ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. SPEECH ACT
3. COMMISSIVE
○ is an utterance that a speaker makes
○ It is a type of illocutionary act which
to achieve an intended effect.
commits the speaker to do
○
something in the future.
2. The Types of Speech Act
■ Examples: promising, planning,
○ According to J. L. Austin (1962), a
vowing, threatening, intending or
philosopher of language and the
betting.
developer of the Speech Act Theory,
4. EXPRESSIVE
1. Locutionary Act
○ Is a type of illocutionary act in which
○ the simple uttering of words and the
when we express something, we
surface level meaning of those
make our feelings known.
words.
5. DECLARATION
2. Illocutionary Act
○ it is a type of illocutionary act which
○ the action or direction the speaker
is making an official statement
wants the words to have. (The actual
about something.
act of uttering).
■ Examples: blessing, firing,
3. Perlocutionary Act
baptizing, bidding, arresting,
○ the effect the words have on the
passing a sentence, and
hearer and their response. (The
excommunicating.
resulting act of what is said).
○
4. SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH
ACT JOHN SEARLE (1976)
○ Who responded to Austin’s Speech
Act Theory
○ A professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct
categories.

1. ASSERTIVE
○ It is a type of illocutionary act in
which we express belief about the
truth of what we are saying.
■ Example: suggesting, putting
forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding
2. DIRECTIVE
○ It is a type of illocutionary act where
the statements that we say try to
make people perform an action.
Example: ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, begging,
challenging or daring people to do
something.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY 5. Restriction
○ the limitation you may have as a
1. Nomination speaker
○ collaboratively and productively
establishes a topic. Conversation Restrictions:
○ is a strategy we use to start
conversation a. We don't interrupt
b. We don't pointlessly correct
Example: people.
c. We don’t open topics that are
a. “Hey! How’s your weekend?” too sensitive
b. “Yo! What’s up?” 6. Repair
2. Topic control ○ Refers to how speakers address the
○ Can be as informal or formal as you problems in speaking, listening, and
want. comprehending that they may
○ Keeping interaction going by asking encounter in a conversation
questions and eliciting a response.
Example:
Example:
a. “What?”
a. “How’d it go?” b. “Say that again?”
b. “It was really fun! You know 7. Termination
what the hardest lesson was?” ○ is a communicative strategy that
3. Topic shifting helps us end a conversation
○ keep a conversation going but the graciously.
topic being discussed no longer
holds interest. Closing Strategies:
○ Introducing a new topic followed by
the continuation of the first topic. a. Positive Comment - It is the
most frequently used
Topic Shifting Transitions (Lexical conversation ending strategy.
Phrases) – used to introduce new b. Excuse - It implies that we
topics; extending the conversation. don’t want to end the
conversation
a. That reminds me of… c. Imperative to End - must end
b. Speaking about/ of… because of circumstances
c. Another thing is… beyond our control.
4. Turn-taking d. Blame - the excuse to end the
○ Recognizing when and how to speak conversation is ascribed to the
if it is one's turn. The process by other person
which people decide who takes the e. Thanks - another typical
conversational floor component of a conversation
closing
Unspoken Rules: f. Plan - is a type of closing that
speaks of a future encounter
a. only one person should talk at
g. General Wish - It is aimed at
a time.
making sure that the other
b. we cannot have awkward
person knows that we enjoyed
silence.
the conversation
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH 3. Determining the Purpose
WRITING ○ Recall that there are three main
purposes of public communication:
*Prepare an audience-centered speech to inform, to persuade, and to
which means keeping our audience in entertain.
mind at every step of speech writing ○ Specific Purpose - It refers to a
concise statement of the desired
2 PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
audience response
1. Prevents us from saying wrong thing like 4. Developing the Central Idea
jokes which can offend; ○ It is also called the thesis statement
○ It states in a complete declarative
2. Helps us speak in a language that our
sentence what your speech is all
audience can understand and talk about
about.
what interests them
○ Specific purpose statement is more
1. Audience Analysis on audience behavior while central
idea statement focuses on the
Demographics: It is the audience’s speech’s content
general age, gender, education,
5. Generating Main Ideas
religion, and culture, as well as to
○ Once you have your central idea, you
what groups the audience members
can divide this into your main points.
belong.
○ A good speech should have at least
Psychological Factors: learning two to five main points.
about values, attitudes, and beliefs
6. Gathering Supporting Materials
Situational Factors: keep in mind ○ Gathering info provides an
the time, venue, occasion, & size of opportunity to enrich your own
the audience understanding of the topic.
○ Authentic & practical examples,
2. Selecting a Topic show statistics, comparisons, and
○ cluster topics of interest and purpose ideas from experts/practitioners

