-------------- Vision --------------- Hail! Hail! Alma Mater Hail!

The Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School envisions -----------------------------------------

Writing Chapter 1
itself as a Catholic Institution that upholds a culture
of honor and excellence.
--------------- Mission -------------- -----------------------------------------
Guided by Catholic principles and Filipino values,
-------- Background of the Study --------
the school commits to:
OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
➔ Provide opportunities for students/
➔ General information about your topic
students to experience God;
➔ Context of your topic
➔ Inculcate moral integrity and Marian
➔ Rationale/ justification of your topic
spirituality;
➔ Develop students/ students to become ------------ #1 General Info ------------
stewards of God’s creation; ➔ What is happening now about your issue
➔ Train students/ students to become person- you want to study?
oriented and to value their families; --------------- #2 Context --------------
➔ Cultivate the full potentials of every ➔ What are the conditions, settings and
learning individual. situations with respect to your topic?
----------- Olhrs Hymn ------------- ➔ Who are directly or indirectly involved?
Lyrics by: Mrs. Emma L. Hernandez and Jon Lazaro -------------- #2 Rationale -------------
Hail Alma MATER we sing for your glory ➔ Why should we pay attention to your topic
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary or the issue you want to study/ address?
The school that we all love, foundation of our ➔ Why should we care about your topic?
future ➔ Why is there a need to focus on your topic?
We pledge our loyalty to you
------- Statement of the Problem --------
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School
➔ What is the demographic profile of
Your thrusts and goals we’ll faithfully uphold
participants in terms of…
Through our lives we shall stand up with pride
➔ Is there a relationship between…
By the name and the banner of your legacy
➔ Is academic performance affected by…
And forever we will wave your flag up high
➔ Is social media perceived to have an effect
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary
on…
Through our lives we shall stand out with pride
By the name and the banner of your legacy
>> This study is intended to (insert your
And forever we will wave your flag up high
main objective)
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary
 By: Creswell
>> Specifically, this study sought to answer
the following questions: (Insert the specific ➔ INVERTED PYRAMID APPROACH
problems to answer)
------- Significance of the Study --------
➔ It refers to the statement of the problem
(SOP)
➔ Write it from general to particular
(For PR 2) : Particular to General
------------- Delimitation --------------
➔ Features in a study that can be controlled so
as to determine the parameters or scope of
the study.
--------------- Limitation --------------
➔ They are weaknesses related to decisions
made in a study.
-----------------------------------------
--------- Scope and Delimitation --------
➔ Presents the coverage of the research in
Formulation of Conceptual
terms of location, time, respondents and Framework and Research
the potential weaknesses or problems with Hypothesis
the study identified by the researchers.
-----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------
--------- Conceptual Framework --------
Techniques in Writing Introduction ➔ Like a recipe or a blueprint
----------------------------------------- ➔ Provides an outline of how you plan to
➔ T.I.O.C APPROACH conduct the research for your thesis.
Trends Steps in Developing a Conceptual Framework
Issues ➔ Conduct a review of literature
Objective ➔ Create a flowchart
Contribution ➔ Write a narrative (opt.)
By: Naqui -----------Research Hypothesis ---------
➔ Informed speculation, which is set up to be
➔ DEFICIENCIES MODEL tested, about the possible relationship
between two or more variables.
1. Research Problem Nature of Hypothesis can be Described as Follows:
2. Studies that have addressed the ➔ Can be tested
problem ➔ Not an ethical issue
3. Deficiencies in the studies ➔ Not too specific and not too general
4. Importance of the study for an ➔ Prediction of consequences
audience ➔ Considered variable even if proven free.
5. Purpose Statement -----------Definition of Terms ---------
 ➔ An annex to a work (research, book,
paper,pamphlet,etc) either at the beginning
or more likely neat the end with a list of
acronyms, jargon, credits ,etc)
-----------Conceptual Definition---------
➔ Universal meaning that is attributed to a
word or group of words and which is
understood by many people.
----------- Operational Definition---------
➔ Meaning of the term as used in a particular
study.
-----------------------------------------
Selecting , Citing and Synthesizing
Related Literature
-----------------------------------------
----------- Literature Review ------------
➔ Defined as an examination of relevant
books, scholarly articles, and many other
sources pertinent to an area of research.
Functions of Literature Review
➔ It shares with the reader the results of the
other studies that are closely related to the
study being reported.
➔ It releases a study to the larger, ongoing
dialogue in the literature about a topic
filling in gaps and extending prior studies.
➔ It provides a framework for establishing the
importance of the study , as well as a
benchmark for comparing the results of a
study with other findings.
-----------------------------------------
Forms of Review of Related Literature
-----------------------------------------
----------- Integrative Review ------------
➔ “Summaries of past research”, largely found
in dissertation proposals and dissertation.
-----------Theoretical Review ------------
➔ “Wherein the researcher focuses on extent
theory that relates to the problem being
studied”, demonstrated best in journal
articles.
----------Methodological Review ----------
➔ “Provides not only a summary of studies but
also an actual critique of the strengths and
weaknesses of the method sections”.
Characteristics of Materials Cited
1.Materials must be as recent as possible.
This is important because of rapid social,
political,scientific and technological
changes.
2.Researchers in education and psychology
are also making great strides. So,finding
fifteen years ago may have little value
today. Unless the study is a comparative
inquiry about the past and the present.
3. Materials must be as objective and
unbiased as possible. Some materials are
