ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. SPEECH ACT
3. COMMISSIVE
○ is an utterance that a speaker makes
○ It is a type of illocutionary act which
to achieve an intended effect.
commits the speaker to do
○
something in the future.
2. The Types of Speech Act
■ Examples: promising, planning,
○ According to J. L. Austin (1962), a
vowing, threatening, intending or
philosopher of language and the
betting.
developer of the Speech Act Theory,
4. EXPRESSIVE
1. Locutionary Act
○ Is a type of illocutionary act in which
○ the simple uttering of words and the
when we express something, we
surface level meaning of those
make our feelings known.
words.
5. DECLARATION
2. Illocutionary Act
○ it is a type of illocutionary act which
○ the action or direction the speaker
is making an official statement
wants the words to have. (The actual
about something.
act of uttering).
■ Examples: blessing, firing,
3. Perlocutionary Act
baptizing, bidding, arresting,
○ the effect the words have on the
passing a sentence, and
hearer and their response. (The
excommunicating.
resulting act of what is said).
○
4. SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH
ACT JOHN SEARLE (1976)
○ Who responded to Austin’s Speech
Act Theory
○ A professor from the University of
California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct
categories.

1. ASSERTIVE
○ It is a type of illocutionary act in
which we express belief about the
truth of what we are saying.
■ Example: suggesting, putting
forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding
2. DIRECTIVE
○ It is a type of illocutionary act where
the statements that we say try to
make people perform an action.
Example: ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, begging,
challenging or daring people to do
something.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
1. Nomination
○ collaboratively and productively
establishes a topic.
○ is a strategy we use to start
conversation
Example:
a. “Hey! How’s your weekend?”
b. “Yo! What’s up?”
2. Topic control
○ Can be as informal or formal as you
want.
○ Keeping interaction going by asking
questions and eliciting a response.
Example:
a. “How’d it go?”
b. “It was really fun! You know
what the hardest lesson was?”
3. Topic shifting
○ keep a conversation going but the
topic being discussed no longer
holds interest.
○ Introducing a new topic followed by
the continuation of the first topic.
Topic Shifting Transitions (Lexical
Phrases) – used to introduce new
topics; extending the conversation.
a. That reminds me of…
b. Speaking about/ of…
c. Another thing is…
4. Turn-taking
○ Recognizing when and how to speak
if it is one's turn. The process by
which people decide who takes the
conversational floor
Unspoken Rules:
a. only one person should talk at
a time.
b. we cannot have awkward
silence.
5. Restriction
○ the limitation you may have as a
speaker
Conversation Restrictions:
a. We don't interrupt
b. We don't pointlessly correct
people.
c. We don’t open topics that are
too sensitive
6. Repair
○ Refers to how speakers address the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation
Example:
a. “What?”
b. “Say that again?”
7. Termination
○ is a communicative strategy that
helps us end a conversation
graciously.
Closing Strategies:
a. Positive Comment - It is the
most frequently used
conversation ending strategy.
b. Excuse - It implies that we
don’t want to end the
conversation
c. Imperative to End - must end
because of circumstances
beyond our control.
d. Blame - the excuse to end the
conversation is ascribed to the
other person
e. Thanks - another typical
component of a conversation
closing
f. Plan - is a type of closing that
speaks of a future encounter
g. General Wish - It is aimed at
making sure that the other
person knows that we enjoyed
the conversation
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH
WRITING
*Prepare an audience-centered speech
which means keeping our audience in
mind at every step of speech writing
2 PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
1. Prevents us from saying wrong thing like
jokes which can offend;
2. Helps us speak in a language that our
audience can understand and talk about
what interests them
1. Audience Analysis
Demographics: It is the audience’s
general age, gender, education,
religion, and culture, as well as to
what groups the audience members
belong.
Psychological Factors: learning
about values, attitudes, and beliefs
Situational Factors: keep in mind
the time, venue, occasion, & size of
the audience
2. Selecting a Topic
○ cluster topics of interest and purpose
3. Determining the Purpose
○ Recall that there are three main
purposes of public communication:
to inform, to persuade, and to
entertain.