Once you have a topic ask yourself these: 7. Organize your Speech
○ A well-structured speech includes an
a. Am I interested in the topic? introduction, a body, and a
b. Will I enjoy researching this conclusion.
topic?
c. Will I enjoy talking about this
topic and sharing my information
with my audience?
d. Will my audience be interested in
my topic?
e. Am I passionate about this topic?
1) Narrowing a topic: (specific &
focused) increases the likelihood
that your speech will effectively
communicate w/ audience.
2) Data Gathering: collect ideas, info,
sources and inferences
3) Writing Patterns: organize ideas to
achieve/get your aim
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY reinforced, and complemented by the
facial expressions, gestures and movement.
*According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author
“The Art of Public Speaking”, a good 3. Eye Contact - important element of
delivery means that you’re capable and nonverbal communication
able to present your message in a clear,
coherent, and interesting way 4. Posture - communicates professionalism
and credibility
A. Speaking for Engagement (Vocal - inappropriate can hurt your
Variety or Modulation) credibility

1. Rate - how fast/slow you speak 5. Audience Rapport – establishing

- the key is vary your speaking connection with the listeners.
rate in middle range
Other Principles
2. Volume - loud or soft
- vary your volume with an 1. Language Form – Shifts in
acceptable middle range communication affect the form of
language being used. It could be formal
3. Pitch - high or low or informal word’s structure or Types of
- changing pitch is a good way Sentences; Declarative, Interrogative,
to communicate enthusiasm Imperative, and Exclamatory sentences.
and indicate emphasis/closure
2. Duration of interaction – Length of
B. Speaking for Clarity communication that could be
shortened or lengthened depending on
1. Articulation – Pronouncing the words how the conversation is going on
and speaking the clear diction. between the sender and the receiver.
- unaware and laziness are 2
common challenges to 3. Relationship of Speaker-and receiver
articulation which may depend on how the
2. Pronunciation - speaking words discussions relate to the receiver‟
correctly including sounds of letters and interest and knowledge
the proper emphasis
- proper pronunciation can be 4. Role and responsibilities of the
attained through careful speaker – The speakers' foremost role is
practice to send the message to the intended
receiver.
3. Fluency - the flow of your speaking
- minimize hiccups and verbal fillers
5. Message - the core concept of the
- become a self-monitor
interaction.
4. Modulation – Pleasant sounding voice
quite soothing to the ears. 6. Delivery – Refers to the manner of how
the speech/message is presented.
C. Physical Delivery

1. Stage Presence – The ability to own the

stage.

2. Facial Expressions, Gestures &

Movement – The message of any speech is
TYPES OF SPEECH ■
○ Check! Develop at least three main
● Impromptu points.
- Hardly given time to prepare a speech ■ Does each point have one single
or one is suddenly asked to give a idea?
welcome speech ■ Does each point reiterate the
Strategies: thesis statement?
○ Past, Present, Future ■ Does each point prepare the
○ Point-Reason-Example discussion of the next main
○ Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher point?
■ Bridging - a connection between ○ Supply! Make sure that each main point
what you know and don’t. has enough examples, testimonies,
■ Reframing - rephrasing the topic. statistics, or cases.
■ Playing Devil’s Advocate - refers ○ Conclude! Reinforce your introduction
to you standing on the opposite by coming up with a closing
side. attention-getter related to the opening.