extremely one sided, either politically or
religiously biased. These should be avoided.
4. Materials must be relevant to study.
Only materials that have some
similarity to or bearing on the problem
researched on should be cited.
5.Materials must not be too few but not
too many. They must be sufficient enough
to give the researcher insight into his
problem or to indicate the nature of the
present investigation.
-----------------------------------------
Ethical Standard in Writing an RRL
-----------------------------------------
------------------ Citation-----------------
➔ The way you tell your readers that certain
materials in your work came from another
source.
 >>It also gives your readers information
necessary to find the source you used as it
provides the following information.
How to Cite Using APA Referencing Quotations
➔ Name of the author
➔ Title of the work
➔ Name and location of the company that
published your copy of the source.
➔ The date your copy was published
➔ The page numbers of the materials you are
throwing.
-----------------------------------------
American Psychological Association
(APA) Referencing System
-----------------------------------------
Include Information about a source within the text
of your assignment:
➔ The name of the author or authors
➔ The year of publication
To Reference the Overall Content of a Work
➔ The page number
>> Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence
before the concluding sentence parenthesis.
---------- Paraphrase the Source ---------
(in your own words)
➔ Encouraging students to memorize
------------ A Secondary Source-----------
information and then testing their
memory has been a consistent
criterion (Browdy, 1998)
--------------- Quotation --------------
(Exact words from the source)
➔ Brody (1998,p.9) argues that “On the
common criteria for schooling our
sample citizen has failed because he
cannot replicate… apply the
relevant principles”.
At the End: References
➔ A single list of all the sources of
information you have cited in your
assignment.
--List Each Item in Alphabetical Order –
(By author surname)
➔ Titles should be in Italics. All of the
references included in the list must
also be cited in the text.
(exact words from the source)
➔ Reproduce the text word and place
quotation marks at the beginning
and the end of the quotation.
“Thinking about the common
criteria for schooling, our sample
citizen…” (Browdy,1998, p.8)
--------------- Paraphrase -------------
➔ Restate the original in your own
words. The author and date must be
included.
➔ Encouraging students to memorize
information and then testing their
memory has been a constant
criterion of pedagogy. (Browdy,1998)
➔ No need to include the page
numbers because it is the entire
work you are referring to:
➔ Larsen and Greene (1989) studied
the effect in three major cities.
(IN- TEXT)
➔ Acknowledge both sources. In the
text, name the primary source and
cite the secondary source: Include
the words “as cited in” before the
secondary source:
>> Gibbs suggests that “because
students are aware of their tutors
mastery…” ( As cited in Browden &
Marton, 1998, p.35)
(REFERENCES)
➔ Only include the details of the
source you actually read, which is
the secondary source
 >> Browden, V. & Marton, F. (1998).
The University of Learning . London,
England: Korean…
----------- More than One Author---------
➔ Always include both authors in the
order in which they appear. Separate
names by using “and” in running the
text use “and”; within parentheses,
using an ampersand (&).
(IN- TEXT)
➔ State all authors when first
mentioning the source are
shortened to the first surname
followed by “et. al” (et. al = and
others)
---------------- References -----------------
➔ Don’t use et. al
➔ List all authors in the order in which
they appear on the title page.
------Measurement Types of Data -----
➔ ➔ Example: temperature and iq
------------- Measurement ---------------
➔ Act of assigning numbers or symbols
to characteristics of things according
to rules.
---Properties of Measurement Scales---
---------------- Magnitude----------------
➔ The property of “moreness”
--------------- Equal Intervals-------------
➔ The difference between two points
at any place on the scale has the
same meaning as the difference
between two other points that differ
by the same number of scale units.
--------------- Absolute Zero-------------
➔ Has true zero point.
-----------Levels of Measurement -------
----------------- Nominal-----------------
➔ Variables who have no mathematical
interpretation, they vary in kind or
quality, but not in amount.
➔ Example: gender,civil status and
race.
------------------ Ordinal------------------
➔ The numbers assigned to cases
specify only the order of cases,
permitting greater than and less
than distinctions. The gaps between
the various responses do not have
any particular meaning.
➔ Example: educational level and
ranking.
----------------- Interval------------------
➔ It represents fixed measurement
units but has no absolute or fixed,
zero point. The gaps between the
numbers are meaningful.
--------------------Ratio------------------
➔ Represents fixed measuring units
and an absolute zero point zero
means absolutely no amount of
whatever the variable indicates.
➔ Example: age and income
-----------------Rating Scales------------
----------------- Binary Scales ----------------
➔ A nominal scale consisting of binary
items that assume one of two
possible values.
➔ Example: yes or no, true or false,
male or female, employed or
unemployed.
----------------- Likert Scale-----------------
➔ It is a popular rating scale for
measuring ordinal data in research.
The respondents can indicate their
extent or agreement or
 disagreement on a five -or -seven -
point scale ranging from strongly
agree to strongly disagree.

--------- Semantic Differential Scale----------

➔ A composite or multi-item scale. In
this scale, respondents typically
asked to indicate their opinions or
feelings toward a single statement
using different pairs of adjectives
framed as polar opposites or two
extremes.
---------------- Guttman Scale---------------
➔ It uses a series of items arranged in
increasing order of intensity of the
concept or interest , from least to
most intense. Guttman scales are
intervals ratio.
-Measurement Validity and Reliability-
-------------------- Validity-------------------
➔ The issue of whether an indicator
that is used to gauge a concept
really measures that concept.
-------------------- Reliability-----------------
➔ Refers to the consistency of a
measure of a concept.