○ Specific Purpose - It refers to a
concise statement of the desired
audience response
4. Developing the Central Idea
○ It is also called the thesis statement
○ It states in a complete declarative
sentence what your speech is all
about.
○ Specific purpose statement is more
on audience behavior while central
idea statement focuses on the
speech’s content
5. Generating Main Ideas
○ Once you have your central idea, you
can divide this into your main points.
○ A good speech should have at least
two to five main points.
6. Gathering Supporting Materials
○ Gathering info provides an
opportunity to enrich your own
understanding of the topic.
○ Authentic & practical examples,
show statistics, comparisons, and
ideas from experts/practitioners

Once you have a topic ask yourself these: 7. Organize your Speech
○ A well-structured speech includes an
a. Am I interested in the topic? introduction, a body, and a
b. Will I enjoy researching this conclusion.
topic?
c. Will I enjoy talking about this
topic and sharing my information
with my audience?
d. Will my audience be interested in
my topic?
e. Am I passionate about this topic?
1) Narrowing a topic: (specific &
focused) increases the likelihood
that your speech will effectively
communicate w/ audience.
2) Data Gathering: collect ideas, info,
sources and inferences
3) Writing Patterns: organize ideas to
achieve/get your aim
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
*According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author
“The Art of Public Speaking”, a good
delivery means that you’re capable and
able to present your message in a clear,
coherent, and interesting way
A. Speaking for Engagement (Vocal
Variety or Modulation)
1. Rate - how fast/slow you speak
- the key is vary your speaking
rate in middle range
2. Volume - loud or soft
- vary your volume with an
acceptable middle range
3. Pitch - high or low
- changing pitch is a good way
to communicate enthusiasm
and indicate emphasis/closure
B. Speaking for Clarity
1. Articulation – Pronouncing the words
and speaking the clear diction.
- unaware and laziness are 2
common challenges to
articulation
2. Pronunciation - speaking words
correctly including sounds of letters and
the proper emphasis
- proper pronunciation can be
attained through careful
practice
3. Fluency - the flow of your speaking
- minimize hiccups and verbal fillers
- become a self-monitor
4. Modulation – Pleasant sounding voice
quite soothing to the ears.
C. Physical Delivery
1. Stage Presence – The ability to own the
stage.
2. Facial Expressions, Gestures &
Movement – The message of any speech is
reinforced, and complemented by the
facial expressions, gestures and movement.
3. Eye Contact - important element of
nonverbal communication
4. Posture - communicates professionalism
and credibility
- inappropriate can hurt your
credibility
5. Audience Rapport – establishing
connection with the listeners.
Other Principles
1. Language Form – Shifts in
communication affect the form of
language being used. It could be formal
or informal word’s structure or Types of
Sentences; Declarative, Interrogative,
Imperative, and Exclamatory sentences.
2. Duration of interaction – Length of
communication that could be
shortened or lengthened depending on
how the conversation is going on
between the sender and the receiver.
3. Relationship of Speaker-and receiver
which may depend on how the
discussions relate to the receiver‟
interest and knowledge
4. Role and responsibilities of the
speaker – The speakers' foremost role is
to send the message to the intended
receiver.
5. Message - the core concept of the
interaction.
6. Delivery – Refers to the manner of how
the speech/message is presented.
TYPES OF SPEECH
● Impromptu
- Hardly given time to prepare a speech
or one is suddenly asked to give a
welcome speech
Strategies:
○ Past, Present, Future
○ Point-Reason-Example
○ Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher
■ Bridging - a connection between
what you know and don’t.
■ Reframing - rephrasing the topic.
■ Playing Devil’s Advocate - refers
to you standing on the opposite
side.
● Extemporaneous
● - Given enough time to prepare.
● Three Steps in Studying:
● Identify the type of extemporaneous
question that you must answer.
● Is it a question of Fact?
■ Yes or No. Whether something is
true or not, existent or not.
● Is it a question of Value?
■ Whether a topic is good or bad,
moral or immoral, just or unjust.
● Is it a question of Policy?
■ It is focused on what policy or
rule should be followed.
● Determine the purpose appropriate to
your topic.
● Stick to your topic and look at all the
sides and angles of the problem.
● G
Steps in Preparing
○ Reinforce! May explore other main
points but always refer back to your
thesis.
