – Engages and amuses the audience.
• Example: Stand-up comedy, storytelling.
III. Types of Speech According to Delivery
1. Impromptu Speech – Delivered without preparation.
2. Extemporaneous Speech – Delivered with limited preparation using an outline.
3. Manuscript Speech – Read word-for-word from a written script.
4. Memorized Speech – Delivered from memory without notes.
IV. Strategies in Public Speaking
1. Know Your Audience – Understand their background and interests.
2. Organize Your Speech – Use a clear structure (Introduction, Body, Conclusion).
3. Use Visual Aids – Enhance understanding with slides, props, or charts.
4. Engage the Audience – Ask questions, tell stories, or use humor.
5. Manage Anxiety – Practice, breathe deeply, and stay confident.
V. Speech Writing Process
1. Choosing a Topic – Select an interesting and relevant subject.
2. Analyzing the Audience – Identify their needs, expectations, and background.
3. Researching Content – Gather facts, statistics, and examples.
4. Organizing Ideas – Arrange the speech in a logical manner.
• Introduction – Grab attention, introduce the topic.
• Body – Present main points with supporting details.
• Conclusion – Summarize and leave a lasting impact.
5. Revising and Practicing – Edit for clarity and rehearse delivery.
VI. Speech Acts in Public Speaking
1. Expressive Speech Acts – Express feelings and emotions.
2. Directive Speech Acts – Instruct or request something from the audience.
3. Commissive Speech Acts – Make a promise or commitment.
4. Declarative Speech Acts – Announce official decisions or changes.
VII. Common Public Speaking Mistakes
1. Lack of Preparation – Not practicing or organizing the speech well.
2. Speaking Too Fast or Too Slow – Poor pacing affects understanding.
3. Overusing Fillers – Saying “um,” “uh,” or “like” too often.
4. Not Making Eye Contact – Reduces audience engagement.
5. Reading Too Much from Notes – Makes the speech sound robotic.
