ORAL COMMUNICATION

2ND QUARTER
LESSON 04 – TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES  The manner in which an orderly conversation

 Strategies that language learners use to overcome
communication problems in order for them to
convey their intended meaning.
 Communicative Strategies must be used to start and a. Speak, the ask
keep conversations going. (Cohen, 1990)
 Techniques that we utilize to sustain conversation
and keep the communication open and going.
DIFFERENT COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
1. NOMINATION
 Proposing or suggesting a topic with the people
you are talking to.
 Suggesting something to talk, think, or discuss
about.
 Used when we want to begin or open a
discussion.
 It could be a question: “Why don’t we talk about
Communication?”
2. RESTRICTION
 Limiting the topic or subject in conversation.
 Trying to keep the conversation on track.
 Happens when the person wants to focus on a f. Avoid interruptions – listen first and find the perfect
certain aspect of the issue or topic being
discussed due to certain limiting conditions (i.e., g. Consider fluency over accuracy – fluency is the
time).
 What you are saying is in line with the
conversation’s intention.
 When teachers have limited time to discuss a
lesson; there are restrictions to discussion with
students, questions from students, etc.
normally takes place.
TURN-TAKING STRATEGIES
b. Use conjunctions – signifies that a person isn’t done
talking; for the other person to know that it’s not
their turn to speak or talk.
c. Teach phrases for agreeing and disagreeing – yes,
that’s it, I don’t think that’s the case; to know when
to talk or when to stop talking and give chance to
other communicators.
d. Teach phrases for asking and giving opinion – when
you ask for a response or what do they believe in:
“What do you think about it?”; when you give your
opinion as a response: “I believe…”
e. Teach fillers for pauses – for the listener or other
communicator think that you are not yet done
talking: “Uhm…”, “I believe that…”, “It’s just
that…”; you try to prolong the syllables at the end
of your sentences to signify that you are not yet
done talking and still thinking about the things that
you want to say next.
time to speak.
ability to use the language to express whatever you
are saying. Accuracy is correctness – proper
grammar and pronunciation. Effective turn-taking
requires you to assess it base on how fluent they
were able to speak or use the language in order for
them to convey their intended meaning.

3. TURN-TAKING 4. TOPIC CONTROL

 The process by which people decide who takes
the conversational floor: who would be speaking
at a particular moment or part of the
communication process.
 An essential and critical part of the
communication process that we practice every
day without us knowing that we really do it.
 Allowing appropriate opportunities for others to
talk.
 Regulating or manipulating the topic of the
conversation and how long we want the other
person may talk.
 Done to elicit specific information from a
conversation. Because we want certain pieces of
information to be relayed to us or hear specific
pieces of information from a conversation.
 You are trying to divert the conversation into
your own benefit. Something that would benefit
you or something that would benefit the other
communicators.
  A communicative strategy used to control and
prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts
in a certain conversation.
 Topic control is sticking to the topic throughout
the discussion.
 Example:
a. “Let's go back to the topic.” “We are talking
about communication here, right?”
5. TOPIC SHIFTING c. Self-initiated Other-repair
 Changing the subject in a conversation, moving
from one topic to another.
 Describe how we were able to sustain long
conversations.
 There are shifts on the topic that we are
discussing; we don’t just simply talk about one
specific topic; we move on from one topic to
another and so on.
 Done without explicitly announcing the change
of topic and keeps the communication going and
makes it interesting.
 Unlike Topic Control that explicitly announces
the topic to be discussed: “Why don’t we talk d. Other-initiated Other-repair
about this?”, “Why don’t we move on from this
topic to another?”
6. REPAIR
 Refers to the correction by the speaker of a
misunderstood utterance.
 It is how the speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they 7. TERMINATION
may encounter in a conversation.
 We use this because we want to keep the
conversation accurate and keep it flowing
smoothly.
- The error was realized and brought up by the
listeners; the correction is carried out by the
speaker.
- The listeners notice the error, the repair was
carried out by the speaker.
- Example:
Boy: I need to @$%@#& a laptop for class.
Girl: You need to BORROW a laptop for class?
Boy: I need to BRING a laptop for class.
- Speaker initiates the receiver to repair the
trouble.
- The speaker notices that there was something
wrong with whatever he/she was saying. The
receiver will repair or correct it (the error) for
him/her.
- Example:
Boy: I need to bring my books so I need to get
another… (You cannot find the right word for it)
Girl: Another bag?
Boy: That’s right! A BIGGER BAG! (Trying to
validate the correction that has been made)
- The receiver initiates and carries out the repair of
the trouble or error that has been committed by
the speaker.
- Example:
Boy: Aren’t you glad today is FRIDAY?
Girl: Friday is actually tomorrow.
 Ending the conversation or closing a discussion.
 Refers to the conversation participants’ close-
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation.

FOUR VARIETIES OF REPAIR SEQUENCE (Ian CERTAIN EXPRESSIONS IN TERMINATION

Hutchby and Robin Wooffitt, Conversation Analysis. Polity, a. PRE-CLOSING Expressions
2008)  It’s been nice talking to you.
a. Self-initiated Self-repair  I really enjoyed meeting you.
- Both initiated and carried out by the speaker  I’m afraid I have to leave now.
- The error was committed by the speaker and  Thanks for taking the time to talk to us.
realized by the speaker, who also did the b. FOLLOW UP Expressions
correction.  I’ll give you a call.
- The speaker immediately corrects what he/she is  I’ll have my secretary schedule an appointment.
saying.  How do I get in touch with you?
b. Other-initiated Self-repair  How can I reach/contact you?
- Initiated by the recipient, the repair is carried out c. CLOSING Expressions (Ending the conversation
by the speaker. altogether)
 See you next week.
 Here’s my number.
 Call me if you have any questions.
 I look forward to seeing you again.
 Let’s keep in touch.