○ Capture! State your idea in one
declarative sentence.
○ Develop! Map out the supporting points
in an outline.
○ Introduce!
■ Grab the attention of the
audience by striking a one-liner.
■ Give a short background
■ State your thesis.
■
○ Check! Develop at least three main
points.
■ Does each point have one single
idea?
■ Does each point reiterate the
thesis statement?
■ Does each point prepare the
discussion of the next main
point?
○ Supply! Make sure that each main point
has enough examples, testimonies,
statistics, or cases.
○ Conclude! Reinforce your introduction
by coming up with a closing
attention-getter related to the opening.
● Memorized
● – The written Speech is fully memorized
Disadvantages:
● You might forget what you are
supposed to say.
● You might memorize the speech
mechanically.
● You might focus on content.
● You might be too tied to remembering
your script.
Advantages:
● You do not need notes anymore.
● You can plan gestures, facial
expressions, and movement.
● You can concentrate on visuals aids and
props.
● You will feel more confident.
Tips in Memorizing a Speech
○ Break it down! You cannot memorise a
speech in one sitting.
○ Build it up! After memorizing, put them
together.
○ Speak out! Do not memorize the
speech silently.
○ Identify Keys! Identify a key point in
every paragraph.
○ Have a Break! After memorizing, take a
break for some hours or days.
○ Record and Listen! Record yourself
delivering the speech and listen to it
over again.
○ Use note cards! Write one key point on
one note card.
● Manuscript Speech
– used in formal speech context. Deliver
the speech exactly as you wrote them.
○ Public Figures
○ Media Personalities
○ Spokespersons for Government and
Private Organizations
Strategies in Organizing and
Delivering the Manuscript
○ PRACTICE! - Practice delivering the
speech several times.
○ ADAPT - Even if you have a
manuscript, feel free to modify the
text when the situation demands it.
Tips in Using the Manuscript Method
○ Prepare! Keep your text easy to use
by neatly composing it in triple
space.
○ Mark! Own your manuscript by
highlighting key words and phrases.
○ Practice! You can make a lot of notes
on the draft of your manuscript
during the first few rehearsals, but
make sure to reprint your script,
especially if you make too many
changes.
○ Practice some more! Read the text
over and over orally.
○ Concentrate! Concentrate on
keeping eye contact, but do not
stare at only one section of the
audience.
○ Act it out! Use a lectern or a podium
when practicing the speech.
● Informative Speech
- An informative speech is one that
intends to educate the audience on a
particular topic.
Types of Informative Speech:
○ Speech about Objects or People
■ This focuses on tangible items
like gadgets, products, structures,
or people.
○ Speech about Processes
■ This focuses on a process or
sequence of events. Visual aids
are necessary.
○ Speech about Events
■ This focuses on an event that
happened, is happening, or
might happen in the future.
○ Speech about Concepts
■ This focuses on beliefs,
knowledge, theories, principles or
ideas.
● Entertainment Speech
- designed to captivate an audience's
attention and regale or amuse them
while delivering a clear message.
How to Make your Speech Entertaining
○ Tell Jokes
○ Share funny stories
○ Dramatize Experience
○ Recall a scary story
Steps in Writing
○ Choose! Choose a light topic.
○ Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you
obviously enjoy the moment.
○ Simplify! Simplify the flow of your
speech.
○ Visualize! Your words should be highly
descriptive.
○ Surprise! Astonish your audience with
unexpected twists in your presentation.
● Persuasive Speech
- The speaker has a goal of convincing
the audience to accept his or her point
of view.
○ Primary Goal: influence the thoughts,
feelings, actions, and behaviors /
attitudes of your listeners (Gamble &
Gamble, 2012).
● There are three types of persuasive
speeches:
1) Speech that Questions Fact -
questions the existence of a
particular event or a
happening, derives conclusion
from diff sources of info
2) Speech that Questions Value -
regarding topics on the self,
family, friendship, religion,
government, freedom, love,
and money. Justifies
arguments based on
standards.
3) Speech that Questions Policy
- questions the current state
of things that can impact the
future. Ask relevant questions
that can help in making a
decision on whether or not
something should be
implemented, observed, done.