● Extemporaneous ● Memorized
● - Given enough time to prepare. ● – The written Speech is fully memorized

● Three Steps in Studying: Disadvantages:

● Identify the type of extemporaneous ● You might forget what you are
question that you must answer. supposed to say.
● Is it a question of Fact? ● You might memorize the speech
■ Yes or No. Whether something is mechanically.
true or not, existent or not. ● You might focus on content.
● Is it a question of Value? ● You might be too tied to remembering
■ Whether a topic is good or bad, your script.
moral or immoral, just or unjust.
● Is it a question of Policy? Advantages:
■ It is focused on what policy or ● You do not need notes anymore.
rule should be followed. ● You can plan gestures, facial
● Determine the purpose appropriate to expressions, and movement.
your topic. ● You can concentrate on visuals aids and
● Stick to your topic and look at all the props.
sides and angles of the problem. ● You will feel more confident.
● G Tips in Memorizing a Speech
Steps in Preparing ○ Break it down! You cannot memorise a
○ Reinforce! May explore other main speech in one sitting.
points but always refer back to your ○ Build it up! After memorizing, put them
thesis. together.
○ Capture! State your idea in one ○ Speak out! Do not memorize the
declarative sentence. speech silently.
○ Develop! Map out the supporting points ○ Identify Keys! Identify a key point in
in an outline. every paragraph.
○ Introduce! ○ Have a Break! After memorizing, take a
■ Grab the attention of the break for some hours or days.
audience by striking a one-liner. ○ Record and Listen! Record yourself
■ Give a short background delivering the speech and listen to it
■ State your thesis. over again.
○ Use note cards! Write one key point on ● Informative Speech
one note card. - An informative speech is one that
● Manuscript Speech intends to educate the audience on a
– used in formal speech context. Deliver particular topic.
the speech exactly as you wrote them.
○ Public Figures Types of Informative Speech:
○ Media Personalities
○ Spokespersons for Government and ○ Speech about Objects or People
Private Organizations ■ This focuses on tangible items
like gadgets, products, structures,
Strategies in Organizing and or people.
Delivering the Manuscript ○ Speech about Processes
■ This focuses on a process or
○ PRACTICE! - Practice delivering the
sequence of events. Visual aids
speech several times.
are necessary.
○ ADAPT - Even if you have a
○ Speech about Events
manuscript, feel free to modify the
■ This focuses on an event that
text when the situation demands it.
happened, is happening, or
Tips in Using the Manuscript Method might happen in the future.
○ Speech about Concepts
○ Prepare! Keep your text easy to use ■ This focuses on beliefs,
by neatly composing it in triple knowledge, theories, principles or
space. ideas.
○ Mark! Own your manuscript by
highlighting key words and phrases. ● Entertainment Speech
○ Practice! You can make a lot of notes - designed to captivate an audience's
on the draft of your manuscript attention and regale or amuse them
during the first few rehearsals, but while delivering a clear message.
make sure to reprint your script,
especially if you make too many How to Make your Speech Entertaining
changes.
○ Practice some more! Read the text ○ Tell Jokes
over and over orally. ○ Share funny stories
○ Concentrate! Concentrate on ○ Dramatize Experience
keeping eye contact, but do not ○ Recall a scary story
stare at only one section of the
audience. Steps in Writing
○ Act it out! Use a lectern or a podium
when practicing the speech. ○ Choose! Choose a light topic.
○ Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you
obviously enjoy the moment.
○ Simplify! Simplify the flow of your
speech.
○ Visualize! Your words should be highly
descriptive.
○ Surprise! Astonish your audience with
unexpected twists in your presentation.
● Persuasive Speech
- The speaker has a goal of convincing
the audience to accept his or her point
of view.
○ Primary Goal: influence the thoughts,
feelings, actions, and behaviors /
attitudes of your listeners (Gamble &
Gamble, 2012).
● There are three types of persuasive
speeches:
1) Speech that Questions Fact -
questions the existence of a
particular event or a
happening, derives conclusion
from diff sources of info
2) Speech that Questions Value -
regarding topics on the self,
family, friendship, religion,
government, freedom, love,
and money. Justifies
arguments based on
standards.
3) Speech that Questions Policy
- questions the current state
of things that can impact the
future. Ask relevant questions
that can help in making a
decision on whether or not
something should be
implemented, observed, done.